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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary
| native_name =
| native
Ajgjaj.55_name_lang 1gjgxjg = 545
| jgjgjjgjkhjh444j545other_name = Bhadra Tiger Reserve
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Wildlife Sanctuary
| image_skyline = 2006-Tigers-and-Gaurs.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Tigers watching gaurs in Bhadra WLS
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|28|N|75|40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chikkamagaluru District]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1951<ref name="WPSI">
{{citation
|url=http://www.wpsi-india.org/tiger/bhadra.php
|title=Fact sheet of Bhadra Tiger Reserve
|publisher=Wildlife Protection Society of India
|access-date=2012-02-01
}}</ref>
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 892.46
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1875
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chikkamagaluru]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN category]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = IV
| blank3_name_sec1 = Visitation
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 = Governing body
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Government of India]],<br /> [[Ministry of Environment and Forests|MOEF]], [[Project Tiger]],<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20120207014313/http://www.karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/wild_life_eco_tour/wildlife_eco_tour.htm Karnataka Forest Department]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|2100|mm|in}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|32|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|19|°C|°F}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[Protected areas of India|protected area]] and [[tiger reserves of India|tiger reserve]] as part of the [[Project Tiger]], situated in [[Chikkamagaluru district]], {{convert|23|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Bhadravati, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]] city, {{convert|38|km|mi|abbr=on}} 20 km from Tarikere town, northwest of [[Chikkamagaluru]] and 283 km from Bengaluru city in [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]].<ref name=projtiger/> Bhadra sanctuary has a wide range of flora and fauna and is a popular place for day outings. The {{convert|1875|m|ft|abbr=on}} above [[Sea level|MSL]] Hebbe Giri is the highest peak in the sanctuary.

==Geography==
Bhadra sanctuary consists of two adjacent sections. The main western Lakkavalli-Muthodi section lies from 13˚22’ to 13˚47’ N latitude, 75˚29’ to 75˚45’ E longitude and the smaller eastern Bababudangiri section from 13˚30’ to 13˚33’ N latitude and 75˚44’ to 75˚47’ E longitude.

Elevation varies from {{convert|615|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1875|m|ft|abbr=on}} above MSL, the highest point being Kallathigiri on the eastern boundary.<ref name="KSWB"/> The sanctuary is surrounded by the scenic hills and steep slopes of the [[Mullayanagiri]], Hebbegiri, Gangegiri and Bababudangiri hills. {{convert|1930|m|ft|}} Mullayanagiri peak in the [[Baba Budan Giri Range]] near the southeast edge of the sanctuary is the highest peak between the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiris]].

The {{convert|551|ft|m|abbr=on}} high [[Hebbe Falls]] are in the eastern part of the sanctuary. The [[Baba Budangiri#Manikyadhara Falls|Manikyadhara Falls]] is located on the nearby sacred [[Baba Budan Giri]] Hill, The tributaries of the [[Bhadra river]] flow west through the sanctuary. The western border of the sanctuary abuts the Bhadra Reservoir and is part of its catchment area of {{convert|1968|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=projtiger>
{{Cite web
|title=bhadra on project tiger
|access-date=2011-03-09
|url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/bhadra.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106005540/http://projecttiger.nic.in/bhadra.htm
|archive-date=2011-01-06
}}</ref>

Jagara and Sirivase are the villages located within the sanctuary. [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]], [[Tarikere]] and [[Birur]] are cities nearby. Larger metropolitan cities are well connected to Bhadravthi and Birur by bus and rail. There is frequent local bus service from Bhadravathi to both Bhadra Dam and Bhadra WLS. The nearest airport is in [[Mangalore]], around {{convert|163|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary.

Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is located at Lakkavalli, Karnataka; the nearest cities is Tarikere, Birur and Bhadravathi.

==Climate==
Temperatures vary from 10˚ to 35 °C and mean annual rainfall varies from 1200 mm to 2600 mm.<ref name="KSWB"/>

==History==
The area was first declared as 'Jagara Valley Wildlife Sanctuary' in 1951 by the then government of Mysore covering an area of {{convert|77.45|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. After a systematic survey of the flora and fauna of the area and its surroundings, the area was extended to its present extent and renamed to Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary in 1974.<ref name =projtiger/>

