Ajay Kumar at 17:59, 28 August 2023

2023-08-28T17:59:14Z

New page

{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bhima I
| succession = King of [[Gujarat]]
| reign = c. 1022–1064 CE
| predecessor = [[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabharaja]]
| successor = [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]]
| spouse = Bakula devi, Udayamati
| issue = Mularaja, Kshemaraja, [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]], Haripala
| house = [[Chaulukya]] (Solanki)
| house-type = dynasty
| father = Nagaraja
}}

<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of inscriptions issued during the reign of Bhima I{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=498}}" width="260" height="260" zoom="6" longitude="71.477051" latitude="24.196869" align="right">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Radhanpur]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [71.6139348, 23.8286354] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Mount Abu|Abu]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.7156274, 24.5925909] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Palanpur]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.4330989, 24.1740510] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
'''Bhima I''' (r. c. 1022–1064 CE) was a [[Chaulukya]] king who ruled parts of present-day [[Gujarat]], India. The early years of his reign saw an invasion from the [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]], who sacked the [[Somnath temple]]. Bhima left his capital and took shelter in [[Kanthkot]] during this invasion, but after Mahmud's departure, he recovered his power and retained his ancestral territories. He crushed a rebellion by his vassals at [[Mount Abu|Arbuda]], and unsuccessfully tried to invade the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] kingdom. Towards the end of his reign, he formed an alliance with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]], and played an important role in the downfall of the [[Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]].

The earliest of the [[Dilwara Temples]] and the [[Sun Temple, Modhera|Modhera Sun Temple]] were built during Bhima's reign. The construction of [[Rani ki vav]] is attributed to his queen Udayamati.

== Early life ==

Bhima's father Nagaraja was a son of the Chaulukya king [[Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chamunda-raja]]. Chamunda was succeeded by Nagaraja's brothers, [[Vallabharaja|Vallabha-raja]] and [[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabha-raja]], in that order. Both Vallabha and Durlabha died childless. According to the 12th century author [[Hemachandra]], Durlabha was very fond of his nephew Bhima, and appointed Bhima as his successor before his death. Durlabha and Nagaraja died soon after Bhima's ascension to throne.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=43}}

== Military career ==

=== Ghaznavid invasion ===
[[File:Somnath temple ruins (1869).jpg|thumb|Ruins of the Somnath temple in 1869]]
Early during his reign, Bhīma faced an invasion by [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmūd of Ghazni]], whose plunder of the [[Somnath temple|Somnāth temple]] has been described in detail by the medieval Muslim historians. According to [[Ali ibn al-Athir|Ali ibn al-Athīr]], Mahmūd started out from [[Ghazni]] on 18 October 1025. At [[Multan]], he planned his march in detail and gathered supplies. He left Multan on 26 November, with a large army well-equipped to cross the [[Thar desert]], and reached the Chaulukya capital in December 1025 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=43-44}}

According to the Muslim accounts, Bhīma fled his capital [[Anahilapataka|Aṇahilapāṭaka]] (called Nahrwāla by the medieval Muslim historians). He took shelter in [[Kanthkot|Kanthakot]], allowing Mahmud to enter the Chaulukya capital unopposed. Mahmūd's sudden invasion, coupled with the lack of any fortifications in Nahrwāla, may have forced Bhima to abandon his capital. Other residents of the city also appear to have evacuated it, as the Muslim historians do not mention any massacre or looting in the Chaulukya capital.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=44-45}}

Mahmūd rested at Nahrwāla for a few days, replenished his supplies, and then left for Somnāth. A relatively small force of 20,000 soldiers unsuccessfully tried to check Mahmūd's advance at [[Modhera]]. Historian A. K. Majumdar theorizes that the [[Sun Temple, Modhera|Modhera Sun Temple]], might have been built to commemorate this defence.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=45}} The upside down inscription in the cella of the temple proper evidences the destruction and reconstruction probably shortly after 1026 CE.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89EjAAAAMAAJ|title=The Sun Temple at Modhera: A Monograph on Architecture and Iconography|last=Lobo|first=Wibke|publisher=Verlag C.H. Beck|year=1982|isbn=978-3-406-08732-5|page=32}}</ref>

