StephanieWentwor at 16:58, 29 March 2026

2026-03-29T16:58:36Z

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{{Short description|Late mediaeval Indian kingdom (1492–1619)}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], which ruled from Bidar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Sultanate of Bidar
| year_start = 1492
| year_end = 1619
| p1 = Bahmani Sultanate
| s1 = Bijapur Sultanate
| image_map = {{South Asia in 1525 CE|center||{{Annotation|118|138|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|44px]]}}||none}}
| image_map_caption = Bidar Sultanate in the 1525, with neighbouring polities.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=39, 147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065341/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| national_motto =
| national_anthem =
| religion = '''State religion:''' [[Sunni Islam]]<ref name="EI3">{{EI3 | doi =10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25225 | last = Philon | first = Helen | title = Barīd Shāhīs | year = 2019 |quote="Qāsim Barīdī, a Sunnī Turk in the service of Maḥmūd Shāh Bahmān..."}}</ref>{{sfn|Burton-Page|1970|p=64}}
----'''Other:''' [[Religion in South Asia|Other religions in South Asia]]
| capital = [[Bidar]]
| common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] (official){{sfn|Spooner|Hanaway|2012|p=317}} [[Deccani Urdu]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| title_leader = [[Sultan]]
| leader1 = [[Qasim Barid I]]
| year_leader1 = 1489 – 1504
| leader2 = Amir Barid Shah III (last)
| year_leader2 = 1609 – 1619
| currency = Mohur
| common_name = Bidar Sultanate
| today = India
}}

The '''Sultanate of Bidar'''<ref group=n>{{langx|fa|{{nq|برید شاهیان}}}}</ref> was an [[early modern]] Indian polity, ruled by the '''Barid Shahi dynasty''' that ruled a territory in the central [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] centred at [[Bidar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Barid-Shahi-dynasty|title=Barīd Shāhī dynasty {{!}} Muslim dynasty|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref> As one of the five [[Deccan sultanates]], the sultanate's initial territory corresponded to that of one of the five provinces of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], and under the rule of [[Qasim Barid I]] in 1492 assumed de facto control of state affairs of the Bahmani Sultanate. Leadership passed to his sons; [[Amir Barid I]] in 1504 and [[Ali Barid Shah I]] in 1542. Starting from the 1580s as a result of Ali's death, a wave of successions occurred in the rulership of the dynasty which ended in 1609 under the last sultan, Amir Barid III. He was eventually defeated in 1619 by [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]], who annexed the territory of the Bidar Sultanate into his realm.

==History==
[[File:Barid Shahi 05.jpg|thumb|290px|[[Barid Shahi tombs|Tombs of the Bidar Shahi sultans]] at Barid Shahi Park in [[Bidar]]]]


=== Qasim Barid and Amir Barid ===
The sultanate was founded in 1492 by [[Qasim Barid I]],{{sfn|Sen|2013|p=118}} who was a Turk.<ref>Khan, Iqtidar Alam. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&dq=qutb+shahi+turkish+origin&pg=PP1 Historical dictionary of medieval India. No. 20.] Scarecrow Press, 2008."The founder of the Barid Shahi dynasty of Bidar was the son of a Bahmani noble of Turkish origin, Qasim Barid"</ref><ref>Bolar, Varija R. [https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/257310 "Turks in Karnataka."] International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies 4, no. 1 (2012): 419-428.“The Barid Shahi kingdom was established by a Turk named Qasim Barid who had come to Bidar in 1463 AD”</ref><ref>Ali, Shanti Sadiq. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA51 The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times.] Orient Blackswan, 1996.“It may be noted here that Qasim Barid, the Kotwal of Bidar, though of Turkish origin succeeded in imposing his influence on Sultan Shihabu'd-din Mahmad”</ref><ref>Syed, Muzaffar H. [https://books.google.com/books?id=US5gEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP37 History of Indian Nation: Medieval India. Vol. 2.] KK Publications, 2022. p.37. “that he left the administration in the hands of one Turk noble, Qasim Barid.”</ref> {{sfn|Bosworth|1996|p=324}} He joined the service of the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] Sultan [[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari|Muhammad Shah III]]. He started his career as a ''sar-naubat'', and was made kotwal of Bidar by [[Nizam Shahi dynasty|Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri]], for helping the [[Deccanis]] in the massacre of the foreign population at Bidar.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZJEAQAAIAAJ&q=bidar+massacre |title= Maharashtra State Gazetteers. History: Mediaeval period, by B.G. Kunte.- pt. 3. Maratha period, by J. Sarkar and others |author= J. Sarkar |publisher= Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Department |page=214 |date=1972 }}</ref> However, he later became the ''mir-jumla'' (prime minister) of the Bahmani Sultanate. During the reign of [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]] (r. 1482 – 1518), he became the de facto ruler of the Bahmani Sultanate.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=466}}

After the death of Mahmud Shah Bahmani in 1518, he was succeeded by four sultans, one after another, but they were mere puppets in the hands of Amir Barid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India|title=India - Bahmanī consolidation of the Deccan|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref>{{sfn|Haig|1928|pp=431}}

