JoannePettiford at 22:53, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T22:53:52Z

New page

{{Short description|Criminal Procedure Code of The Republic of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| image = Emblem of India (Government Gazette).svg
| imagesize = 100
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An act to consolidate and amend the law relating to Criminal Procedure.
| autocollapse_long_title = true
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/20099/1/eng.pdf Act No. 46 of 2023]
| territorial_extent = {{flag|India}}
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = 20 December 2023
| date_enacted =
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 21 December 2023
| assented_by = [[President of India]]
| date_assented = 25 December 2023
| date_commenced = 1 July 2024
| bill = The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023
| bill_citation =
| introduced_by = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]], [[Amit Shah]]
| date_introduced = 12 December 2023
| committee_responsible = Scrutiny Panel of the Parliament
| passed = 20 December 2023
| passed_for = Majority Voice
| passed_against = Minority Voice
| bill2 = The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023
| bill_date2 = 20 December 2023
| introduced_by2 = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]], [[Amit Shah]]
| second_chamber_action = passed with amendments
| passed2 = 21 December 2023
| passed2_for = Majority Voice
| passed2_against = Minority Voice
| date_final_passage = 21 December 2023
| repeals = [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Criminal Procedure Code]]
| related_legislation = [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]] and [[Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam]]
| summary =
| status = in force
}}

The '''Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023''' (BNSS) ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Bhāratīya Nāgarik Surakśa Saṃhitā;'' {{Literal translation|'''Indian Citizen Safety Code, 2023''' (ICSC) / '''Criminal Procedure Code, 2023''' (CrPC)}}), is the main legislation on [[Procedural law|procedure]] for administration of [[Substantive law|substantive]] [[criminal law]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/3-bills-to-replace-ipc-crpc-indian-evidence-act-introduced-in-lok-sabha/article67183559.ece|title=3 new Bills introduced in Lok Sabha to replace criminal laws; sedition law to be scrapped|date=August 11, 2023|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/home-minister-amit-shah-introduces-3-bills-to-replace-ipc-crpc-indian-evidence-act-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/102640505.cms?from=mdr|title='Sedition law to be repealed': Amit Shah introduces 3 bills to replace IPC, CrPC, Indian Evidence Act in Lok Sabha|date=11 August 2023|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amit-shah-indian-penal-code-criminal-laws-revised-justice-not-punishment-centres-3-new-bills-to-overhaul-criminal-laws-4289030|title="Acts of Secession" Replaces Sedition: New Bills To Overhaul Criminal Laws|website=NDTV|date=11 August 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Bharatiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_Sanhita,_2023.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=July 2025}}</ref>

