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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox artifact
|image = [[File:Bhutesvara Yakshis Mathura reliefs 2nd century CE front.jpg|300px]]<br>Bhutesvara Yakshis, Mathura, 2nd century CE. The Buddhist reliefs of the back of the pillars are visible in the mirror behind. [[Indian Museum]], [[Kolkata]].<br>[[File:Bhutesvara Yakshis in Mathura Museum.jpg|300px]]<br>The Bhutesvara Yashis in the [[Mathura Museum]].
|name = Bhutesvara Yakshis
|image_caption =
|material = Red sandstone
|size =
|writing =
|created =
|period = 2nd century CE
|place = [[Mathura]], [[India]].
|discovered_coords = {{Coord|27|36|00|N|77|39|00|E|type:landmark_region:IN-WB|display=title,inline}}
|location = [[Indian Museum]], [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. Also [[Mathura Museum]], [[Mathura]]
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| float = center
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| label = [[Mathura]], [[India]] (Discovery)
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| lat_deg = 27.5
| lon_deg = 77.65
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[[File:Railing with Pillars - Back View - 2nd Century CE - Sand Stone - Mathura - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2012-11-16 1964.JPG|thumb|250px|Back of the pillars with Buddhist reliefs ([[Indian Museum]], [[Kolkata]]). The holes for the cross-bars can be seen in the sides.]]

The '''Bhutesvara Yakshis''', also spelled '''Bhutesar Yakshis''', are a series of [[yakshi]] reliefs on a railing, dating to the 2nd century CE during the time of the [[Kushan Empire]].<ref>''History and the Present'', Partha Chatterjee, Anjan Ghosh Anthem Press, 2006 [https://books.google.com/books?id=-1eCdLyrpV8C&pg=PP7 p. 7]</ref> The reliefs were found in the [[Bhutesar]] mound, around the remains of a [[Buddhist]] [[stupa]], outside [[Mathura]], and are now located in the [[Indian Museum]] in [[Kolkata]],<ref name="Kuiper">''The Culture of India'', Kuiper, Kathleen, Britannica Educational Publishing, 2010 [https://books.google.com/books?id=6cabAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 p. 209]</ref> with three pillars, and three more pillars and one fragment (half of a pillar) in the [[Mathura Museum]]. They are an important example of [[Mathura art]], of which these and other yakshi figures are "perhaps the best known examples".<ref>Harle, 60</ref>

The backs of the pillars contain reliefs with scenes from the life of the Buddha, and from [[Jataka]] tales about his previous lives.

The Bhutesar mound is one of a row of large mounds originally just outside the city of Mathura, but now well within the modern city. The important, mostly [[Jain]], site of [[Kankali Tila]] was two mounds down.<ref>''Archaeological Survey of India'', Vol. XVII, [[Alexander Cunningham]], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.523372 pp. 110-111]</ref>

==Front of the pillars==
The pillars are four feet four inches tall and eleven inches wide,<ref>Growse, 121</ref> the figures therefore well under life-size. The Yakshis are seen standing on crouching figures of dwarves.<ref>Introducing Indian Art - R & K Publishing House, 1963, J. P. Guha, Page 121</ref> Above the yakshis is a ledge, above which are a pair of figures shown from chest height up. These are couples of a male and a bare-breasted female, interacting in a variety of ways. A [[lintel]] carved with ornament runs above; this is a different piece of stone, which has been put back in place in the display in Kolkata. The sides of the pillars have slots for holding horizontal members, the whole making up a section of the type of railing usually found around stupas of this period, such as [[Sanchi]] or [[Amaravati Stupa]].<ref>Rowland, 157-158</ref> In the past the Kolkata display has included these.<ref>Craven, photo as fig. 66</ref>