[[File:Sun Temple, Modhera, Gujarat, India.JPG|thumb|[[Sun Temple, Modhera]] was constructed around a year after Mahmud's invasion]]
Mahmūd then advanced to [[Delvada|Delavada]]. Although the town surrendered without offering any resistance, Mahmūd massacred all its residents. Finally, Mahmūd's army reached Somnāth on 6 January 1026 CE. The Muslim historians suggest that the town was well-defended, probably by a fort guarding the temple. According to [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi|Abu Sa'id Gardizi]], the commander of the defending force fled to a nearby island. Other defenders put up a resistance, but Mahmūd managed to capture the fort by 8 January.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=45-46}} Mahmūd then desecrated the temple, and looted a huge amount of wealth including jewels and silver idols.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=46}}

During his return journey, Mahmūd came to know that a powerful Hindu king named Param Dev had gathered a large army to fight him. Gardezi, in his ''Kitab Zainu'l-Akhbar'' (c. 1048 CE), states that Mahmūd chose to avoid any confrontation with this king. The invader was carrying back a large amount of looted wealth, which may have motivated him to avoid a battle. Mahmūd decided to return via [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansura]] in [[Sindh]], although the route connecting Gujarat and Sindh was more dangerous than the desert route to Multan. Later Muslim historians also mention this incident.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=162-163}} The 16th century historian [[Firishta]] identified Param Dev with Bhīma I, calling him the king of Nahrwāla. Historian A. K. Majumdar agrees with this identification, arguing that "Param" might be a Muslim mistranscription of "Bhīma".{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=44}} Scholars who are critical of this theory identify Param dev with the [[Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]], who ruled the neighbouring territory of [[Malwa|Mālwa]]. K. N. Seth and Mahesh Singh point out that Bhīma had ascended the throne recently, and was not a powerful ruler at the time of Mahmud's raid. In fact, as attested by the Muslim historians, he had fled his capital and hid in Kanthkot. The Muslim historians before Firishta, such as Gardizi and Nizamuddin Ahmad, mention the king of Nahrwāla and Param Dev as two distinct kings. Unlike Bhīma, Bhoja was a powerful and famous ruler at that time. Bhoja was also a [[Shaivite]], and according to the ''Udaipur [[Prashasti]]'', had constructed a temple dedicated to Somanātha (an aspect of Śiva). Thus Mahmīd's desecration of the Somnāth temple in Gujarat would have motivated Bhoja to lead an army against him. Based on these evidences, several scholars identify Param Dev with Bhoja. "Param Dev" is probably a corruption of "Paramara-Deva" or of Bhoja's titles ''Paramabhattakara''-''Parameshvara''.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=163-165}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=61-62}}

=== Invasion of Sindh ===

According to the 12th century scholar [[Hemachandra|Hemacandra]], who was patronized by the Caulukyas, Bhīma defeated Hammuka, a ruler of [[Sindh]]. This claim has also been repeated by the 14th century chronicler [[Merutunga|Merutuṅga]]. Hemacandra's account of Bhīma's war against Sindh goes like this: one day Bhīma's spies told him that the kings of [[Andhra Kingdom|Andhra]], [[Pundra Kingdom|Puṇḍra]] and [[Magadha]] obeyed him. On the other hand, Hammuka (the king of Sindhu, that is, Sindh) and [[Lakshmikarna|Karṇa]] (the king of [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Cedi]]) not only refused to acknowledge his supremacy, but also defamed him. Bhīma then marched to Sindh, bridging and crossing the [[Indus river]] in the process. He defeated Hammuka, who was forced to acknowledge his supremacy. Later, he also defeated Karṇa.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=48}}

There is no epigraphic evidence of Bhima having defeated the king of Sindh. In absence of any corroborating evidence, the historical accuracy of this account is uncertain. Historian A. K. Majumdar theorizes that Hammuka might have been a descendant of the [[Saindhava]] dynasty, which probably originated from Sindh. This dynasty is known to have last ruled western Saurashtra in 915 CE. Like Hammuka, the names of its rulers ended in -ka: Ranaka, Jaika and Agguka.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=49}}