The Wildlife Sanctuary was declared as a Project Tiger Reserve in 1998. Bhadra is the first tiger reserve in the country to complete a successful village relocation program. The original relocation plan was introduced in 1974 and was implemented completely by 2002 when the 26 villages in the sanctuary were successfully relocated to M C Halli which is about {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Sanctuary.<ref name=epw>{{Citation| title = Economic and Political Weekly|first = krithi|last = k karanth|access-date = 2011-03-12| url = http://www.duke.edu/~kkk3/EPW.pdf}}</ref>

==Biology and ecology==
{{Wildlife of India}}
Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is the [[biodiversity hotspot]]. Most of the area consists the [[Tropical and subtropical wet broadleaf forests|wet deciduous forest]], [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|moist deciduous forest]] and [[Tropical rainforest|green forests]].<ref name=typ1>
{{Citation
| title = Vegetation structure and floristic composition of a tropical wet deciduous forest in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India
|first =Krishnamurthy |last = y l
|url =http://www.tropecol.com/pdf/open/PDF_51_2/Jour-9.pdf
|work=Tropical Ecology
|volume=51 |issue=2
|pages=235–246
|year=2010
|ISSN= 0564-3295
|publisher=International Society for Tropical Ecology
}}</ref>
Elevations ranging from {{convert|615|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1875|m|ft|abbr=on}} above MSL allows a variety of [[ecotype]]s including the unique [[shola|shola forest]]/[[Montane grasslands and shrublands|
mountain grassland]]s complex at Bababudan Giri and other patches higher than {{convert|1400|m|ft|abbr=on}} above MSL.<ref name="KSWB">{{citation
|url=http://www.karnatakawildlifeboard.org/Sanctuaries/BhadraWildlifeSanctuary.aspx
|title=About The Sanctuary
|work=Sanctuaries - Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary
|publisher=Karnataka State Wildlife Board
|year=2011
|access-date=2012-02-01
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113080637/http://www.karnatakawildlifeboard.org/Sanctuaries/BhadraWildlifeSanctuary.aspx
|archive-date=2012-01-13
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
Phenology has been defined as the study of cyclical biological events. In plants, this can include leafing, flowering and fruiting phenophases. Phenological studies were on going to know the biology of tree species (9,10,11,12)

===Flora===
Bhadra supports more than 120 plant species. One typical {{convert|2|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of tropical dry
deciduous forest had 46 species, 37 genera and 24 families. [[Combretaceae]] was the most abundant family in the forest. [[Randia (plant)|Indigoberry]] (Randia dumetorum) was the dominant species.<ref name =typ1/>

Throughout the sanctuary the common species include [[Lagerstroemia|crepe myrtle]] (lanceolata), [[Adina cordifolia|kadam]], [[Grewia|thaasal]] (tiliaefolia), [[Dillenia|simpoh]] (pentagyna), [[Tectona grandis|teak]], [[Terminalia paniculata|kindal]], [[Terminalia bellerica|Indian-laurel]], [[Dalbergia latifolia|rosewood]], [[Pterocarpus marsupium|Indian kino tree]], [[Gmelina arborea|white teak]], [[Ficus|fig tree]], [[Garcinia|mangosteen]], ''[[Kydia calycina]]'', [[Wrightia tinctoria|indigo]], [[Caryota urens|toddy palm]], [[Schleichera oleosa|Ceylon oak]], [[Shorea|jalari]], [[Xylia xylocarpa|jamba tree]], [[Anogeissus latifolia|axlewood]], [[Careya arborea|slow match tree]], [[Bambusa arundinacea|thorny bamboo]] and [[Dendrocalamus strictus|clumping bamboo]].<ref name="KSWB2"/>

It is the habitat of valuable [[teak]] and [[rosewood]]. Other commercial timber in the sanctuary includes: mathi, [[Calophyllum inophyllum|honne]], [[Spathodea|Nandi]], [[Grewia|tadasalu]] and kindal. There is also [[bamboo]] and several types of [[medicinal plants]].<ref name =projtiger/>

