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{{Short description|Caste of India}}

{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group =Bhumihar
|region1 =[[East India]]
|pop1 =Estimated 2.43% of [[Bihar]]i population (i.e. over 7.2 million) plus significant population in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], and [[West Bengal]]
|ref1 =<ref name="Kumar05">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Patna/Bhumihars_rooted_to_the_ground_in_caste_politics/articleshow/msid-1001601,curpg-2.cms | title=Bhumihars rooted to the ground in caste politics |last=Kumar |work=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 January 2005 | access-date=2008-04-05 }}</ref>
|languages =[[Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri]], [[Magadh]]i, [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Angika]], [[Bajjika dialect|Bajjika]], [[Bundeli]]
|religions =[[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Bhumihars''', also locally called '''Bhuinhar'''<ref>{{cite book |last=Freitag |first=Sandra B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zKBWJejblgC&pg=PA8 |title=Culture and Power in Banaras: Community, Performance, and Environment, 1800-1980 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-52008-094-2 |page=8}}</ref> '''<ref name="Ravindra2012">{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Ravindra K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cy6pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |title=Nation, Diaspora, Trans-nation: Reflections from India |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-136-70414-7 |page=4}}</ref>''', are a [[Hindu]] [[Indian caste system|caste]] mainly found in [[Bihar]] (including the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA33 |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |first=Makhan |last=Jha |page=33 |publisher=MD Publications |year=1997 |isbn=9788175330344 }}</ref> the [[Purvanchal]] region of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]] .

They have traditionally been a land-owning group of eastern India, and controlled some small [[princely state]]s and [[zamindari]] estates in the region in the early 20th century. They played an important role in the [[peasant movement]]s and [[politics of Bihar]].

== Etymology ==

The word ''bhūmihār'' is of relatively recent origin, first used in the records of [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] in 1865. It derives from the words ''bhūmi'' ("land") and ''hāra'' ("one who seizes or confiscates"),<ref>{{Cite web|title=MW Cologne Scan|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=1289|access-date=2021-08-03|website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref> referring to the caste's landowner status. The term ''Bhumihar Brahmin'' was adopted by the community in the late 19th century to emphasise their claim of belonging to the priestly [[Brahmin]] class.<ref name="Ashwani2008_125">{{cite book |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA125 |year=2008 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8 |pages=125–127 }}</ref> The alternate name ''Babhan'' has been described as an [[apabhramsha]] for ''brāhmaṇ'' (Brahmin).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=Gopal Sharan |first2=Ramesh Chandra |last2=Sinha |date=September 1967 |title=Exploration in Caste Stereotypes |jstor=2575319 |journal=Social Forces |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=42–47 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |doi=10.1093/sf/46.1.42}}</ref>

== History ==

As with many castes in India, there are numerous [[myth of origin|myths regarding the origins]] of the Bhumihar community. One legend states that they are the offspring of a union between [[ Rajputs in Bihar|Rajput]] men and Brahmin women, while according to another, they derive from [[Brahman]]-[[Buddhist]]s who lost their high position in Hindu society. The Bhumihars themselves dislike these narratives involving "hybridity" or "fallen status", and claim to be pure Brahmins.<ref name="Ashwani2008_125"/>