This group of Yakshi figures is praised for the delicacy of their rendering, the absence of heaviness despite the plumpness of the figures, and their smiling and playful countenance.<ref name="Kuiper"/> Compared to the earlier yakshis at [[Bharhut]], [[Roy C. Craven]] finds these "more vivacious and Amazonian in nature, and their smooth, inflated volumptuousness gives them buoyancy and life. They seem about to spring from the backs of their supporting dwarfs ... [and] ... have the monumental frontality which is characteristic of Mathura sculpture".<ref>Craven, 107</ref>

Writing of these and other contemporary Mathura yakshi figures from railings, Benjamin Rowland finds: <blockquote>a flamboyance and sensuality of expression surpassing anything known in the art of earlier periods. In their provocative and frank display of the beauties and delights of the courtesan's art, these reliefs mark the culmination of a tendency already noted in the carvings at Sanchi and [[Bharhut]]. Not only is there a thoroughly convincing suggestion of solidity of form, but the articulation of body and limbs is achieved with complete mastery... The question may well be asked: what is the purpose of such frankly sensuous figures on a Buddhist monument? The answer is that possibly they represent a pointed reference on the ''exterior'' of the sacred enclosure to the transitory life of pleasure, outside the peace of the world of Buddha; again, it may be that, like the [[mithuna]]s of later Hindu art, they represent an allegory of the desirability of the soul's union with the divine in the forms of these beautiful [[dryad]]s that so actively suggest the desirability of sexual union.<ref>Rowland, 157-159</ref></blockquote>

The Yashis have varied attitudes, variations on the [[tribhanga]] (three bend) pose that was to become extremely popular in Indian art.<ref>Rowland, 158</ref> [[:File:Yakshi - Railing Pillar - 2nd Century CE - Sand Stone - Mathura - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2012-11-16 1962.JPG|One of them]] is seen holding a bird cage. [[:File:Graceful Young Lady Standing on Dwarf Looking into Mirror to Adjust Her Pendant and Reverse Depicting Jataka Story - Circa 2nd Century CE - Bhuteshwar - ACCN 00-J-5 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5754.JPG|Another one]] looks at herself in a mirror while adjusting a piece of earring. [[:File:Woman Carrying Wine Pot and Holding Bunch of Grapes Reverse Shows Story of Rishi Sringa - Circa 2nd Century CE - Bhuteshwar - ACCN 11-151 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5654.JPG|Yet another]] serves wine to the couple above and holds a grape. The yakshi in the half-pillar in Mathura holds a huge sword; possibly this relates to the various literary references to female royal bodyguards or harem guards.<ref>Varadpande, 45-46</ref> They are from the front completely naked apart from elaborate jewellery, but wear thin skirts, which most have gathered to one side, the hanging folds appearing on the flat background surface.<ref>Growse, 121</ref>

The couples above the yakshi are found in another Mathura set of railing pillars of similar date from Jaisinghpura, also in the Mathura Museum. Here only the heads appear.<ref>Rowland, 157, plate 101; Varadpande, plates 13, 14, 15</ref> The dwarfish male figures the yakshis stand on seem rather cheerful, and instead of representing the usual evil figures stood on by Indian deities, may in this case represent yaksha lovers who have offended their mistress in some way; there are many literary references to men appeasing women by submitting in this way.<ref>Varadpande, Chapter 5, "At their Feet"</ref> They are also found in other Mathura yakshi pillars.

==History==
The memoirs of Sir F. S. Growse, the [[District collector]] of the [[Mathura district]], and founder in 1874 of the Mathura Museum, relate that in his time five of the pillars were "built into the verandah of a [[Chaupal (public space)|chaupal]] close by" the site. One had already been removed to Calcutta (Kolkata) by [[Alexander Cunningham]], and Growse sent two more, leaving three for the Mathura Museum "where possibly they may now have been placed".<ref>Growse, 120-121</ref>

