>BrownHairedGirl at 22:24, 25 March 2021

2021-03-25T22:24:03Z

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{{primary sources|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Bhadra dam
| image = Brpbdvt.jpg
| image_caption = Bhadra Dam and Reservoir
| name_official = Bhadra
| dam_crosses = [[Bhadra River]], a tributary of [[Tungabhadra River]]
| res_name = Multipurpose
| location =[[Bhadravati, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]] and [[Tarikere]] border operator = Water Resources Department and [[Karnataka Power Corporation Limited]]
| dam_length = {{Convert|1708|m|ft}}
| dam_height = {{Convert|59.13|m|ft}}
| dam_width_base =
| construction_began =
| opening =
| cost = Rs.520 crores
| res_capacity_total = 71.50 billion cubic feet
| res_catchment = {{Convert|1968|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| res_surface = {{Convert|11250.88|ha|acre}}hectares
| location_map = India#India Karnataka
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|13|42|0|N|75|38|24|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| extra = <ref name=features>{{Cite web|url=http://waterresources.kar.nic.in/salient_features_badrareservoir.htm|title=Bhadhra Reservoir Project|access-date=17 February 2011|publisher=Water Resources Karnataka: National Informatics Center}}</ref><ref name=Map>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/302970/|title=Map of Bhadra River|access-date=18 February 2011|publisher=Wikimapia}}</ref>
}}

The '''Bhadra Dam''', which has created the Bhadra Reservoir, is located on the [[Bhadra River]] a tributary of [[Tungabhadra River]]. Bhadra dam is located in the border of [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]] and [[Tarikere]], in the western part of [[Karnataka]] in India. The benefits derived from the reservoir storage are irrigation with gross irrigation potential of {{Convert|162818|ha|acre}},<ref name=features/> hydro power generation of 39.2 MW (three powerhouses, located on the right and left bank main canals<ref name="Kumar">{{cite book|author=Srinivasa Raju & Nagesh Kumar|title=Multicriterion Analysis In Engineering And Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOeiTePA694C&pg=PA194|access-date=18 February 2011|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-3976-7|pages=194–195}}</ref><ref name=Power>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karnatakapower.com/bhadra.htm|title=Bhadra Dam Left Bank Power House|access-date=18 February 2011|publisher=Karnataka Power Corporation|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713135322/http://www.karnatakapower.com/bhadra.htm|archive-date=13 July 2011}}</ref>), drinking water supply and industrial use. The dam commissioned in 1965 is a composite earth cum masonry structure of {{Convert|59.13|m|ft}} height with length of {{Convert|1708|m|ft}} at the crest level, which submerges a land area of {{Convert|11250.88|ha|acre}}.<ref name=features/><ref name=Bhadra>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/masscote/applications/MASSCOTE-Bhadra-Draft%20Report2.pdf |title=Modernization Strategy for Irrigation Management: Bhadra Project|pages=8–11|access-date= 19 February 2011|publisher=Fao. Org}}</ref>
[[File:BhadraDambuildingfrontalview.jpg|thumb|right|Bhadra Dam Building]]

==Geography==
[[File:Islands in the Bhadra reservoir.jpg|thumb|right|Bhadra Reservoir and the islands]]
The Bhadra River rises at [[Samse]] in the [[Western Ghats]] Aroli hill range of [[Kudremukh]] range, and flows east across the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] Plateau. It is joined by its tributaries, the Somavahini (drains from a crater and meets Bhadra River at Hebbe), Thadabehalla, and Odirayanahalla. The river flows through the city of [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]] and the [[Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary]]. The Bhadra meets the [[Tunga River]] at [[Koodli]], a small town near [[Shivamogga]]. The combined river continues east as the [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]], a major tributary of the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], which empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The Bhadra Dam is built across the Bhadra River in Lakkavalli- [[Tarikere, Karnataka|Tarikere Taluk]]. Lies {{Convert|0.5|km|mi}} from Singanahalli village (Bhadravathi taluk) ,{{Convert|1.5|km|mi}} from [[Lakkavalli]] village (Tarikere taluk) and {{Convert|50|km|mi}} upstream of the confluence of the Bhadra River and Tungabhadra River.<ref name=Irrigation/> [[Shimoga|Shimoga city]] is located {{Convert|28|km|mi}} north of the dam.<ref name=tourism>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shimoga.nic.in/tourism.htm|title=Water Falls and Dams|work=B.R.P Dam|access-date=18 February 2011|publisher=Shimoga: National Informatics Center}}</ref> The Bhadra Dam drains a catchment area of {{Convert|1968|km2|mi2}} out of which the forest area is {{Convert|717.49|ha|acre}}, cultivable land is {{Convert|3274.65|ha|acre}} and fallow land is {{Convert|7258.74|ha|acre}}.<ref name=features/><ref name=Map/><ref name=Irrigation>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1996/ts1/ts1008.asp|title=Assessing Irrigation Performance of Rice-Based Bhadra Project in India|author= S. Thiruvengadachari| author2= R. Sakthivadivel|access-date=18 February 2011|publisher=International Irrigation Management Institute, Sri Lanka}}</ref> A number of industries, urban and rural settlements dependent on assured water supply lie on the banks of the river and in the project command area; [[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd]], the Mysore Paper Mills and Vishweshvarayya Iron and Steel Industries are the major industrial activity noted in the command area of the project.