[[File:Majaraja of Benares and Suite, 1870s.jpg|thumb|right|Ruler of the [[Benares State]] in 1870s]]
By the 16th century, the Bhumihars controlled vast stretches of land in eastern India, particularly in north Bihar. By the late eighteenth century, along with [[Rajputs in Bihar|Bihari Rajputs]], they had established themselves as the most prominent landholders of the region.<ref name="Anand1998">{{cite book |first=Anand A. |last=Yang |title=Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Gangetic Bihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5lQutvzAp4C&pg=PA139 |year=1998 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91996-9 |page=139}}</ref> Oral legends suggest that along with Muslims and Rajputs, they displaced the [[Bhar]] and [[Chero dynasty|Chero]] natives of the region.<ref name="Anand1989">{{cite book |first=Anand A. |last=Yang |title=The Limited Raj: Agrarian Relations in Colonial India, Saran District, 1793-1920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck4jmD7H34UC&pg=PA57 |year=1989 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05711-1 |page=57}}</ref> The weakening of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] suzerainty over the region gave rise to several small Bhumihar states. For example, the revenue contractors for the Mughal province of [[Awadh]] declared themselves the [[Maharaja]] of [[Benares State|Benares]]. They successfully defended their independence against the [[Nawab of Awadh]] in the 1750s and 1760s, before becoming a British dependency.<ref name="CABayly1988">{{cite book |first=Christopher A. |last=Bayly |title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17 |date=19 May 1988 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-31054-3 |pages=17–18}}</ref> Other [[princely state]]s and [[zamindari|fiefdoms]] ruled by Bhumihars included [[Bettiah Raj|Bettia]], [[Tekari Raj|Tekari]], [[Hathwa Raj|Hathwa]], Tamukhi, [[Sheohar]], [[Mahishadal]], [[Pakur]] and [[Maheshpur Raj|Maheshpur]].{{cn|date=June 2023}}

The distinctive Bhumihar caste [[ethnic identity development|identity]] was largely created through military service.<ref name="Susan2001">{{cite book |first=Susan |last=Bayly |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA203 |date=22 February 2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79842-6 |page=203}}</ref> During early days of [[Company rule in India|British expansion]] in India, Bhumihars under [[Maharaja Chait Singh|Raja of Banaras, Cheyt singh]] participated in revolts against the [[East India Company]].<ref name="Pradeep2005">{{cite book |first=Pradeep |last=Barua |title=The State at War in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA76 |year=2005 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=0-8032-1344-1 |page=76}}</ref> After his defeat, the Company started recruiting Bhumihar [[sepoy]]s in large numbers until the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="Kaushik2004">{{cite book |first=Kaushik |last=Roy |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpXijlqeRpIC&pg=PA98 |year=2004 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8 |page=98}}</ref>

In [[History of India (1947–present)| post independence India]], according to author Rumela Sen, majority of upper caste households, including those of Bhumihars, had such landholdings which qualified them as "middle peasants". Though there existed few big landholders among them, but vast majority of them had economic status similar to middle peasants of [[Koeri]], [[Kurmi]] and the [[Yadav]] caste.<ref name="Sen">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtEiEAAAQBAJ|title=Farewell to Arms: How Rebels Retire Without Getting Killed|author=Rumela Sen|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2021|isbn=978-0197529867|pages=48–49|access-date=12 July 2022|quote=the majority of these high-caste households were small landlords with landholdings that might also qualify them as "middle peasants." Their economic status was very similar to the middle peasant households among the backward-caste (Bania, Yadav, Kurmi, and Koeri). Although the Maoists identified these backward castes as a sympathetic class, some landowning, backward-caste households actually had economic interests in common with the upper-caste farming families.|archive-date=12 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712115253/https://books.google.com/books/about/Farewell_to_Arms.html?id=EtEiEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The general categorisation of all the Bhumihars being landlords is thus not a factually correct idea, as in urban areas latter were found to be engaged in variety of occupation. The upper crust among Bhumihars in urban areas were professionals and bureaucrats but many of them also worked as [[factory worker]]s, [[coal miner]]s and even load carriers (''Mazdoors'' or the labourers).<ref>{{cite book|title= India after Naxalbari: Unfinished History|author=Bernard D'Mello
|publisher=NYU Press|year=2018|
isbn=978-1583677087|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8K07DwAAQBAJ&q=india+after+naxalbari|quote=
Nevertheless, the Bhumihars in Bihar are certainly not all "casteist" landlords. In the villages, there are Bhumihar landlords, but there are also Bhumihars who are small landowners. Of course, they consider it below their dignity to labor in the fields, especially ploughing the land, and as a result of their caste loyalty, they are politically on the same side as the big landowners of their caste. In urban areas, Bhumihars can be professionals, teachers, bureaucrats, judges, factory workers, coal miners, and even loading mazdoors.}}</ref>

