CleanupBot II at 19:24, 13 August 2023

2023-08-13T19:24:53Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2010}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Bhakra Nangal Dam
| image = Bhakra_Dam_Aug_15_2008.JPG
| image_caption = The Bhakra Dam
| name_official = Bhakra Dam
| dam_crosses = [[Satluj River]]
| location = Bilaspur district, [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| dam_type = Concrete gravity
| dam_length = {{convert|1700|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|741|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base = {{convert|625|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_crest = {{convert|30|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type = Controlled, overflow
| construction_began = 1948
| opening = 1963
| cost = {{INRConvert|245.28|c|year=1963}}
| owner =
| res_name = [[Gobindsagar Reservoir]]
| res_capacity_total = 9.340 km3
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = 168.035 km2
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines = 5 x 108 MW, 5 x 157 MW [[Francis turbine|Francis-type]]
| plant_capacity = 1325 [[megawatt|MW]]
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission = 1945-1946
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India
| location_map_caption = Bhakra Dam in [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|31|24|39|N|76|26|0|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Bhakra Dam''' is a [[concrete]] [[gravity dam]] on the [[Sutlej|Sutlej River]] in [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] in northern [[India]]. The dam forms the [[Govind Sagar]] reservoir.

The dam, located at a gorge near the (now submerged) upstream Bhakra village in [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] district of [[Himachal Pradesh]] of height 226 m.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cwc.gov.in/main/webpages/other%20projects.html#bhakra |title=Central Water Commission website |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331020501/http://www.cwc.gov.in/main/webpages/other%20projects.html#bhakra |archive-date=31 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The length of the dam (measured from the road above it) is 518.25 m and the width is 9.1 m. Its reservoir known as "Gobind Sagar" stores up to 9.34 billion cubic metres of water. The 90 km long reservoir created by the Bhakra Dam is spread over an area of 168.35 km2. In terms of quantity of water, it is the third [[List of largest reservoirs in India|largest reservoir]] in India, the first being [[Indirasagar Dam|Indira Sagar dam]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] with capacity of 12.22 billion cu m and second [[Nagarjunasagar Dam]].

Described as "New Temple of Resurgent India" by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]],<ref>http://bbmb.gov.in/english/history_nangal_dam.asp accessed on 14 November 2009</ref> the first prime minister of India, the dam attracts tourists from all over India. Bhakra dam is 15 km from Nangal city and 20 km from Naina Devi town.

'''Nangal Dam''' is another dam in Punjab downstream of Bhakra Dam. However, sometimes both the dams together are called '''Bhakra-Nangal Dam''' though they are two separate dams.

==History==
{{Infobox bridge
| name = Bhakra Dam bridge
| length = 1700 feet
| width = 30 feet
}}
[[File:Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru with group of engineers who constructed Bhakra Dam 03.jpg|thumb|Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru with group of engineers who constructed Bhakra Dam 03]]
The Bhakra-Nangal multipurpose dams were among the earliest river valley development schemes undertaken by India after independence though the project had been conceived long before India became a free nation. The agreement for this project had been signed by the then Punjab Revenue Minister, [[Sir Chhotu Ram]] in November 1944 with Raja of Bilaspur and finalised the project plan on 8 January 1945. Preliminary works commenced in 1946. Construction of the dam started in 1948; Jawaharlal Nehru poured the first bucket of concrete into the dry riverbed of the [[Sutlej]] on 17 November 1955, as a symbolic initiation of the work. Addressing a gathering there, he said, "This is a gift to the people of India and to the future generations from the workers who built this dam", calling for "rais[ing] a memorial" at the dam "in honour" of the workers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nehru Opens Work On Bhakra Dam|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4WllAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IZQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=753%2C1027693|access-date=25 August 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=18 November 1955|page=1}}</ref> The dam was completed by the end of 1963. Successive stages were completed by the early 1970s.