=== Paramāras of Arbuda ===
[[File:Delwada.jpg|thumb|[[Dilwara Temples|Vimal Vasahi Temple]], [[Mount Abu]] ]]
The [[Paramaras of Chandravati|Paramāra branch of Arbuda]] had been feudatories of the Caulukyas since [[Mularaja|Mūlarāja]]'s reign. However, sometime before 1031 CE, the Abu Paramāra ruler Dhandhuka rebelled against Bhīma. Bhima defeated him, and appointed Vimala as the new ''daṇḍapati'' (governor) of Arbuda.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=49}} Vimala commissioned the [[Dilwara Temples|shrine]] of [[Rishabhanatha|Adinātha]] at [[Mount Abu]] in 1031 CE, so Dhandhuka's rebellion must have happened before this year.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=180-181}}

Dhandhuka took shelter with [[Bhoja]], the [[Paramara]] king of [[Malwa|Mālava]]. According to Jinaprabha Suri's ''Tirtha Kalpa'', Bhima later restored Dhandhuka as his vassal.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=180-181}}

A 1042 CE inscription of Dhandhuka's son Pūrṇapāla states that he was ruling over Arbuda-[[rajamandala|maṇḍala]] as a [[Maharajadhiraja|Mahārājadhirāja]] ("king of great kings"), after having defeated his enemy. This suggests that the Paramāras of Arbuda may have again rebelled against Bhīma's authority.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=49}} However, the area was back under Bhīma's control by 1062 CE, as attested by an inscription of Vimala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=50}}

=== Paramāras of Bhinmal ===

Bhima defeated and imprisoned Kṛṣṇa-deva, a ruler of the Paramāra branch of [[Bhinmal]]. However, the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naḍḍula Cāhamānas]] defeated Bhima, and freed Krishna-deva. This is attested by the [[Sundha Mata Temple|Sundha Hill]] inscription of the Cāhamānas. Subsequently, Kṛṣṇa-deva ruled independent of Bhīma; his inscriptions describe him as a [[Maharajadhiraja|Mahārājadhirāja]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=50}}

=== Cāhamanas of Naḍḍula ===

The [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Cāhamānas of Nāḍḍula]] ruled the territory to the north of the Caulukya kingdom. According to their [[Sundha Mata Temple|Sundha Hill]] inscription, the Cāhamāna king [[Ahila|Aṇahilla]] defeated Bhīma.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=50}} Aṇahilla probably repulsed an invasion from Bhīma.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=125}}

The Sundha Hill inscription as well as another Chahamana inscription state that the later king [[Anahilla]] also defeated the [[war elephant|elephant force]] of Bhima. Anahilla is also said to have destroyed Bhima's army and captured a large part of his territory. His sons [[Balaprasada]] and [[Jendraraja]] also took part in the war against Bhima. Balaprasada forced Bhima to release Krishna-deva (the Paramara ruler of Bhimal) from the prison. Jendraraja defeated Bhima's force at Shanderaka (modern [[Sanderao]]).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=50-51}}

The location of the battles suggests that Bhima was the aggressor in this war, and the Chahamanas repulsed his invasion. The war continued during the reign of Bhima's successor Karna.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=51}}

=== Paramaras of Malwa ===

Bhima formed an alliance with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]], and played a significant role in the downfall of [[Bhoja]], the [[Paramara]] dynasty of [[Malwa]]. This achievement has been recorded by several Chaulukya chroniclers and inscriptions.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=51}}

The most detailed account of the rivalry between Bhima and Bhoja is given by the 14th century chronicler Merutunga. However, it is hard to separate the historical truth from fiction in Merutunga's legendary account, which goes like this: Bhima and Bhoja were initially friends, but Bhoja made a plan to invade Gujarat. When Bhima's spy informed him about Bhoja's plan, Bhima sent his ambassador Damara to Bhoja's court. Damara instigated Bhoja to attack the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]], who had killed the earlier Paramara ruler [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]]. Thus, Damara managed to divert Bhoja's attention away from Bhima's kingdom. While Bhoja was facing a war with the Kalyani Chalukyas, Damara lied to him that Bhima had also started a march against him. This worried Bhoja, who begged Damara to convince Bhima to abandon his march towards Malwa. Damara agreed to do so if Bhoja gifted Bhima an elephant couple, which Bhoja did.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=51-52}}