=== Varna status ===

Among various narratives regarding their origin, composition and varna status, one states that there is an element of a low caste tribe called "Bhuyans" who gained land and assimilated with the Bhumihars.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rkjqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA242|last=George|first=A|year=2016|title=Social Ferment in India|place=United Kingdom|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|page=242|isbn=9781474291125 }}</ref> Many communities do not give them the ritual status of priestly Brahmins, as most of them were cultivators during the British Raj.<ref name="Arvind1982"/> Some of the early censuses of British India categorised Bhumihars of Bihar as [[Shudra]]s, the lowest of the four [[varna in Hinduism|varnas]]. This was considered insulting, especially since several [[zamindar]]s (land-owning aristocrats) were Bhumihars.<ref name="Jeffrey2013">{{cite book |first=Jeffrey |last=Witsoe |title=Democracy against Development: Lower-Caste Politics and Political Modernity in Postcolonial India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQcGAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |date=5 November 2013 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-06350-8 |page=31}}</ref> Unlike the Brahmans or Rajputs, the Bhumihars did not participate in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion against British rule in India]] in 1857, but to their dismay, they were classified as belonging to the [[Vaishya|third ''varna'']] in the ad-hoc census of 1865 and the regular census of 1881.<ref>KUMAR, PURUSHOTTAM. “BHUMIHARS STRUGGLE FOR BRAHMIN STATUS (1857-1911).” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 56, Indian History Congress, 1995, pp. 739–41, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158695.</ref>

Like many other castes, the Bhumihars followed the process of [[sanskritisation]] to achieve their end. The Bhumihar zamindars and princely state rulers established caste-based associations (''sabha''s) to form a community network and to advance their claims to Brahmin status. The ''Pradhan Bhumihar Brahman Sabha'' ("Chief Assembly of Bhumihar Brahmins") was established in [[Patna]] in 1889. Its objective was "to improve moral, social and educational reforms of the community and to represent the wants of the community to the government".<ref>{{cite book |title=Action Sociology and Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2Qt9tv2nSkC&pg=PA121 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-726-7 |page=121}}</ref> The Bhumihar Brahmin Mahasabha ("great assembly") was established in 1896.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ramacandra |last=Kshirasagara |title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&pg=PA385 |date=1 January 1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-43-3 |page=385}}</ref> The local ''Bhumihar Brahmin Sabha''s included the ones at [[Muzaffarpur]] (1899), Patna (1899), [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] (1900) and Saran (1908).<ref name="Ashwini2008_210"/>

These associations made numerous petitions to be classified as Brahmins in the [[census of India prior to independence|1901 census report]].<ref name="William1996">{{cite book |first=William R. |last=Pinch |title=Peasants and Monks in British India |url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft22900465;chunk.id=s1.3.13;doc.view=print |date=19 May 1996 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91630-2 |pages=83–84}}</ref> Persistent pressure from the Mahasabha, who glorified the history of the community, led to official recognition of the Bhumihars as Brahmins in the later Raj censuses. According to Ashwani Kumar, the Bhumihar claim to Brahmin status means that today "unlike other upper castes, [they] guard the local caste hierarchy more zealously for they perpetually feel the pressure of being dislocated and discredited in the topsy-turvy world of caste."<ref name="Ashwani2008_125"/>

