2405:201:F002:604E:EDD3:56E7:3FBD:C789 at 18:10, 19 August 2021

2021-08-19T18:10:01Z

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{{short description|Indian Sikh martyr}}
{{Infobox noble
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Karyala]], in the [[Jhelum District]] (present day Pakistan)
| death_date = 1675
| death_place = [[Chandni Chowk]], [[Old Delhi|Delhi]], [[India]]
| religion = [[Sikhism]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Murad Ali Baig |title=80 Questions to Understand India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM9rjBn0LZgC&pg=PT168 |year=2011 |publisher=Jaico |isbn=978-81-8495-285-8 |page=168 |quote=He agreed to help and went to Delhi with three of his companions, Bhai Mati Das, Bhai Sati Das and Bhai Dayala to peacefully appeal to the Emperor.}}</ref>
| father = Bhai Hira Nand
| mother =
| name =
| image =
| caption =
}}

'''Bhai Sati Das''' (died 1675) along with his elder brother [[Bhai Mati Das]], was a [[Mohyal]] and Sikh [[martyr]] of early [[Sikh]] history . Bhai Sati Das, Bhai Mati Das and [[Bhai Dyal Das]] were all executed at ''kotwali'' (police-station) in the [[Chandni Chowk]] area of [[Old Delhi|Delhi]], under the express orders of emperor [[Aurangzeb]] just prior to the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur. Bhai Sati Das was executed by the means of being wrapped in cotton wool soaked in holy water
<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=H. S.|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|date=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=8170103010|page=180|edition= Second}}</ref> and set on fire.

== Biography ==
=== Birth ===
Bhai Sati Das born to family of Mohyal Brahmins. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bakhshish |title=Proceedings: Ed. Parm Bakhshish Singh, Volume 1 Punjab History Conference |date=1998 |publisher=Publ. Bureau, Punjabi Univ. |location=Patiala |isbn=9788173804625 |page=113}}</ref> He belonged to the ancient village of [[Karyala]], about ten kilometres from [[Chakwal]] on the road to the ''Katas Raj'' Temple Complex, in the [[Jhelum District]] in [[Punjab (Pakistan)]]. [[Bhai Mati Das]] was his older brother and Bhai Sati Das was the son of Hira Nand, a disciple of [[Guru Har Gobind]], under whom he had fought in many battles. Hira Nand was the grandson of Lakhi Das, the son of the Bhai Pairagh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |isbn=9788126908585 |page=593}}</ref>

=== Service of Guru Tegh Bahadur ===
During the time after [[Guru Har Krishan]]'s death at Delhi and the uncertainty of the next Guru, the Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Sati Das sometimes find mention in being present looking for the Guru<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kohli |first1=Mohindar |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur: Testimony of Conscience |date=1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=9788172012342 |page=14}}</ref> or directly after<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |date=2006 |publisher=Lotus Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788183820752 |page=116}}</ref> when [[Baba Makhan Shah Labana]] found Guru Tegh Bahadur at the village of ''Bakala'' where the new Guru was then residing.

The Guru entrusted financial activity to Bhai Mati Das thus he is sometimes given the name Diwan Mati Das<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stracey |first1=Rusell |title=The History of the Muhiyals: The Militant Brahman Race of India |date=1911 |page=24}}</ref> whereas, according to Bhatt Vahi Talauda,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Harbans |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: S-Z |date=1998 |publisher=Publications Bureau |location=Patiala |isbn=9788173805301 |page=76}}</ref> Bhai Sati Das served Guru Tegh Bahadur as a cook for the Guru. The two brothers accompanied Guru Teg Bahadur during his 2-year stay at [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Gurus, 1469-1708 |date=1984 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=9788121502764 |page=375}}</ref> Guru Tegh Bahadur bought a hillock near the village of ''Makhowal'' five miles north of Kiratpur and established a new town, Chakk Nanaki<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Harbans |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur |publisher=Sterling Publishers |page=98}}</ref> now named as [[Anandpur Sahib]] (the abode of bliss) where Mati Das and Sati Das were also present. Bhai Sati Das was known to have a great understanding<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anand |first1=Balwant |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur: A Biography |date=1979 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |page=199}}</ref> of the [[Persian language]] and according to some sources<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit |title=A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh |date=2004 |publisher=Singh Bros |location=Amritsar |isbn=9788172053062 |page=87}}</ref> taught the language to the young [[Guru Gobind Singh|Gobind Rai]] (Guru Gobind Singh).