Merutunga further states that while Bhima was engaged in a war against the king of Sindh, Bhoja's [[digambara]] general Kulachandra sacked the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka. Subsequently, Merutunga mentions several incidents that suggest that the two kings maintained diplomatic ties. One day, while Bhoja was worshipping his family deity at a temple on the outskirts of his capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]], the goddess warned him that he was surrounded by enemy soldiers. Bhoja was nearly killed by the Gujarati soldiers Aluya and Koluya, but managed to escape.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=51-52}}

Merutunga finally describes Bhoja's death as follows: One day, the Kalachuri king Karna challenged Bhoja to a war or a temple-building contest. Bhoja chose the second option, and lost the contest to Karna. However, Bhoja refused to acknowledge Karna's supremacy. As a result, Karna invaded Malwa from the east, supported by 136 vassals. He also asked Bhima to invade Malwa from the east. Bhoja died of a disease, as these two kings invaded his kingdom. After his death, Karna captured his capital and all his wealth.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=52-53}}

According to Merutunga, it was Karna who captured Dhara after Bhoja's death. Other Chaulukya chroniclers claim that Bhima captured Dhara. It is possible that Bhima raided Dhara at a later date.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=53}} One particular chronicle ''Kirti-Kaumudi'' claims that Bhima captured Bhoja, but generously released him and spared his life. This is not corroborated by historical evidence.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=184}}

=== Kalachuris of Tripuri ===

Bhima and the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]] remained allies until Bhoja's death. Subsequently, there seems to have been a dispute between them over sharing the spoils of their victory. The Chaulukya chroniclers claim that Bhima subdued Karna easily, but such claims are of little historical value. The 12th century writer [[Hemachandra]] claims that Bhima sent his ambassador Damodara to Karna, demanding his share of the Paramara assets. Damodara's description of Bhima's power scared Karna, who started praising Bhima and gifted him Bhoja's golden throne. The 14th century chronicler Merutunga claims that Bhima demanded half of Bhoja's kingdom from Karna. When Karna refused, Bhima's ambassador Damara entered Karna's palace with 32 foot soldiers and abducted Karna as the Kalachuri king slept. Karna ultimately made peace by surrendering a golden shrine to Bhima.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=54}}

These accounts by the Chaulukya chroniclers appear to be historically inaccurate, as Karna was too powerful to be subdued by an ambassador of Bhima. Hemachandra does not mention Bhima's conflict with Bhoja at all, and Bhima's allies named by him in the struggle against Karna are all fictitious. Merutunga's account seems to be derived partly from Hemachandra's ''Dvyashraya'' and partly from ''Kirti-Kaumudi''.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=54}}

That said, there is some historical evidence of a conflict between Bhima and Karna. Karna's [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] stone inscription claims that when he approached the Gurjara country (that is, Bhima's kingdom of Gujarat), the Gurjara women shed tears and became widows. It is possible that Bhima gained some advantage over Karna, after the Kalachuris were decisively defeated by the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukya]] king [[Someshvara I]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=55}}

== Personal life ==
[[File:Rani ki vav1.jpg|thumb|Popular tradition attributes the construction of [[Rani ki vav]] to Bhima's queen Udayamati]]
Bhima's queen was Udayamati. According to [[Hemachandra]], he had three sons: Mularaja, Kshemaraja, and [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]]. Mularaja died during Bhima's lifetime, and Kshemaraja rejected the throne. As a result, Karna succeeded Bhima.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=56}}

Merutunga, on the other hand, states that Bhima's three sons were Mularaja, Karna and Haripala. Of these, Haripala was born of a courtesan named Bakuladevi. Historian A. K. Majumdar theorizes that Merutunga's account appears to be more accurate, since voluntary rejections of thrones were very rare. Hemachandra, who was a royal courtier, probably wanted to avoid mentioning the illegitimate son Haripala, and therefore, glossed over the genealogy.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=55-56}}