Besides campaigning for the Brahmin status, the caste associations also played an important role in general welfare of the community. In 1899, the Bhumihar Brahmin Mahasabha, with financial aid from a zamindar, established a college at Muzaffarpur. This was accredited to award degrees in the following year and it was a significant development because education in the area was improving rapidly but students desirous of furthering it had to travel to [[Bhagalpur]], [[Calcutta]] or Patna. By 1920, 10 per cent of Bhumihars in Bihar were literate, making them one of the few literate castes; in this achievement, however, they were well behind the [[Kayastha]]s (33 per cent) and some other groups.<ref>{{cite book |title=Education and Social Changes in Bihar, 1900-1921: A Survey of Social History of Bihar from Lord Curzon to Noncooperation Movement |first=Shreedhar Narayan |last=Pandey |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1975 |isbn=9780842609869 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PX938QYfmsC&pg=PA6 |pages=6–7, 161, 172–173}}</ref> In the first half of the 20th century, the Bhumihars suffered increasing economic hardships due to the steady fragmentation of land rights among heirs and the decline in agricultural prices during the [[Great Depression in India|Great Depression]]. During this period, the Bhumihar associations served as community networks that facilitated access to English education and urban employment.<ref name="Jeffrey2013"/> As with the Rajputs, Kayasthas and other high castes of Bihar – and as opposed to the methods used by most lower castes – neither the Mahasabha nor any other formal body exercised power to make and enforce caste rules.<ref>{{cite book |title=Education and Social Changes in Bihar, 1900-1921: A Survey of Social History of Bihar from Lord Curzon to Noncooperation Movement |first=Shreedhar Narayan |last=Pandey |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1975 |isbn=9780842609869 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PX938QYfmsC&pg=PA171 |page=171}}</ref>

The Bhumihar Brahmin Mahasabha held annual sessions in different parts of present-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Among its prominent leaders was [[Sahajanand Saraswati]], a leader of the Bhumihar Brahmin Sabha of Patna. During the Balia session of 1914, Sahajanand defended the Brahmin status of the Bhumihars, using quotes from Hindu scriptures to argue that priestly functions do not alone define Brahmins. In 1916, he published a book titled ''Bhumihar Brahmin Parichay'' ("Introduction to Bhumihar Brahmins"), which outlined these arguments. He classified Brahmins into two categories – begging (''yachak'') and non-begging (''ayachak'') – and stated that the Bhumihars were among the non-begging Brahmins. The Bhumihars of [[Uttar Pradesh]] attempted to popularise the term "Bhumihar Brahmin", while discarding the term "Babhan". However, the term "Babhan" remained popular in Bihar.<ref name="Ashwini2008_210">{{cite book |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA210 |year=2008 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8 |page=210}}</ref> The recognised Brahmins did not favour the Bhumihar attempts to claim an equal status, and even stopped going to Bhumihar homes to perform ceremonies.<ref name="Sinha1991">{{cite book |first=Arun |last=Sinha |title=Against the few: struggles of India's rural poor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mS25AAAAIAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-0-86232-718-7}}</ref>

== Political influence ==
The Bhumihars were influential in the politics of Bihar since the British days upto earlier decades of post independence India. Noted Bhumihar princely state rulers included [[Harendra Kishore Singh]] (Raja of [[Bettiah Raj|Bettiah]]) and [[Vibhuti Narayan Singh]] (Raja of the [[Benares State|Benares]]). However, in the latter years, the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] consolidation in the state of Bihar led the dominant OBC castes like the [[Koeri]], [[Kurmi]] and [[Yadav]] to take lead in acquisition of political power; they replaced the castes, the Bhumihars, [[Rajput]]s, [[Brahmin]] and [[Kayastha]] in the political circle. By 1990s, there emerged two political blocs in the state, led by [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and [[Nitish Kumar]] respectively, which represented these three castes.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66|last=Kumar|first=S.|year=2018|title=Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns|place=India|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9789352805860 }}</ref>

The Bhumihars have also played a pioneering role in organising [[peasant movement|peasant]], [[list of communist parties in India|leftist]] and [[Indian independence movement|independence]] movements since the 1910s.<ref name="ToI2004_eye">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/767453.cms | title=BJP, Cong eye Bhumihars as Rabri drops ministers | first= Abhay |last=Singh |work=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 July 2004 | access-date=2014-11-11 }}</ref> In 1914 and 1916, the Bhumihars of Pipra and Turkaulia revolted against [[indigo revolt|indigo cultivation]].<ref name="Judith1974">{{cite book |first=Judith M. |last=Brown |title=Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915-1922 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55 |date=26 September 1974 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-09873-1 |page=55}}</ref> When [[Mahatma Gandhi]] launched a [[Champaran Satyagraha|satyagraha]] against indigo cultivation in [[Motihari]] in 1917, a number of Bhumihar intellectuals joined the protest. These included [[Shri Krishna Singh (politician)|Shri Krishna Singh]] (or Sinha), Ram Dayalu Singh, Ramnandan Mishra, Shilbhadra Yaji, [[Karyanand Sharma]] and Sahajanand Saraswati.<ref name="ET2004_poster">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-03-16/news/27368418_1_bhumihars-caste-political-space |title=These days, their poster boys are goons |date=16 March 2004 |access-date=2014-11-11 |work=The Economic Times }}</ref>