====The Guru's eastern tours====
Bhai Sati Das and Bhai Mati Das were present in the Guru's eastern tours starting in August 1665 including the tours of [[Saifabad]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold Volume II: 1606-1708 C.E |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788126908585 |page=629}}</ref> and Dhamtan (Bangar)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold Volume II: 1606-1708 C.E |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788126908585 |page=630}}</ref> where they were arrested perhaps because of the influence of Dhir Mal, or the [[Ulemas]] and orthodox [[Brahmins]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Fauja |last2=Talib |first2=Gurbachan |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur: Martyr and Teacher |date=1975 |publisher=Punjabi University |location=Patiala |page=44}}</ref> The Guru was sent to Delhi and detained for 1 month.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold Volume II: 1606-1708 C.E |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788126908585 |page=631}}</ref> After being freed December 1665 he continued his tour and Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Sati Das were again in his company particularly at [[Dacca]], and [[Malda district|Malda]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold Volume II: 1606-1708 C.E |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788126908585 |page=632}}</ref>

=== Guru's Arrest===
[[File:Redfort,chandni chowk delhi.JPG|thumb|[[Red Fort]] at [[Chandni Chowk]] Delhi]]
In 1675 the Guru was summoned by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] to Delhi to convert to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Hari |title=Sikh Heritage, Gurdwaras & Memorials in Pakistan |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Publication Services |page=80}}</ref> Aurangzeb was very happy that all he had to do was covert one man and the rest of the Brahmins from [[Kashmir]], [[Kurukshetra]], [[Haridwar|Hardwar]], and [[Varanasi|Beneras]] would follow suit.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Trilochan |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur Prophet and Martyr (A Biography) |date=1967 |publisher=Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Parbhandak Committee |location=Sis Ganj, Chandni Chowk, Delhi |page=376}}</ref> The Guru left for Delhi on his own accord but was arrested at Malikpur Rangharan near [[Ropar]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Patwant |title=The Sikhs |date=2007 |publisher=Crown Publishing G. |isbn=9780307429339}}</ref>
While the Guru was traveling towards Delhi his company at this time consisted of his most devoted Sikhs and comprised Bhai Dayala, Bhai Udai, and Bhai Jaita (Rangretta) as well as Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Sati Das.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Iqbal |title=Sikh Faith - An Epitome of Inter-Faith for Divine Realisation |date=2014 |publisher=Kalgidhar Trust |location=Sant Attar Singh Hari Sadhu Ashram |page=384 |edition= Second }}</ref> After visiting a few places where large crowds of devotees visited the Guru sent Bhai Jaita and Bhai Udai to go to Delhi so they can access the information and report it back to him and report it to Anandpur as well.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Iqbal |title=Sik Faith - An Epitome of Inter-Faith for Divine Realisation |date=2014 |publisher=Kalgidhar Trust |location=Sant Attar Singh Hari Sadhu Ashram |page=384 |edition= Second }}</ref>
After being arrested Guru Tegh Bahadur was taken to [[Sirhind]] from which he was sent to Delhi in an iron cage.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Patwant |title=The Sikhs |date=2007 |publisher=Crown Publishing G. |isbn=9780307429339}}</ref>
At Delhi, the Guru and his five companions were taken into the council chamber of the [[Red Fort]]. The Guru was asked numerous questions on religion, [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Islam]], such as why he was sacrificing his life for people that wear [[Janeu]] and [[Tilak]] when he himself was a Sikh upon which the Guru answered that the Hindus were powerless and weak against tyranny, they had come to the abode of Guru Nanak as refuge, and that with the same logic he would have sacrificed his life for Muslims as well.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Iqbal |title=Sikh Faith - An Epitome of Inter-Faith for Divine Realisation |date=2014 |publisher=Kalgidhar Trust |location=Sant Attar Singh Hari Sadhu Ashram |page=384 |edition= Second }}</ref> On the Guru's emphatic refusal to abjure his faith, he was asked why he was called ''Teg Bahadur'' (gladiator or Knight of the Sword; before this, his name had been ''Tyag Mal''). Bhai Mati Das immediately replied that the Guru had won the title by inflicting a heavy blow on the imperial forces at the young age of fourteen. Guru Tegh Bahadur was reprimanded for his breach of etiquette and outspokenness and the Guru and his companions were ordered to be imprisoned and tortured until they agreed to embrace Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Venkatesvararavu |first1=Adiraju |title=Sikhs and India: Identity crisis |date=1991 |publisher=Sri Satya Publications |page=36}}</ref>

=== Guru's Martyrdom ===
{{main|Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadar}}

On November 11, 1675<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold Volume II: 1606-1708 C.E |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788126908585 |page=664}}</ref> large crowds gathered to see the Guru<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gill |first1=Pritam |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur, The Unique Martyr |date=1975 |publisher=New Academic Pub. Co. |page=69}}</ref> and the executioners were called to the ''kotwali'' (police-station) near the Sunehri Masjid in the [[Chandni Chowk]] and the Guru who was kept in an iron cage<ref>{{cite book |last1=Surinder |first1=Johar |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur: A Bibliography |date=1975 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788170170303 |page=206}}</ref> and all the three of his companions were moved to the place of the execution. Mati Das, Dyal Das and Sati Das were then tortured and executed.

