Ajay Kumar at 13:27, 27 August 2023

2023-08-27T13:27:04Z

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{{short description|Ethnic group in India}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
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'''Bhotiyas''' are people of presumed Tibetan heritage that live along the Indo-Tibetan border in the upper reaches of the [[Great Himalaya]]s, at elevations ranging from {{convert|6500|ft|m}} to {{convert|13000|ft|m}}. In [[Uttarakhand]], they inhabit seven river valleys, three in the [[Garhwal division]] (Jadh, Mana and Niti) and four in the [[Kumaon division]] (Johar, Darma, Byans and Chaudans). Their main traditional occupation used to be Indo-Tibetan trade, with limited amounts of agriculture and [[pastoralism]].{{sfnp|Chatterjee, The Bhotias of Uttarakhand|1976|p=3}} The customary Indo-Tibetan trade drastically stopped following the 1962 Sino-Indian war, and was resumed in the early 1990s under state-regulated mechanisms. These days, medicinal and aromatic plant collection is a major livelihood among this group, alongside by out-migration for education and jobs. Transhumance and pastoralism have drastically reduced in prevalence among this group too.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Abhimanyu |last2=Pradhan |first2=Nawraj |last3=Chaudhari |first3=Swapnil |last4=Ghate |first4=Rucha |date=2017-01-02 |title=Withering of traditional institutions? An institutional analysis of the decline of migratory pastoralism in the rangelands of the Kailash Sacred Landscape, western Himalayas |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2016.1272179 |journal=Environmental Sociology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=87–100 |doi=10.1080/23251042.2016.1272179|doi-access=free }}</ref> They follow [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] and traditionally speak [[West Himalayish languages]].

== Etymology ==
The name, [[Bhotiya]] (also spelt "Bhotia"), derives from the word Bod (བོད་), which is the [[Classical Tibetan]] name for Tibet.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|author=J. Murray|publisher=[[Royal Geographical Society]]|year=1851|page=84}}</ref> It was the term used by the British to refer to the borderland people, due to a presumed resemblance to the Tibetans. The Government of India continues to use the term.{{sfnp|Oko, A Grammar of Darma|2019|pp=7–8}}

Bhotiyas themselves self-describe themselves as ''Rung''. Possible etymologies of the term include the [[Byangsi language|Byangko]] word for mountain and the Tibetan term for valley (''Rang-skad'' = valley language).{{sfnp|Oko, A Grammar of Darma|2019|p=7}}

The Kumaonis refer to them as ''Shauka'' which means 'money' or 'rich'.{{sfnp|Oko, A Grammar of Darma|2019|p=7}}

==Ethnic groups==
The Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand are scattered over the seven main river valleys in the three border districts of [[Pithoragarh]], [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]] and [[Uttarkashi]]. The seven major Bhotiya groups in Uttarakhand are the Johari, Darmiya, Chaudansi, Byansi, Marchha (Mana Valley), Tolchha (Niti Valley) and Jadh.

===Rangkas===
The isolated Rangkas (''Rang, Rung'') tribe has a population of 600 and is found in the outskirts of the [[Sharda River|Mahakali valley]]. According to [[Ethnologue]], the Rangkas are ethnically related or are of the [[Shauka tribe|Johar tribe]].<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rgk Ethnologue profile - Rangkas]</ref>

===Byansis===
The religion practised by the Byansis leans towards [[Bön]]-[[Animism]], with influences from [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas|author=Heiko Schrader|publisher=Breitenbach|year=1988|isbn=3-88156-405-5|page=108}}</ref>

===Jadh===
The [[Jad people]] are Bhotiyas who lived in Nelang and Jadung valley, some were relocated to the Bhagirathi valley area after the 1960s Indo-China political conflict. The religion practiced by Jad people is [[Tibetan Buddhism]]

Rongpa

The rongpas were the major bhotiya subgroup they lives at the indo tibetan border of chamoli and rudraprayag the religion practiced by rongpas are Hinduism their [[Tutelary deity|Ishta Devta]] is [[Vishnu|Badrinath]], [[Pandava|Pandavas]] and [[Shiva|Kedarnath]].

