>Ashutosh Jha at 13:22, 15 September 2021

2021-09-15T13:22:45Z

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'''Bihari Hindi''' is a variant of [[Hindi]], spoken in [[Bihar]], particularly in [[Patna]] and nearby districts. It is heavily influenced by [[Magahi]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]], and subsequently by [[Bhojpuri]]. It shares more vocabulary from Maithili and Magahi as compared to Hindi.

== Morphology ==
===Nouns===
[[Hindi]] distinguishes two [[Grammatical gender|genders]] (masculine and feminine), two noun types ([[Count noun|count]] and non-count), two [[Grammatical number|numbers]] (singular and plural), and three [[Grammatical case|cases]] ([[Direct case|direct]], [[Oblique case|oblique]], and [[Vocative case|vocative]]). But in Bihari dialect, direct case is most commonly used. Other cases are dormant. Inflectional plural is also not used, periphrastic plural is used. However, a weak inflected plural is there in Bihari dialect, borrowed from eastern Hindi and Bhojpuri (-an). Nouns divided into two classes- marked and unmarked, of which nothing is the difference except that the marked form is used for declinable [[adjective]]s.

Gender system is usually same as Hindi, but differs in that only animates and real gender is marked in Bihari dialect.

The table below displays the suffix paradigms. -Ø denotes that no suffix is added to the noun stem.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!Singular
!Weak Plural
!Periphrastic Plural
|-
!Masculine
| -ā
| -an
| -ā sab
|-
!Feminine
| -ī
-i
-iyā
| -iyan
| -ī sab
-i sab
-iyā sab
|-
!Unmarked
| -Ø
| -an
| -Ø sab
|}
Plural is not mandatory, it can be dropped when inanimate or indefinite. The next table of noun [[declension]]s, shows the above suffix paradigms in action. Words: '''''laṛkā''''' ('boy'), '''''kū̃ā''''' ('[[Water well|well]]'), '''''seb''''' ('apple'), '''''vālid''''' ('father'), '''''cāqū''''' ('[[penknife]]'), '''''ādmī''''' ('man'), '''''mitr''''' ('friend'), '''''laṛkī''''' ('girl'), '''''ciṛiyā''''' ('[[finch]]'), '''''kitāb''''' ('book'), '''''bhāṣā''''' ('language'), and '''''aurat''''' ('woman').
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! colspan="2" |
!Singular
!Weak Plural
!Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" |Masculine
!Marked
|laṛk'''ā'''
ku'''ā̃'''
|laṛk'''an'''
(inanimate)
|laṛk'''ā sab'''
ku'''ā̃ sab'''
|-
!Unmarked
|seb
cāqū
ādm'''ī'''
|(inanimate)
(inanimate)
ādm'''iyan'''
|seb '''(sab)'''
cāq'''ū sab'''
ādm'''ī sab'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Feminine
!Marked
|laṛk'''ī'''
ciṛiy'''ā'''
|laṛk'''in'''
(inanimate)
|laṛk'''ī sab'''
ciṛiy'''ā sab'''
|-
!Unmarked
|aurat
|aurat'''an'''
|aurat '''sab'''
|}
Notes for noun declension:

* {{note|1|1}}A small number of marked masculines like '''kuā̃''' display [[nasalization]] of all terminations.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=262}}</ref>
* {{note|2|2}}Some masculines ending in ''ā'' fall in the unmarked category. i.e. '''''vālid''''' "father", '''''cācā''''' "[[uncle]]", '''''rājā''''' "[[king]]".<ref name="Snell&Weightman1989p242">{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=24}}</ref>
* {{note|3|3}}Unmarked nouns ending in ''ū'' and ''ī'' generally shorten this to ''u'' and ''i'' before the plural termination(s), with the latter also inserting the [[semivowel]] ''y''.<ref name="Snell&Weightman1989p242" /><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=43}}</ref><ref name="Shapiro2003p2632">{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=263}}</ref>
* {{note|4|4}}Many feminine [[Sanskrit]] loanwords such as '''''bhāṣā''''' ('language') and '''''mātā''''' (mother) end in '''''ā''''', therefore the '''''ā''''' is not a reliable indicator of noun gender.<ref name="Snell&Weightman1989p242" />
* The '''''iyā''''' ending is also not a reliable indicator of gender or noun type. Some words such as '''''pahiyā''''' ('wheel') and [[Persian language|Persian]] '''''takiyā''''' ('pillow') are masculine marked: '''''pahiyan''''' ('wheels'), '''''takiyan''''' ('pillows'). Feminine loanwords such as [[Arabic language|Arabic]] '''''duniyā''''' ('world') and [[Sanskrit]] '''''kriyā''''' ('action') use feminine unmarked.
* [[Persian language|Perso]]-[[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[Loanword|loans]] ending in final unpronounced ''h'' are handled as masculine marked nouns.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|p=313}}</ref> Hence ''bacca(h)'' → ''baccā''. The former is the Urdu spelling, the latter the Hindi.