<gallery>
File:KITLV 87973 - Unknown - Jaina pillars coming from Mathura in British India - 1897.tif|Five of the pillars, in 1897.
File:Yakshi - Railing Pillar - 2nd Century CE - Sand Stone - Mathura - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2012-11-16 1962.JPG|Lady holding a bird cage.
File:Lady with Sword - Kushan Period - Bhuteshwar - ACCN 11-152 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5646.JPG|Yakshi with sword, the half-pillar in Mathura.
File:Bhutesar Herakles Vajrapani.jpg|Detail on the centre pillar.
File:Mathura archaeological sites.jpg|Location of Bhutesvara (here "Buteswar", next to [[Kankali Tila]]), right outside old [[Mathura]].
</gallery>

==Back of the pillars==
The backs of the pillars contain reliefs with scenes from the life of the Buddha, and from [[Jataka]] tales about his previous lives. One in Mathura has the story of the sage [[Rishyasringa]], seduced by a woman.

; Images from Kolkata unless stated
<gallery>

Indian Museum Sculpture - Sibi Jataka, 2c, Mathura (9220829344).jpg|1A: [[Sibi Jataka]]. King Sibi was the Buddha in a previous life.
Indian Museum Sculpture - Sibi Jataka, 2c, Mathura (9220825920).jpg|1B: [[Sibi Jataka]]. King Sibi gives some of his own flesh to the wounded.
File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Pillar, 3c, Mathura (9218049383).jpg|2A: [[Sibi Jataka]], [[Viswakarma]] returns to Heaven after witnessing the deeds of King Sibi, saying King Sibi will soon become a Buddha.
File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Pillar, 3c, Mathura (9218045725).jpg|2B: The Great Departure of [[Gautama Buddha|Siddharta]], the Buddha-to-be, from [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]].
File:Bhutesar center pillar bottom panel.jpg|2C: Festivities and monsters (possibly in the city of Kapilavastu).
File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Subjugation of Nalagiri, 2c, Mathura (9220813720).jpg|3A: Subjugation of Nalagiri.
File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Subjugation of Nalagiri, 2c, Mathura (9218037271).jpg|3B: The Buddha subjugating the elephant [[Nalagiri]].
2.14. Back side- Sibijataka and other Buddhist legends- Mathura School of art- Kushana period- 2nd century CE-Red sandstone- Bhuteswar, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh-M125a,b,C-A 24945,A24945,24947.jpg|3C: The elephant [[Nalagiri]] attacking someone.
File:Story of Rishi Sringa Reverse Shows Woman Carrying Wine Pot and Holding Bunch of Grapes - Circa 2nd Century CE - Bhuteshwar - ACCN 11-151 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5655.JPG|Story of [[Rishyasringa]]; reverse of Mathura Yakshi Carrying Wine Pot and Holding Bunch of Grapes
File:Reverse Side of Rail Post with Lady in Act of Putting on Her Garment After Bath - Circa 2nd Century CE - Bhuteshwar - ACCN 00-J-4 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5750.JPG|Reverse of Mathura Yakshi Putting on Her Garment After Bath
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commonscat}}
* [[Mathura Herakles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*[[Roy C. Craven|Craven, Roy C.]], ''Indian Art: A Concise History'', 1987, Thames & Hudson (Praeger in USA), {{ISBN|0500201463}}
*Growse, F.S., ''Mathura - A District Memoir'', 1993 reprint (first published 1882), Asian Educational Services, {{ISBN|8120602285}}, 9788120602281, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pG2yMEauKZUC&printsec=frontcover google books]
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*Rowland, Benjamin, ''The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain'', 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin, {{ISBN|0140561021}}
*Varadpande, Manohar Laxman, ''Woman in Indian Sculpture'', 2006, Abhinav Publications, {{ISBN|8170174740}}, 9788170174745, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IsE5KAja3jAC&pg=PA148 google books]

{{Mathura Museum}}
[[Category:Mathura art]]
[[Category:Kushan Empire]]
[[Category:Sculptures in India]]
[[Category:Yakshas]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture]]

Bhutesvara Yakshis - Revision history

ImportMaster at 07:54, 15 January 2022