==== Martyrdom of Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Dyal Das ====
Bhai Mati Das who was the first to be martyred<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arneja |first1=Simran |title=Ik Onkar One God |date=2009 |isbn=9788184650938 |pages=45}}</ref> was made to stand erect between two posts and double headed saw<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Gurus, 1469-1708 |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |page=376}}</ref> was placed on his head and moved across from head to the loins. Seeing this Dyal Das abused the Emperor and his courtiers for this infernal act.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=H. S.|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|date=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=8170103010|page=56|edition= Second}}</ref> He was tied up like a round bundle and thrown into a huge cauldron of boiling oil. He was roasted alive into a block of charcoal.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=H. S.|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|date=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=8170103010|page=56|edition= Second}}</ref> No sign of grief was shown by the disciple of the Guru<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Harjinder |title=Game of Love |date=2011 |publisher=Akaal Publishers |location=Walsall |isbn=9780955458712 |page=15 |edition= Second }}</ref> and the Guru also witnessed all this savagery with divine calm.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Gurus, 1469-1708 |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |page=376}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Duggal |first1=Kartar |title=The Sikh Gurus: Their Lives and Teachings |date=1980 |publisher=Vikas |isbn=9780706909951 |page=176}}</ref>

==== Martyrdom of Bhai Sati Das ====
After the martyrdom of Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Dyal Das, Bhai Sati Das moved towards the Guru with folded hands and asked for his blessings, saying that he was happy to achieve martyrdom.

The Guru blessed him telling that they must resign themselves cheerfully to the will of the Lord. He praised him for his lifelong single-minded devotion to him and his cause. With tears in his eyes, he bade him farewell saying his sacrifice would occupy an abiding place in history. Sati Das touched the Guru's feet, and came to his place.

Bhai Sati Das was tied to a pole<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |date=2006 |publisher=Lotus Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788183820752 |page=124}}</ref> and wrapped in cotton fibre. He was then set on fire by the executioner.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Corduan |first1=Winfried |title=Neighboring Faiths: A Christian Introduction to World Religions |date=2013 |publisher=InterVarsity Press |isbn=9780830871971 |page=383}}</ref> He remained calm and peaceful and kept uttering ''[[Waheguru|Waheguru Gurmantar]]'', while fire consumed his body.

==== Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur ====
[[File:India - Dehli Sikh Temple - 5832.jpg|thumb|[[Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib]], Delhi]]

Early next morning Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded by an executioner called Jalal-ud-din Jallad,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ralhan |first1=O. P. |title=The Great Gurus of the Sikhs: Banda Bahadur, Asht Ratnas etc |date=1997 |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd. |isbn=9788174884794 |page=9}}</ref> who belonged to the town of [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]] in present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. The spot of the execution was under a banyan tree (the trunk of the tree and well near-by where he took a bath are still preserved),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sahi |first1=Joginder |title=Sikh Shrines in India & Abroad |date=1978 |publisher=Common World |page=60}}</ref> opposite the Sunheri Masjid near the Kotwali in Chandni Chowk, where he was lodged as a prisoner, on November 11, 1675.

His head was carried by Bhai Jaita,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=H. S.|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|date=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=8170103010|page=187|edition= Second}}</ref> a disciple of the Guru, to Anandpur, where the nine-year-old [[Guru Gobind Singh]] cremated it(The [[gurdwara]] at this spot is also called Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib). The body, before it could be quartered, was stolen under the cover of darkness by Lakhi Shah Vanjara, another disciple who carried it in a cart of hay and cremated it by burning his hut, at this spot, the [[Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib]] stands today.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Madan |title=Story Of Harry Singh & Sophie Kaur |date=2014 |publisher=Partridge India |isbn=9781482821352 |page=168}}</ref> Later on, the [[Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib]], was built at Chandni Chowk at the site of Guru's martyrdom.

== Legacy ==

The Bhai Mati Das Sati Das Museum was built in honor of Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Sati Das in Delhi opposite of [[Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib]], Chandni Chowk the spot where they were martyred.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kindersley |first1=Dorling |title=Top 10 Delhi |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |isbn=9780756688493 |page=10|edition= First}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Fodor's Essential India: with Delhi, Rajasthan, Mumbai & Kerala |date=2015 |publisher=Fodor's Travel |isbn=9781101878682}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]
* [[Guru Gobind Singh]]
* [[Bhai Mati Das]]
* [[Bhai Dayala]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*http://www.searchsikhism.com/mati.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204133702/http://www.searchsikhism.com/mati.html |date=2012-02-04 }}
*''Sikh History Book 5'' by Kartar Singh, Hemkunt Press, New Delhi

{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Bhai Mati}}
[[Category:Sikh martyrs]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:History of Punjab]]
[[Category:People executed for refusing to convert to Islam]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]
[[Category:People executed by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:People from Jhelum District]]
[[Category:17th-century executions in India]]
[[Category:1621 births]]
[[Category:1675 deaths]]
[[Category:Victims of human rights abuses]]
[[Category:People executed by India by decapitation]]

[[hi:भाई मतिदास]]

Bhai Sati Das - Revision history

2405:201:F002:604E:EDD3:56E7:3FBD:C789 at 18:10, 19 August 2021