== Background and timeline ==

* On 11 August 2023, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill, 2023 was introduced by [[Amit Shah]], Minister of Home Affairs, in [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Centre's 3 bills to revamp criminal laws: 'Aim to provide justice, not punish'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-brings-in-three-bills-to-revamp-indias-crime-laws-crpc-amit-shah-lok-sabha-2419541-2023-08-11|website=India Today|language=en|date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Parliament session: Will repeal offence of sedition, says Amit Shah as he introduces 3 bills to overhaul justice system|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/parliament-monsoon-session-ends-today-amit-shah-announces-major-overhaul-of-criminal-justice-system-with-new-bill-11691738520380.html|website=LiveMint|language=en|date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The 3 Bills That Will Soon Replace British-Era Criminal Laws. Their Aim Explained|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-3-bills-that-will-soon-replace-british-era-criminal-laws-their-aim-explained-4289008|website=NDTV|language=en|date=11 August 2023}}</ref>
* On 12 December 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill, 2023 was withdrawn.
* On 12 December 2023 – 2024, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023 was introduced in Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Bhartiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_(second)_Sanhita_Brief.pdf|title=The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023}}</ref>
* On 20 December 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023 was passed in Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Awstika|date=2023-12-20|title=Lok Sabha Passes Criminal Law Bills Seeking To Replace IPC, CrPC And Evidence Act|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/lok-sabha-criminal-law-bills-ipc-crpc-evidence-act-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-nagaril-suraksha-sanhita-sakshya-bill-bns-bnss-bss-245023|access-date=2023-12-20|website=Live Law|language=en}}</ref>
* On 21 December 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023 was passed in [[Rajya Sabha]].
* On 25 December 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023 received the assent of the President of India.<ref>{{Cite web| author= Shemin Joy |title=Bills to replace criminal codes enacted into law as President Murmu gives nod|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bills-to-replace-criminal-codes-enacted-into-law-as-president-murmu-gives-nod-2824616|access-date=2024-02-13|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
== Structure ==
The BNSS comprises 39 chapters and 531 sections. In addition, there are two schedules also. The outline of the Sanhita is as follows:<ref>[https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Bharatiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_%28Second%29_Sanhita_2023.pdf Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023] PRS India, 10 November 2023</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedBothHouses/Nagrik174142024124600PM.pdf?source=legislation |title=Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715045455/https://sansad.in/getFile/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedBothHouses/Nagrik174142024124600PM.pdf?source=legislation |archive-date= 15 July 2024 |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Digital Sansad}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
!Chapters
!Clauses
!Classification of Offences
|-
|Chapter 1
|Clauses 1 to 5
|Preliminary
|-
|Chapter 2
|Clauses 6 to 20
|Constitution Of Criminal Courts And Offices
|-
|Chapter 3
|Clauses 21 to 29
|Power Of Courts
|-
|Chapter 4
|Clauses 30 to 34
|Powers Of Superior Officers Of Police And Aid To The Magistrates And The Police
|-
|Chapter 5
|Clauses 35 to 62
|Arrest Of Persons
|-
|Chapter 6
|Clauses 63 to 93
|Processes To Compel Appearance
*''Summons (63 to 71)''
*''Warrant Of Arrest (72 to 83)''
*''Proclamation And Attachment (84 to 89)''
*''Other rules regarding processes (90 to 93)''
|-
|Chapter 7
|Clauses 94 to 110
|Processes To Compel The Production Of Things
*''Summons To Produce (94 to 95)''
*''Search-warrants (96 to 101)''
*''General Provisions Relating To Searches (102 to 104)''
*''Miscellaneous (105 to 110)''
|-
|Chapter 8
|Clauses 111 to 124
|Reciprocal Arrangements For Assistance In Certain Matters And Procedure For Attachment And Forfeiture Of Property
|-
|Chapter 9
|Clauses 125 to 143
|Security For Keeping The Peace And For Good Behaviour
|-
|Chapter 10
|Clauses 144 to 147
|Order For Maintenance Of Wives, Children And Parents
|-
|Chapter 11
|Clauses 148 to 167
|Maintenance Of Public Order And Tranquillity
*''Unlawful Assemblies (148 to 151)''
*''Public Nuisances (152 to 162)''
*''Urgent Cases Of Nuisance Or Apprehended Danger (163)''
*''Disputes As To Immovable Property (164 to 167)''
|-
|Chapter 12
|Clauses 168 to 172
|Preventive Action Of The Police
|-
|Chapter 13
|Clauses 173 to 196
|Information To The Police And Their Powers To Investigate
|-
|Chapter 14
|Clauses 197 to 209
|Jurisdiction Of The Criminal Courts In Inquiries And Trials
|-
|Chapter 15
|Clauses 210 to 222
|Conditions Requisite For Initiation Of Proceedings
|-
|Chapter 16
|Clauses 223 to 226
|Complaints To Magistrates
|-
|Chapter 17
|Clauses 227 to 233
|Commencement Of Proceedings Before Magistrates
|-
|Chapter 18
|Clauses 234 to 247
|The Charge
*''Form Of Charges (234 to 240)''
*''Joinder of charges (241 to 247)''
|-
|Chapter 19
|Clauses 248 to 260
|Trial Before A Court Of Session
|-
|Chapter 20
|Clause 261 to 273
|Trial Of Warrant-cases By Magistrates
*''Cases Instituted On A Police Report (261 to 266)''
*''Cases Instituted Otherwise Than On Police Report (267 to 270)''
*''Conclusion Of Trial (271 to 273)''
|-
|Chapter 21
|Clause 271 to 282
|''Trial Of Summons-cases By Magistrates''
|-
|Chapter 22
|Clause 283 to 288
|''Summary Trials''
|-
|Chapter 23
|Clause 289 to 300
|''Plea Bargaining''
|-
|Chapter 24
|Clause 301 to 306
|''Attendance Of Persons Confined Or Detained In Prisons''
|-
|Chapter 25
|Clause 307 to 336
|''Evidence In Inquiries And Trials''
*''Mode Of Taking And Recording Evidence (307 to 318)''
*''Commissions For The Examination Of Witnesses (319 to 336)''
|-
|Chapter 26
|Clause 337 to 366
|''General Provisions As To Inquiries And Trials''
|-
|Chapter 27
|Clause 367 to 378
|''Provisions As To Accused Persons Of Unsound Mind''
|-
|Chapter 28
|Clause 379 to 391
|''Provisions As To Offences Affecting The Administration Of Justice''
|-
|Chapter 29
|Clause 392 to 406
|''The Judgment''
|-
|Chapter 30
|Clause 407 to 412
|''Submission Of Death Sentences For Confirmation''
|-
|Chapter 31
|Clause 413 to 435
|''Appeals''
|-
|Chapter 32
|Clause 436 to 445
|''Reference And Revision''
|-
|Chapter 33
|Clause 446 to 452
|''Transfer Of Criminal Cases''
|-
|Chapter 34
|Clause 453 to 477
|''Execution, Suspension, Remission And Commutation Of Sentences''
*''Death Sentences (453 to 456)''
*''Imprisonment (457 to 460)''
*''Levy Of Fine (461 to 464)''
*''General provisions regarding execution (465 to 471)''
*''Suspension, Remission And Commutation Of Sentences.e (472 to 477)''
|-
|Chapter 35
|Clause 478 to 496
|''Provisions As To Bail And Bonds''
|-
|Chapter 36
|Clause 497 to 505
|''Disposal Of Property''
|-
|Chapter 37
|Clause 506 to 512
|''Irregular Proceedings''
|-
|Chapter 38
|Clause 513 to 519
|''Limitation For Taking Cognizance Of Certain Offences''
|-
|Chapter 39
|Clause 519 to 531
|''Miscellaneous''
|-
|}