===Adjectives===
[[Adjective]]s may be divided into '''declinable,''' and '''indeclinable''' categories.<ref name="Shapiro2003p264">{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=264}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kachru|first=Yamuna|title=Hindi|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2006|isbn=90 272 3812 X|location=Philadelphia PA 19118-0519|pages=65}}</ref> Declinables are marked, through termination, for the gender of the nouns they qualify. Instead of number, adjectives are qualified for [[Honorifics (linguistics)|honour]], a characteristic feature of [[Bihari languages]].

Plural can be made of weak plural, but is not used as adjective. They are rather used as adverb.

The set of declinable adjective terminations is similar but greatly simplified in comparison to that of noun terminations —

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! colspan="3" |
!Non-honorofic
!Honorific
|-
! rowspan="6" | Declinable
! rowspan="2" |I!! Masc.
| -ā
| -e
|-
!Fem.
| colspan="2" | -ī
|-
! rowspan="2" |II
!Masc.
| -yā
| -ye
|-
!Fem.
| colspan="2" | -yā
|-
! rowspan="2" |III
!Masc.
| -yā̃
| -yẽ
|-
!Fem.
| colspan="2" | -yī̃
|-
! colspan="3" | Indeclinable
| colspan="2" | -Ø
|}

Indeclinable adjectives are completely invariable, and can end in either [[consonant]]s or [[vowel]]s (including '''''ā''''' and '''''ī''' ''). A number of declinables display nasalisation of all terminations.<ref name="Shapiro2003p264" />

*Examples of declinable (type-1) adjectives: '''''baṛā''''' "big", '''''choṭā''''' "small", '''''moṭā''''' "fat", '''''acchā''''' "good", '''''burā''''' "bad", '''''kālā''''' "black", '''''ṭhaṇḍā''''' "cold".
*Examples of declinable (type-2) adjectives: '''''baṛhiyā''' "great/awesome"''', ghatiyā "'''of bad quality or nature"''',''''' '''''cūtiyā''' "idiot"/ "asshole".''
*Examples of declinable (type-3) adjectives: '''''dāyā̃''''' ''"right (direction)"''', bāyā̃ "'''left (direction)"''
*Examples of indeclinable adjectives: '''''xarāb''''' "bad", '''''sāf''''' "clean", '''''bhārī''''' "heavy", '''''murdā''''' "dead", '''''sundar''''' "beautiful", '''''pāgal''''' "crazy/mad", '''''lāl''''' "red".

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last =Schmidt|first=Hans|editor=John Lynch|year= 2003|chapter= Temathesis in Rotuman|title=Issues in Austronesian Historical Phonology|publisher= Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies|pages = 175–207|chapter-url=http://www.rotuma.net/os/Temathesis%20in%20Rotuman.pdf|isbn=978-0-85883-503-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|year=2003|chapter=Hindi|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT311 |editor1-last=Cardona|editor1-first=George|editor2-last=Jain|editor2-first=Dhanesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5|pages=250–285}}
* {{cite book|last1=Snell|first1=Rupert|last2=Weightman|first2=Simon|year=1989|title=Teach Yourself Hindi|publisher=McGraw-Hill|edition=2003|isbn=978-0-07-142012-9|title-link=Teach Yourself}}

[[Category:Hindi languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Bihar]]

Bihari Hindi - Revision history

>Ashutosh Jha at 13:22, 15 September 2021