While a section of Bhumihars were landowners, the vast majority belonged to [[tenantry]]. Starting in 1914, two factions emerged in the Bhumihar Mahasabha: the landowner-dominated faction led by [[Ganesh Dutt]], and the tenant-dominated faction led by Sahajanand Saraswati. Sahajanand came from a zamindar family, which had been reduced to tenant status. He attracted a large number of followers who, as tenants, were exploited by the rich landlords. His support for the [[non-cooperation movement]] also alarmed the landlords, who were loyal to the British colonial administration. The growing differences between the two factions resulted in a split in the Mahasabha, in 1925-26. Sahajanand established an ashram at [[Bihta]], which started attracting tenants and peasants from other castes as well. When the rich Bhumihar landlords stopped supporting Sahajanand's activities, he declared that caste associations were a means to continue their supremacy.<ref name="Arvind1982"/> He established a caste-agnostic peasants movement, which later evolved into [[All India Kisan Sabha]]. In Bihar, Kisan Sabha, as well as the [[Communist Party of India]] (which was heavily inspired by Kisan Sabha), were identified as Bhumihar-dominated organisations for years.<ref name="Jeffrey2013"/>

After Sahajanand gave up [[caste politics in India|caste politics]], [[Ganesh Dutt]] emerged as the leader of Bhumihar Mahasabha. He later entered the [[Bihar Legislative Council]], and distributed patronage to other members of his caste. This patronage was extended further, when Shri Krishna Singh became the Premier and [[Chief Minister of Bihar]].<ref name="Sajjad2014">{{cite book |first=Mohammad |last=Sajjad |title=Muslim Politics in Bihar: Changing Contours |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iVHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |date=13 August 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-55982-5 |page=22}}</ref> His tenure saw the rise of a number of influential Bhumihar leaders including Mahesh Prasad Sinha, Krishnakant Singh, L. P. Shahi, Basawan Sinha, and [[Kailashpati Mishra]].<ref name="Ashwni2009"/> Singh also worked for the welfare of the lower castes. He was the first chief minister in India to abolish the zamindari system.<ref name="ToI2004_eye"/> He also led [[Dalit]]s' entry into [[Baidyanath Temple]].<ref name="Kumar05" />

After Shri Krishna Singh's death in 1961, the Bhumihar political hegemony gradually declined. A small number of Bhumihar leaders continued to play a significant role in the state unit of the [[Indian National Congress]]. These included Ramashray Prasad Singh, Rajo Singh, Ramjatan Sinha, Shyam Sunder Singh Dhiraj and Maha Chandra Singh.<ref name="Ashwni2009">{{cite book |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |title=Community Warriors |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CyND7ebqUAC&pg=PA128 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-0-85728-684-0 |page=128}}</ref> The Congress parliamentarians [[Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha)]] and [[Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra]] also belonged to the Bhumihar community.<ref name="Sinha2003">{{cite book |first=Bindeshwari Prasad |last=Sinha |title=Kayasthas in making of modern Bihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryhuAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Impression Publication |page=vi |quote=J.P's most intimate friend was Ganga Sharan Singh, a Bhumihar }}</ref><ref name="ET2004_poster"/>

The Bhumihar influence in Bihar politics declined considerably after electoral defeat of Congress in the [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]. The backward [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] castes like [[Yadav]], led by [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], replaced them in the political circles. In the [[1999 Indian general election]], only three Bhumihars were elected: [[C. P. Thakur]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]), Kailashpati Mishra (BJP) and Rajo Singh (Congress). A few Bhumihar leaders also emerged in the political parties dominated by the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]]s. These included [[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]] ([[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]) and Arun Kumar (Samata Dal; now [[Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]]).<ref name="Ashwni2009"/>