===Temples and constructions===
<gallery>
File:Kumbhariya Jain temple, Banaskantha.jpg|Intrinsic carvings inside [[Kumbharia Jain temples|Kumbharia Mahavira temple]]
File:Ancient shrines of sander,Patan District.jpg|Shiva temple near Sanderi Mata temple
File:Ancient shrines,sander,Dist. Patan.jpg|Another temple near Sanderi Mata temple
File:Mata Bhavani's Stepwell Ahmedabad 1866.jpg|[[Mata Bhavani's Stepwell]], [[Ahmedabad]]
</gallery>
Merutunga states that he built Tripurushaprasada temple at Anahilapataka (now [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]) for merit of his deceased son. He also built Bhimeshwara and Bhattarika Bhiruani temples. He rebuilt [[Somnath Temple]] after its destruction by Ghazni. Merutunga credits Udayamati with excavating a reservoir at Anahilapataka; this tank is said to have been better than the [[Sahastralinga Tank]] in the town. According to popular tradition, she also commissioned the [[Rani ki vav]] (Queen's [[stepwell]]).{{sfn|Vinod Chandra Srivastava|2008|p=857}} His minister and later governor of Chandravati, Vimala built Adinath Jain temple, one of the [[Dilwara Temples]], on [[Mount Abu]] during the last years of Bhima's reign. He had also built one more temple at Patan and Vimala Vasahi on [[Shatrunjaya]] (renovated in 17th century). The [[Sun Temple, Modhera|Modhera Sun Temple]] (1026-27 CE) except its Rangamandapa and tank was reconstructed during Bhima's reign. ''Bhaktamarastrotra Vritti'' (1370 CE) and Ratnamandira's ''Upadeshatarangini'' (c. 15th century) mentions the construction of [[Rishabhanatha|Adinatha]] and [[Parshwanatha]] temples by Shreshthi Jhinah at Dhavalakka ([[Dholka]]) during this period.<ref name="Dhaky1961">{{cite journal|first=Madhusudan A.|last=Dhaky|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|year=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/30|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|location=[[Bhopal]]|volume=3|pages=28–35, 74–76}}</ref>

Vagheshwari/Khambhalai Mata temple at Dhinoj in [[Patan district]] was built during the same period as Modhera Sun temple. Achaleshwara Mahadev and Jagannatha temples on Mount Abu were contemporary of Adinath temple. Limboji Mata temple at Delmal in north Gujarat is also of the same period. The small shrine of Someshwara at Gorad near [[Mehsana]]; Shiva temple and Sanderi Mata temple at Sander in Patan district belongs to 11th century. A ruined shrine in Mulamadhavpura in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] is contemporary of Shiva temple at Sander. Pankhnath Mahadev and the early surviving parts of Ambika temples at [[Khedbrahma]] are also of this period. The large marble temple of Mahavira (1062 CE), of [[Kumbharia Jain temples|five Jain temples]] at [[Kumbhariya, Banaskantha district|Kumbhariya]], is the last major temple of this period. The vase-and-foliage pillars and lintels of a temple of this period at Patan is reused in the inlet sluice chamber of Khan Sarovar. The Tanka Mosque in [[Dholka]] has four decorated ''bhadraka'' pillars reused from a small shrine of this age. The badly renovated Sun temple and another temple dedicated to Daityasudana Vishnu at [[Prabhas Patan]] also belongs to this period.<ref name="Dhaky1961"/>

Ankol Mata stepwell at Davad and [[Mata Bhavani's Stepwell]] in [[Ahmedabad]] belonged to the third quarter of the 11th century.{{sfn|Jain-Neubauer|1981|page=20}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Jain-Neubauer |first1=Jutta |title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective |date=1981 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-391-02284-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Mahesh Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ |title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan |year=1984 }}
* {{cite book |author=Vinod Chandra Srivastava |title=History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvjZVwYVmNcC&pg=PA857 |year=2008 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-8069-521-6 |page=857 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chaulukya dynasty}}

[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chaulukya dynasty]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]

Bhima I - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 17:59, 28 August 2023