Initially, the construction of the dam was started by Sir [[Louis Dane]], the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab. But the project got delayed and was restarted soon after independence under the chief architect Rai Bahadur Kunwar Sen Gupta. It was financed entirely by the [[Government of India|union government]]. The Control Board for the project included representatives from union government, and of the governments of [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]], [[Rajasthan]], Bilaspur and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The organisation evolved for the purpose of design and construction was divided into three parts. The Designs Directorate provided the designs and drawings. The Construction and Plant Design Directorate was to look after its execution and installing of the plant, while the Directorate of Inspection and Control ensured that the specifications are accorded to safety requirements were met.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhakra Dam Will Be Engineering Marvel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19550904&printsec=frontpage|work=The Indian Express|access-date=11 April 2017|page=13|date=4 September 1955}}</ref>

In October 1963, at the ceremony to mark the dedication of the Bhakra–Nangal project to the nation, Prime Minister Nehru said, "This dam has been built with the unrelenting toil of man for the benefit of mankind and therefore is worthy of worship. May you call it a Temple or a Gurdwara or a Mosque, it inspires our admiration and reverence". On 22 October 2013, the Government of India approved the release of a commemorative stamp to mark the 50th anniversary of the Bhakra Dam. As how successful India was at that time that it was the only dam in Asia which could produce 1500 MW power.

Also, these are multipurpose projects.

==Features==
The dam, at 741 ft (226 m), is one of the highest gravity dams in the world (compared to USA's largest [[Oroville Dam]] at 770 ft). The 166 km2 [[Gobindsagar Reservoir]], named after [[Guru Gobind Singh]], is created by this dam which is the third largest reservoir in India the first being [[Indira Sagar Dam]] and second [[Nagarjunasagar Dam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India: National Register of Large Dams 2009|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|publisher=Central Water Commission|access-date=10 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The river Satluj used to flow through a narrow gorge between two hills, Naina Devi ki dhar and Ramgarh ki dhar, and the site was chosen to dam the river. The large map http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/nh-43-03.jpg shows the location of the original Bhakra village that was submerged in the lake formed behind the dam.

Bhakra dam was part of the larger multipurpose Bhakra Nangal Project whose aims were to prevent floods in the Satluj-Beas river valley, to provide irrigation to adjoining states and also to provide [[hydro-electricity]]. It also became a tourist spot for the tourists during later years because of its huge size and uniqueness.

It also has four spillway gates that are only used when the reservoir exceeds the maximum allowed level.

Nangal dam is a barrage dam that is 10 km downstream of Bhakra dam

===Irrigation===
The dam holds excess waters during the monsoon and provides a regulated release during the year. It also prevents damage due to monsoon floods. The '''Bhakra Canal''' fed by this dam provides irrigation to 10 million acres of (40,000 km2) fields in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/water/water-resources-department/InterstateAgreements/Bhakra%20Nangal%20Agreement%201959%20bw%20punjab%20and%20Raj.pdf|access-date=15 February 2020|title= Agreement on construction of Bhakra Nangal project between Punjab and Rajasthan in January, 1959}}</ref>

Water flows from Bhakra Dam downstream Nangal dam where it is controlled and released into Nangal Hydel Channel that later becomes Bhakra Main Line after Ganguwal and Kotla power plants. The Bhakra main line is a canal that mostly supplies irrigation water to the state of Haryana.

===Electricity generation===
Bhakra Dam has ten power generators with five on each side. Generators for the left power house were originally supplied by Hitachi, Japan and upgraded to the present capacity by Sumitomo, Hitachi and Andritz.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Hitachi, Ltd. and Sumitomo Corporation Secure Contract with India's Bhakra Beas ManagementBoard to Renovate Hydroelectric Power Station｜ Sumitomo Corporation|url = http://www.sumitomocorp.co.jp/english/news/detail/id=26423|website = Sumitomo Corporation|access-date = 2016-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Dams show promise of filling early - Indian Express|url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dams-show-promise-of-filling-early/805324/|website = archive.indianexpress.com|access-date = 2016-01-09}}</ref> Generators for the right side were originally supplied by [[Soviet Union]] and later upgraded to the present capacity by [[Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bhakra right bank power house dedicated - Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Bhakra-right-bank-power-house-dedicated/articleshow/3997047.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2016-01-09}}</ref> The two power houses have a total capacity of 1325 MW. The left power house contain 3 x 108 MW and 2 x 126 MW [[Francis turbine]]s while the right has 5 x 157 MW.<ref>{{Cite web|title = New Page 1|url = http://bbmb.gov.in/english/menu2.asp|website = bbmb.gov.in|access-date = 2016-01-09}}</ref>

The power generated at Bhakra Dam is distributed among partner states of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Delhi]].