== Changes ==
The BNSS makes a number of changes to the CrPC, some key changes are:<ref>https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-sanhita-511325.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=July 2025}}</ref>

* '''Consolidating and simplifying the law''': The BNSS consolidates and simplifies the law by repealing and amending a number of provisions of the CrPC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Scan on detention of accused person in police custody for staggering period of up to 90 days|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/scan-on-detention-of-accused-person-in-police-custody-for-staggering-period-of-up-to-90-days/cid/1988289|website=Telegraph India|language=en|date=21 December 2023}}</ref>
* '''Strengthening the rights of the accused''': The BNSS strengthens the rights of the accused by providing for safeguards, such as the right to a lawyer of choice during interrogation, though not throughout the interrogation, and the right to a fair trial. Every police officer or other person arresting any person without warrant shall forthwith communicate to him full particulars of the offence for which he is arrested or other grounds for such arrest. When any person is arrested, he shall be examined by a medical officer in the service of the Central Government or a State Government, and in case the medical officer is not available, by a registered medical practitioner soon after the arrest is made.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PRS INDIA|url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-sanhita-2023}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|reason=PRS source just mirrors the original billl|date=June 2024}}
* '''Improving the efficiency of the criminal justice system:''' The BNSS seeks to improve the efficiency of the criminal justice system by streamlining procedures and reducing delays.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Revised criminal law bills: Key changes explained|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/revised-criminal-law-bills-the-key-changes-explained/article67637348.ece|website=The Hindu|language=en|date=18 December 2023}}</ref>

The following are some of the key changes made in the BNSS:

* '''Arrest:''' <ref name=":0" />The BNSS gives the police more powers to investigate crimes and requires them to complete investigations within a specified time period.
* '''Trial:''' The BNSS streamlines the trial process and requires courts to dispose of cases within a specified time period.
* '''Community Service'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/12/26/bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-2023-community-service-punishment-petty-offences-legal-news/|title=SCC Online}}</ref> For the first time in India's penal code history, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNSS) introduces "Community Service" as a distinct form of punishment, marking a significant shift towards reformative justice. This provision allows courts to sentence offenders to unpaid work for the benefit of the community for specific petty offences, such as defamation, public intoxication, and attempting to commit suicide with the intent to restrain a public servant. By incorporating this alternative to imprisonment, the BNSS aims to reduce the burden on the prison system while offering a constructive avenue for rehabilitation for minor infractions.
* '''Section 173'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://bprd.nic.in/uploads/pdf/SOP_on_Zero_FIR%20&%20eFIR%20-%20NCL%202023.pdf|website=bprd.nic.in|access-date=2026-01-29|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241204021832/https://bprd.nic.in/uploads/pdf/SOP_on_Zero_FIR%20&%20eFIR%20-%20NCL%202023.pdf|archive-date=2024-12-04}}</ref> of the BNSS gives statutory recognition to the concept of Zero FIR, which allows a First Information Report (FIR) to be registered at any police station, irrespective of its territorial jurisdiction. The provision mandates that information regarding a cognizable offence can be given orally or electronically to an officer-in-charge, who must register it and transfer it to the relevant jurisdictional police station.

==Criticism==
BNSS makes the ability of the accused to secure bail, more difficult and limits the scope for [[plea bargain]]ing.<ref name="scroll">{{cite web |author1=Vineet Bhalla |title=How Modi government's new criminal laws drastically increase police powers |url=https://scroll.in/article/1061476/how-modi-governments-new-criminal-laws-drastically-increase-police-powers |website=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=21 June 2024 |date=7 January 2024}}</ref> It empowers police officers to compel an accused to produce their digital devices to access their contents for investigation purposes. It also gives police the discretion to seize and [[Attachment (law)|attach]] the property of an accused before a trial has taken place.<ref name="scroll"/>

For every cognisable offence punishable for three years or more but less than seven years, BNSS mandates a preliminary inquiry to be conducted by the police before an [[First information report|FIR]] can be lodged.<ref>{{cite news |author1=[[Indira Jaising]] |title=With new criminal laws, rights won in Supreme Court can be overturned by government |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/with-new-criminal-laws-rights-won-hard-in-the-sc-are-at-risk-of-being-overruled-by-the-government-9392038/ |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 June 2024}}</ref> This supersedes the Supreme Court's decision in ''Lalita Kumari vs Government of Uttar Pradesh'' in 2013, wherein the court found that investigating officers had undue powers in deciding whether an FIR was warranted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023|url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-sanhita-2023|website=PRS Legislative Research|access-date=2026-01-29|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251204223715/https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-sanhita-2023|archive-date=2025-12-04|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]]
* [[Bharatiya Sakshya Act, 2023]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/250884_2_english_01042024.pdf Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita] from [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]

{{Judiciary of India}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}

[[Category:Indian criminal law]]
[[Category:Codes of criminal procedure]]
[[Category:Evidence law]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2023]]

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita - Revision history

JoannePettiford at 22:53, 26 March 2026