==Social status==
{{As of|2001}}, the Uttarakhandi Bhotiyas were classified as a [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] under the [[Reservation in India|Indian government's reservation program]] of [[positive discrimination]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Census of India: Government of India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/scst_main.html |date=7 March 2007 |title=List of Scheduled Tribes |access-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605042409/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/scst_main.html |archive-date=5 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Population==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
As per the 2011 Census, there were a total of 39,106 Bhotia in Uttarakhand with ST status. Of them, 31,916 were Hindus and 7,190 were Buddhists. The most popular languages among the Bhotia are Kumauni (13,150 speakers), Garhwali (5,765), Hindi (5,809), Bhotia (7,592), Halam (5,300) and Rongpa (481).

There were a total of 510 births in 2010, corresponding to a birth rate of 13.04 per 1,000.

==See also==
* [[Jad people]]
* [[Darma Valley]]
* [[Rang community|Rung community]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Bergmann |first1=Christoph |title=Confluent territories and overlapping sovereignties: Britain's nineteenth-century Indian empire in the Kumaon Himalaya |journal=Journal of Historical Geography |volume=51 |year=2016 |pages=88–98 |issn=0305-7488 |doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2015.06.015|doi-access=free }}
* {{citation |first=Bishwa B. |last=Chatterjee |title=The Bhotias of Uttarakhand |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=3 |number=1 |date=January 1976 |pages=3–16 |jstor=23001864 |ref={{sfnref|Chatterjee, The Bhotias of Uttarakhand|1976}}}}
* {{citation |last=Dash |first=Chittaranjan |title=Social Ecology and Demographic Structure of Bhotias: Narratives & Discourses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSGNiD68MTQC&pg=PA38 |year=2006 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-227-7 |ref={{sfnref|Dash, Social Ecology and Demographic Strucure of Bhotias|2006}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Farooquee |first1=Nehal A. |title=Changes in Pastoralism in the Indian Himalaya |journal=Cultural Survival |volume=22 |number=4 |date=December 1998 |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/changes-pastoralism-indian-himalaya}}
* {{citation |last=Jha |first=Makhan |title=The Himalayas: An Anthropological Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeg-uNBcgncC&pg=PA57 |year=1996 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-020-7 |ref={{sfnref|Jha, The Himalayas: An Anthropological Perspective|1996}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hoon |first=Vineeta |title=Living on the Move: Bhotiyas of the Kumaon Himalaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-0-8039-9325-9 |ref={{sfnref|Hoon, Living on the Move|1996}}}}
* {{citation |first1=R. S. |last1=Negi |first2=J. |last2=Singh |first3=J. C. |last3=Das |chapter=Trade and Trade-Routes in the Cis and Trans Himalayas: Pattern of Traditional Entrepreneurship Among the Indian Highlanders |editor=Makhan Jha |title=The Himalayas: An Anthropological Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeg-uNBcgncC&pg=PA57 |year=1996 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-020-7 |pages=53–66 |ref={{sfnref|Negi, Singh & Das, Trade in the Cis and Trans Himalayas|1996}}}}
* {{citation |last=Oko |first=Christina Willis |title=A Grammar of Darma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbSrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |year=2019 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-40949-1 |ref={{sfnref|Oko, A Grammar of Darma|2019}}}}
* {{citation |editor-first=H. G. |editor-last=Walton |title=Almora: A Gazetteer |series=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |volume=35 |publisher=Government Press, United Provinces |year=1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181493/page/n3 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Almora: A Gazetteer|1911}}}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nitimana.com Rongpas of niti-mana ghati]

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Uttarakhand]]

Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 13:27, 27 August 2023