===Fauna===
[[File:Indian Tiger at Bhadra wildlife sanctuary.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Tiger at Bhadra WLS]]
[[File:Indian Leopard Bhadra.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Indian Leopard at Bhadra WLS]]
An estimated 33 [[Bengal tiger|tiger]]s are found in Bhadra. Other [[mammal|animal]]s in the sanctuary include [[Indian elephant|elephant]], [[Indian Leopard]], [[gaur]], [[sloth bear]], [[wild boar]], [[black panther|black leopard]], [[jungle cat]], [[jackal]], [[Dhole|wild dog]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[Chital|spotted deer]], [[barking deer]], [[mouse deer]], [[common langur]], [[bonnet macaque]], [[slender loris]], [[small Indian civet]], [[common palm civet]], [[pangolin]], [[porcupine]], [[flying squirrel]] and the [[Indian giant squirrel|Malabar giant squirrel]].<ref name =epw/><ref name="KSWB2">{{citation
|url=http://www.karnatakawildlifeboard.org/Sanctuaries/BhadraWildlifeSanctuary/BhadraWildlifeSanctuaryFloraandFauna.aspx
|title=Sanctuary - Flora and Fauna
|work=Sanctuaries - Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary
|publisher=Karnataka State Wildlife Board
|year=2011
|access-date=2012-02-01
}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Small carnivores found in the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary include [[leopard cat]], [[rusty-spotted cat]], [[Herpestes smithii|ruddy mongoose]], [[stripe-necked mongoose]] and [[otter]]s.<ref name="smallcar">{{cite journal |last=Kumar |first= H N |author2=Mewa Singh |date=November 2006|title= Small Carnivores Of Karnataka: Distribution And Sight Records|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume= 104 |pages= 155–162|publisher= Bombay Natural History Society}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:200px;"
|+Large animal census of Bhadra<ref name=projtiger/>
|-
| Tiger
| 22
| 40
|-
| Leopard
| 22
| 22
|-
| Elephant
| 161
| 203
|-
| Gaur
| 139
| 186
|-
| Chital
|
| 780
|-
| Sambar
|
| 518
|-
| Bonnet macaque
|
| 248
|-
| Wild boar
|
| 470
|-
| Muntjac
|
| 749
|}

====Reptiles====
Some of the [[reptile]]s commonly sighted in this park are [[Ahaetulla|common vine snake]], [[king cobra]], [[Indian cobra|common cobra]], [[Russell's viper]], [[bamboo pit viper]], [[rat snake]], [[Atretium schistosum|olive keelback]], [[common wolf snake]], [[Bengal monitor|common Indian monitor]], ''[[Draco (genus)|Draco]]'' or gliding lizards and [[marsh crocodile]]s.<ref name="KSWB2"/>

====Birds====
[[File:Osprey Bird.jpg|thumb|left|250px| Osprey at Bhadra wildlife Sanctuary]]
Bhadra sanctuary has more than 300 species of birds, some [[endemic]] to this region and some migratory.<ref name =epw/> Some of the species are [[grey junglefowl]], [[red spurfowl]], [[Perdicula erythrorhyncha|painted bush quail]], [[emerald dove]], [[Osprey]], [[green imperial pigeon|southern green imperial pigeon]], [[Dryocopus javensis|great black woodpecker]], [[Psittacula columboides|Malabar parakeet]], [[hill myna]], [[Pycnonotus melanicterus|ruby-throated bulbul]], [[Magpie-robin|shama]], [[Harpactes fasciatus|Malabar trogon]], [[Malabar whistling thrush]], four species of [[hornbill]] and [[Dicrurus paradiseus|racquet-tailed drongo]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nazneen |first1=K |last2=Gururaja |first2=K V |last3=Reddy |first3=Manjunath A H |last4=Krishnamurthy |first4=S V |title=Birds of Kuvempu University Campus, Shimoga District, Karnataka |journal=Zoos' Print Journal |date=2001 |volume=16 |issue=8 |page=559, 560 |doi=10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.16.8.557-60 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Butterflies====
Some of the butterflies in Bhadra sanctuary are [[Loxura atymnus|yamfly]], [[Euthalia nais|baronet]], [[Atrophaneura hector|crimson rose butterfly]], [[Troides minos|southern birdwing]], [[Graphium agamemnon|tailed jay]], [[Hebomoia glaucippe|great orange tip]], [[Lethe europa|bamboo tree brown]], and [[Junonia orithya|blue pansy]].