As their power in the electoral politics declined, a number of Bhumihars were attracted to [[Ranvir Sena]], a private militia established in 1994.<ref name="Ashwni2009"/> The group has carried out armed operations against the [[Naxalite|Naxals]] in the region, and has been involved in atrocities against the lower castes, such as the [[Laxmanpur Bathe]] massacre.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/no-gentlemen-in-this-army/article3494007.ece |title=No gentlemen in this army |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |date=6 June 2012 |work=The Hindu }}</ref> The Ranvir Sena which employed Bhumihar youths emerged as the most dreaded caste army in Bihar. It was named after the 19th century chieftain, Ranvir Chaudhary, who became a cult figure among Bhumihars after taking on powerful [[Rajput]] Zamindars.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Qwd4I6Q5uMC&pg=PA56|title=Bihar in Flames|author1=S.K. Ghosh|author2=Srikanta Ghosh|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2000|isbn=8176481602|access-date=23 May 2022|page=56}}</ref>

== Influence in other fields ==

Being one of the early literate groups of British India, the Bhumihar community produced several prominent literary figures. These include [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]], [[Rambriksh Benipuri]] and [[Gopal Singh Nepali]].<ref name="ET2004_poster"/>

== Customs and traditions ==

== Common surnames ==
In Bihar, the Bhumihars started using the surname [[Sharma]] and the title [[Pandit]] in the 20th century.<ref name="NLGupta1974">{{cite book |first=N. L. |last=Gupta |title=Transition from capitalism to socialism and other essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JVWAAAAMAAJ |year=1974 |publisher=Kalamkar Prakashan |page=165 }}</ref> Other common traditional Brahmin surnames used by the Bhumihars include Mishra, Chaudhary, Dikshit, Tivan, Pathak, Pande and Upadhyaya.<ref name="Virendra1992">{{cite book |first=Virendra Prakash |last=Singh |title=Community And Caste In Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOXZAAAAMAAJ |year= 1992 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |isbn=978-81-7169-242-2}}</ref> It is also common for Bhumihars to affix [[Singh]] (usually identified with Kshatriyas, especially Rajputs) to their name.<ref>{{cite book |title=Asian Studies at Hawaii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YfiAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Asian Studies Program, University of Hawaii |page=64 }}</ref><ref name="Virendra1992"/>

== See also ==
*[[List of Bhumihar Babhan]] (Notable people)

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |first=Ranajit |last=Guha |author-link=Ranajit Guha |title=A Subaltern studies reader, 1986–1995 |publisher=South Asia Books |year=2000|edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-19-565230-7 }}
*{{cite book |first=R. K. |last=Maitra |title=Indian Studies: past & present |year=1959 |asin=B0000CRX5I }}
*{{cite book |first=R. S.|last=Sharma |author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma |title=Rethinking India's Past
|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-569787-2}}
*{{cite book |first=Bindeshwar |last=Ram |title=Land and society in India: agrarian relations in colonial North Bihar |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2b_j0mNe2FwC |isbn=978-81-250-0643-5}}
*{{cite book |first=Christopher Alan |last=Bayly |author-link=Christopher Alan Bayly |title=Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire (Ideas in Context) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-10-760147-5}}
*{{cite book |first=Gautam |last=Bhadra |author-link=Gautam Bhadra |title=Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-565125-6}}
*{{cite book|first=Seema |last=Alavi |title=The Eighteenth Century in India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-569201-3 }}
*{{cite book |first=Sarvepalli |last=Radhakrishnan |author-link=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |title=The Hindu View of Life |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7223-845-2|page=81}}
* [[Radha Kumud Mukherjee]], Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist, Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi (2011).
* [[M. N. Srinivas]], Social Change in Modern India, Orient Longman, Delhi, 1995.

[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Bihar]]

Bhumihar - Revision history

2409:40C4:31D:F13E:B50B:F219:AE47:3002 at 13:44, 17 June 2026