When the last Bahmani ruler Kalimullah fled to Bidar in 1527, [[Amir Barid I]] became practically independent, as his de jure suzerain's state ceased to exist.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=466}} However, he never assumed any royal title.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=25}}

=== Ali Barid Shah ===
In 1542, Amir was succeeded by his son [[Ali Barid Shah I]], who was the first to assume the royal title of ''Shah''.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=13}} Ali Barid joined the other Deccan sultans in the [[Battle of Talikota]] against the [[Vijaynagar Empire|Vijayanagar Empire]] in January 1565.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=467}}

=== Later rulers ===
After his death in 1580, Ali Barid was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Barid, who ruled for seven years until his death in 1587.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=160}} He was succeeded by his younger brother Qasim Barid II.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=14}} After his death in 1591, he was succeeded by his infant son Ali Barid II, who was soon dethroned by one of his relative, Amir Barid II. In 1601, he was also overthrown by one of his relative, Mirza Ali Barid.

In 1609, he was succeeded by the last ruler, Amir Barid III,{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=14}} who fought against the Mughals in 1616 under the leadership of [[Malik Ambar]]. In 1619, he was defeated by the [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] sultan [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]. Bidar was annexed to Bijapur sultanate. Amir Barid III and his sons were brought to [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and kept "under surveillance".{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=466–468}}

== Culture ==
{{See also|Deccan sultanates#Bidar}}

===Architecture===
{{See also|Barid Shahi tombs}}

The Bidar Sultanate made considerable additions to the [[Bidar Fort]]. Their tombs, the [[Barid Shahi tombs]], were their main architectural pursuits, and are also located at Bidar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Modern_Hyderabad_(Deccan)/Chapter_2|title=Modern Hyderabad (Deccan)|last=Law|first=John|pages=15–17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/|title=Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228210923/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/|archive-date=2018-02-28|url-status=live|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref>{{sfn|Mitchell|Zebrowski|1999|p=14}} The rulers employed Hindu architects and engineers for the construction of these buildings, which resulted in amalgamation of some Hindu features within the architecture of this period.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=26}}

==Rulers==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Reign
|-
|[[Qasim Barid I]]
|1489 – 1504
|-
|[[Amir Barid I]]
|1504 – 1542{{sfn|Haig|1928|pp=429}}
|-
|[[Ali Barid Shah I]]
|1542 – 1580{{sfn|Haig|1928|pp=681 & 683}}
|-
|Ibrahim Barid Shah
|1580 – 1587
|-
|Qasim Barid Shah II
|1587 – 1591
|-
|Ali Barid Shah II
|1591
|-
|Amir Barid Shah II
|1591 – 1601
|-
|Mirza Ali Barid Shah III
|1601 – 1609
|-
|Amir Barid Shah III
|1609 – 1619
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Frescoed calligraphy.jpg|Calligraphy in coloured tiles
File:Chaukhandi_bidar.jpg|Ashtur Tombs
File:BIADR FORT (inside view garden).jpg|[[Bidar Fort|Bidar Fort (inside view garden)]]
File:Barid Shahi 04.jpg|Tombs of Bidar Shahi kings at Barid Shahi Park in [[Bidar]]
File:Barid Shahi 03.jpg|Tombs at Barid Shahi Park in [[Bidar]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of Shi'a Muslims dynasties]]
*[[Battle of Talikota]]

==References==
{{reflist|group=n}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |title=The New Islamic Dynasties |last=Bosworth |first=C.E. |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth}}
*{{cite book |chapter=The Sultanates of the Deccan, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries |first=J. |last=Burton-Page |pages=63–66 |editor-first1=Ann K.S. |editor-last1=Lambton |editor-first2=Bernard |editor-last2=Lewis |editor-first3=Peter Malcolm |editor-last3=Holt |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=2A |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1970 }}
*{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |year=1974 |title=The Mughul Empire |chapter=The Five Sultanates of the Deccan |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |author-link=R.C. Majumdar|url=https://archive.org/details/mughal-empire-r.-c.-majumdar-1974}}
*{{cite book|last1 = Mitchell|first1 = George|first2 = Mark |last2 = Zebrowski|title = Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7)|publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1999| location = Cambridge| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ju1XvgAACAAJ| isbn = 0-521-56321-6}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 }}
*{{cite book |first1=Brian |last1=Spooner |first2=William L. |last2=Hanaway |title=Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2012 |author-link=Brian Spooner (anthropologist)|author-link2=William L. Hanaway}}
*{{cite book |title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1 |year=1947 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Yazdani, 1947}}}}
*{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of India Volume III |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76553 |last=Haig |first=Sir Wolseley |author-link=Wolseley Haig |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1928 }}

==External links==
* {{EI3|last=Philon|first=Helen|title=Barīd Shāhīs|year=2019|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/barid-shahis-COM_25225?s.num=9&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=bahmani}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bidar Sultanate}}
[[Category:States and territories established in 1489]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1619]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Sunni dynasties]]
[[Category:Deccan sultanates]]

Bidar Sultanate - Revision history

StephanieWentwor at 16:58, 29 March 2026