==Threats==
A growing threat is human population in the villages close to the sanctuary and encroachment in areas surrounding Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. Grazing by the thousands of cattle that belong to the villagers are a threat. Livestock carry diseases like foot and mouth disease to the herbivores in the park. During the 1989-99 time period, [[rinderpest]] wiped out most of the [[Gaur]] population, which numbered more than a thousand, reducing the population to its present numbers. With proactive programs of inoculating local cattle, the population of Gaur is again on the rise.{{fact|date=July 2019}}

Another concern due to closeness of the population is procurement of [[non-timber forest product]]s for commercial purposes and the procurement of timber for firewood. These affect the health of the forest in a long run. The other large threats are fishing and illegal poaching of wild animals.<ref name=yale>{{Citation| title = Forest use and human-wildlife conflicts in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India|first = krithi|last = D karanth|access-date = 2011-03-12| url = http://www.metaglyfix.com/gallery/Bulletin2003%20(linked).pdf#page=50}}</ref>

Management practices of the forest department are habitat improvement, boundary consolidation, protection against poaching and fires, and infrastructure development. However, operating funds are insufficient and often delayed and the sanctuary management is understaffed. There are problems with frequent fires which adversely affect the habitat and biodiversity of Bhadra. Timber smuggling of valuable trees is a big problem.<ref name="WPSI"/>

Tunga-Bhadra Lift Irrigation Project promises to bring water to the rain shadow areas of Chikmagalur district by transferring water from the [[Tunga River]] to the [[Bhadra River]], however this poses a threat of disturbance to the natural habitat of Bhadra sanctuary.{{fact|date=July 2019}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Mature Gaur (bison) at Bhadra wildlife sanctuary.jpg|Bull gaur at Bhadra WLS
File:Bhadra Dam.png|Bhadra WLS located south of Bhadra dam
Image:Chocolate pansy butterfiles mating in Bhadra wildlife sanctuary.jpg|Lemon pansy butterflies
File:Blue winged Parakeet roost, Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary,Karnataka.JPG|Blue winged Malabar parakeet roost
Image:Bhadra rainforest dk.JPG|A view of a Bhadra WLS
Image:Ring necked parakeet pair at Bhadra wildlife sanctuary.jpg|Rose ringed parakeet or common parrot at Bhadra WLS
Image:River Tern nestling learning to fly on an island in the Bhadra reservoir in Chikkamagaluru district.jpg|River tern nestling learning to fly, Bhadra WLS
Image:Baron butterfly at Bhadra wildlife sanctuary.jpg|Common Baron butterfly at Bhadra WLS
Image:Bhadra reservoir in Chikkamagaluru district.jpg|Bhadra Reservoir and River Tern Islands
Image:Islands in the Bhadra reservoir.jpg|Bhadra Reservoir with River Tern Islands
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}
9. Nanda, A, Krishna Murthy, Y.L and Suresh, H.S. (2013). Canopy trees phenology in a tropical dry deciduous and evergreen forest of Bhadra wildlife sanctuary, Karnataka, India. African journal of plant science 7(5): 170-175.
10. Nanda, A, Prakasha, H.M. Krishnamurthy, Y.L. and Suresh, H.S. (2012). Leafing phenology of canopy, under-storey trees and seasonality in a tropical evergreen forest of bhadra wildlife sanctuary, Karnataka, southern India. Indian Journal of Forestry, vol. 35 (4): 457-462.
11. Nanda, A, Prakasha, H.M. Krishnamurthy, Y.L. and Suresh, H.S. (2011). Phenology of leaf flushing, flower initiation and fruit maturation in dry deciduous and evergreen forests of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, southern India. Our Nature, 9: 89-99.
12. Nanda, A, Prakasha, H.M. Krishnamurthy, Y.L. and Suresh, H.S. (2010). Phenology of a tropical dry forest: study from Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, peninsular India. Indian Journal of Forestry, vol. 33 (2): 167-172

==Other links==
{{Commons category|Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary}}
*[http://www.indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=5357 A captivating image of 2 tigers staring at an adult Gaur in Bhadra Tiger Reserve]
*[http://tumkurameen.blogspot.in/2006/03/wildlifing-in-indias-youngest-tiger_1401.html 'Wildlifing in Bhadra'] A travel story on Bhadra Tiger Reserve, published in Sunday Herald (Deccan Herald), Bangalore, 1 July 2001.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050907122138/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct03/spt1.asp 'End of conflict'] A story on the once man-animal conflict in Bhadra sanctuary.
*[http://www.indianaturewatch.net/view_cat.php?tag=Bhadra%20Tiger%20Reserve Excellent images from Bhadra Tiger Reserve]
*[http://wildcatc.org/ WildLife conservation in Bhadra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301071837/http://wildcatc.org/ |date=1 March 2021 }}
{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}
{{Chikkamagaluru topics}}
{{Protected areas of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]
[[Category:North Western Ghats montane rain forests]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chikkamagaluru district]]

Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary - Revision history

>InternetArchiveBot at 22:44, 28 May 2021