[[File:Bhadra Dam.png|thumb|right|300px|Map]]
The Bhadra River basin receives an average annual [[rainfall]] of 2320 mm with rainfall occurring during monsoon period (June to November).<ref name="Kumar"/> The rainfall is experienced both during the [[Monsoon|Southwest Monsoon]] and [[Climate of India|North East monsoon]]; inflow contribution is 82% from SW monsoon (June to September) and 18% from north-eastern monsoon (October to December). The annual yield assessed from a catchment area of {{Convert|1968|km2|mi2}} at the dam site is 84.63 BCF (billion cubic feet) in a 75% dependable year.<ref name=features/><ref name="Kumar"/><ref name=Irrigation/> Based on recordings taken over a period of 25 years, it has an estimated annual mean [[evapotranspiration]] of 1,678 mm.<ref name="ThiruvengadachariSakthivadivel1997">{{cite book|last1=Thiruvengadachari|first1=S.|last2=Sakthivadivel|first2=R.|title=Satellite remote sensing for assessment of irrigation system performance: a case study in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSpYiG8TYwsC&pg=PA2|access-date=20 February 2011|year=1997|publisher=International Irrigation Management Institute (IWMI)|isbn=978-92-9090-337-6|page=2}}</ref>

==Project features==
The Bhadra Dam project was the irrigation scheme to be undertaken by the [[National Water Management Project]] (NWMP), with the aim of increasing agricultural prosperity, particularly for [[Rice production in India|rice production]].<ref name="ThiruvengadachariSakthivadivel1997"/> The dam was built to a height of {{Convert|59.13|m|ft}} (above the river bed level) between 1947 (start of construction) and 1965 (year of commissioning). It has a gross storage capacity of 2.025 km3,<ref name=Bhadra/> live storage of 63.00 BCF at full reservoir level and a dead storage of 8.50 BCF at RL (reservoir level) of {{Convert|631.54|m|ft}}.<ref name=features/><ref name=Bhadra/> The storage created by the reservoir is according to the allocation of 61.70 BCF (1.747 km3 including direct evaporation of 0.14 km3) of water made under the [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal]] Award.<ref name=Bhadra/> The dam is built on a shattered rock based with a central masonry spillway. It has an earthen embankment on the left side and a rock hillock on the opposite side.<ref name="RaoS.M.2006">{{cite book|author1=Rao|author2=S.M.|title=Practical Isotope Hydrology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7TVDVVji0EC&pg=PA86|access-date=20 February 2011|date=1 January 2006|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-33-2|page=86}}</ref> The Ogee type spillway in the middle section of the river has been provided with four numbers of vertical lift gates over a width of {{Convert|18.28|m|ft}} and designed for a discharge of {{Convert|3020|m3|ft3}}/s. In addition, two number river sluices are also provided to pass a discharge of {{Convert|13300|m3|ft3}}/s. The annual siltation load considered in the design is 10.78 million cubic feet per square kilometer of catchment area. The canal outlets provided in the dam, initially for Hydropower generation followed by irrigation, consists of the left Bank canal outlet to discharge {{Convert|10.76|m3|ft3}}/s and two right bank canal outlets to pass a discharge of {{Convert|75.03|m3|ft3}}/s.<ref name=features/><ref name=Bhadra/><ref name=Irrigation/> There are several islands in the reservoir area which have been developed for tourism.<ref name=tourism/>

The dam has four spillway gates. The gate type is not exactly pronounced as either Ogee or Radial. This dam falls under the Parliamentary Constituency of Udupi Chikmagalur. The dam is classified as Earthen/ Gravity & Masonry.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Bhadra_Dam_D04426 | title=wrpinfo | publisher="india-wris.nrsc.gov.in" | date=3 April 2018 | access-date=30 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925005457/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Bhadra_Dam_D04426 | archive-date=25 September 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