Three additional power plants are on the two canals Nangal Hydel Channel and Anandpur Sahib Hydel Channel that originate from Nangal dam. Their generation capacities are : Ganguwal - 77.65 MW, Kotla - 77.65 MW and Anandpur - 134 MW.<ref>{{Cite web|title = BBMB - Ganguwal|url = http://bbmb.gov.in/english/ganguwal.asp|website = bbmb.gov.in|access-date = 2016-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = BBMB - Kotla|url = http://bbmb.gov.in/english/kotla.asp|website = bbmb.gov.in|access-date = 2016-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = ANANDPUR SAHIB HYDEL PROJECT (134 MW)|url = http://www.pspcl.in/docs/anandpur.htm|website = www.pspcl.in|access-date = 2016-01-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160126215040/http://www.pspcl.in/docs/anandpur.htm|archive-date = 26 January 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Fishing===
[[File:Gobind sagar lake ambuj.jpg|alt=Gobind Sagar Lake (Bhakra Dam Reservoir)|thumb|Gobind Sagar Lake (Bhakra Dam Reservoir)]]
The reservoir of the Dam, Gobind Sagar, homes fishes of different species including endangered [[Mahseer]]. Commercial fishing by Local fisherman is also common in Gobind Sagar.

==Management==
Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) was constituted in 1966 for the administration, maintenance and operation of Bhakra Nangal Project from 1 October 1967. It manages the operation of both the dams. Its members are appointed by the government of India and by the states of [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], and [[Chandigarh]]. Bhakra Management Board was renamed Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) on 15 May 1976 to also manage dams on the river [[Beas]]. Since then the Bhakra Beas Management Board is engaged in the regulation of the supply of water and power from Bhakra Nangal Project and Beas Projects to the states of [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], and [[Chandigarh]] government.

The Bhakra Beas Management Board regulates, operates and manages Bhakra Dam, [[Pandoh Dam|Dehar Hydroelectric Project]], [[Pong Dam|Pong dam]], Ganguwal and Kotla power stations.<ref>{{Cite web|title = New Page 1|url = http://bbmb.gov.in/english/menu2.asp|website = bbmb.gov.in|access-date = 2016-01-10}}</ref>

===Tourism===
Being the fourth largest dam in India after [[Tehri Dam]], it attracts a large number of tourists who visit its reservoir and attractive location. However, for security reasons, visitors to Bhakra-Nangal Dam has been banned since 2009. but The ban has been lifted now.

== Displacement of People ==
The large reservoir created by the dam displaced a large population from the district of [[Bilasapur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]. About 371 villages were submerged. After 50 years of its completion, there is still a question of full resettlement of oustees.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 years on, Bhakra Dam oustees wait for rehabilitation - Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/50-years-on-Bhakra-Dam-oustees-wait-for-rehabilitation/articleshow/24504585.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2016-01-08}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Pandoh Dam|Dehar hydroelecric project, Pandoh dam]]
*[[Koldam Dam]] – being constructed upstream
*[[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
*[[Temples of modern India]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://bbmb.gov.in/english/menu1.asp], Bhakra Beas Management Board
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202190527/http://www.bhakranangaldam.com/ Site about Bhakra Nangal Dam]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180322182807/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Large_Dams_in_India Large Dams in India]

{{Hydrography of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Sutlej dams}}
{{Dams and reservoirs in India}}
{{Asia topic|List of dams and reservoirs in}}
{{Dams and Reservoirs}}

{{Power Projects in Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rupnagar]]
[[Category:Dams in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1963]]
[[Category:Dams on the Sutlej River]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1968]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]

Bhakra Dam - Revision history

CleanupBot II at 19:24, 13 August 2023