The reservoir created by the dam submerged 27 villages.<ref name=features/>

The Left Bank Canal is designed to carry a discharge of {{Convert|10.76|m3|ft3}}/s, starting from the tail race of the left bank powerhouse provides irrigation facilities over its total length of {{Convert|77|km|mi}}.<ref name=features/> The Right Bank canal, originating from the tail race channel of the right bank powerhouse provides irrigation facilities through its length of the main canal of {{Convert|103|km|mi}} designed to carry a discharge of {{Convert|75.03|m3|ft3}}/s and its branch canal system of {{Convert|284.9|km|mi}}. Gross command area from the project is {{Convert|162818|ha|acre}}, cultivable command is {{Convert|121500|ha|acre}} and irrigated command and cropped area is {{Convert|105570|ha|acre}}. The soils encountered in the Right Bank Canal irrigation command consisted of [[Vertisol|Black Cotton Soils]] 8.5% and [[Ultisols|Red soil]] 93.5%, while on the Left Bank Canal command it comprises Black Cotton Soils 7.0% and Red soil 93%.<ref name=features/>

The irrigation component of the project was planned to provide an annual cropping intensity of 200 percent to irrigate semi-dry crops in nearly 60 percent of the command area dominated by red loamy soils.<ref name=Irrigation/> Irrigated area spreads over [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]], [[Shivamogga]], [[Chikmagalur]] and [[Bellary]] districts comprising predominantly red loamy soils except in some portions of the right bank canal area which consist of Black Cotton soils. However, the actual cropping was predominately rice and also sugarcane and permanent gardens;<ref name="Kumar"/> 90% area on the left bank canal system and 60% area of the right bank canal system was dominated by rice. This practice resulted in heavy demand on water causing serious concerns on the irrigation system itself. Consequently, National Water Management Project (NWMP) was launched with the objective to "rehabilitate and provide more equitable, predictable and reliable irrigation service which could improve agricultural productivity and farm income". This project has resulted in substantial improvements in both the area brought under irrigation and consequent agricultural crop production.<ref name=Irrigation/>

The water stored in the reservoir is diverted through the right and left bank power houses into the respective irrigation canal systems. The right bank powerhouse utilises the irrigation releases for power generation from two units of Kaplan-type turbine generators and one unit of 6MW capacity. The left bank powerhouse at the river bed utilizes the irrigation releases to generate power from two units of 12 MW capacity each and another power house on the left bank canal of one unit of 2 MW capacity. The three power stations together have a power generation capacity of 39.2 MW.<ref name="Kumar"/><ref name=Power/>

==Ecology==
[[File:Marsh crocodile - Basking in the sun.jpg|thumb|right|[[Marsh crocodile]]s found in abundance in the Bhadra River and Bhadra Reservoir]]
[[File:Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata).jpg|thumb|right|[[Smooth-coated otter]] found in the reservoir]]
The Bhadra River flows through the Bhadra Tiger Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary and the Bhadra Reservoir is on its northern border. The sanctuary has rich avifauna such as [[junglefowl]], [[red spurfowl]], [[painted bush-quail]], [[emerald dove]], southern [[green imperial pigeon]], great [[black woodpecker]], [[blue-winged parakeet|Malabar parakeet]] and [[Gracula|hill myna]]. [[Reptiles]] reported in the river and the reservoir are the [[marsh crocodile]]s and [[monitor lizards]]. [[Asian small-clawed otter|Common river otter]] and [[Smooth-coated otter|smooth Indian otter]]s, [[gaur]]s and [[leopards]] are commonly sighted in the reserve. The wildlife can be viewed by taking a boat ride in the reservoir when Tyavarekoppa Lion and Tiger Safari and the Sakkrebyle Elephant Camp can also be visited.<ref name=Reserve>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thekarnatakatourism.com/eco-resorts/river-tern-lodge.php |title=River Turn Lodge |access-date=18 February 2011 |publisher=Official site of Karnataka Tourism: The Karnatakatourism.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720075657/http://www.thekarnatakatourism.com/eco-resorts/river-tern-lodge.php |archive-date=20 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nivalink.com/jungle/bhadra.html|title=Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary (Shimoga Dist).|access-date=19 February 2011|publisher=Nivalink}}</ref>

Marsh crocodiles are found all along the Bhadra River and more so after the river enters the sanctuary area and further flows through midst of the undisturbed moist deciduous forests till it joins the back waters of the reservoir of the Bhadra Dam.<ref name="The Indian forester">{{cite book|title=The Indian forester|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQRNAAAAYAAJ|access-date=19 February 2011|year=1995|publisher=R. P. Sharma, Business Manager, Indian Forester.|page=944}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category|Bhadra Dam}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}

{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Dams in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chikkamagaluru district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chikkamagaluru district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Mysore State]]

Bhadra Dam - Revision history

>BrownHairedGirl at 22:24, 25 March 2021