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{{short description|Group of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Distinguish|text = the [[languages of Bihar]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Bihari
|region=[[India]] and [[Nepal]]
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|fam4=[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Zone]]
|child1 = [[Angika]]
|child2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|child3 = [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]]
|child4 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]]
|child5 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
|child6 = [[Majhi language|Majhi]]
|child7 = [[Musasa language|Musasa]]
|child8 = [[Panchpargania language|Panchpargania]]
|child9 = [[Sadri language|Sadri (Nagpuri)]]
|child10 = [[Tharu languages]]
|glotto = biha1245
|glottorefname=Bihari
|iso1=bh (deprecated)
|iso2=bih
}}
'''Bihari''' is a subgroup of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] that is usually included in the [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern branch]] of Indo-Aryan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |year=1991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=12, 26, 446–462}}</ref><ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/bihari Bihari] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (23rd ed., 2020).</ref> The Bihari languages are mainly spoken in the [[Indian states]] of [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] and also in [[Nepal]].<ref>Yadava, Y. P. (2013). Linguistic context and language endangerment in Nepal. Nepalese Linguistics 28: 262–274.</ref><ref name="auto1">Brass, Paul R. (1974). ''Language, Religion and Politics in North India''. Cambridge University Press.</ref> The most widely spoken languages of the Bihari subgroup are [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]].

Despite the large number of speakers of these languages, only [[Maithili language|Maithili]] has been constitutionally recognised in India, which gained constitutional status via the [[Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|92nd amendment to the Constitution of India]], of 2003 (gaining assent in 2004).<ref>{{cite web |title= The Constitution (Ninety-Second Amendment) Act, 2003 |url= http://india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-ninety-second-amendment-act-2003 |date= 7 January 2004 |website = National Portal of India |access-date= 11 April 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412014818/http://india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-ninety-second-amendment-act-2003 |archive-date = 12 April 2015}}</ref> Both Maithili and Bhojpuri have constitutional recognition in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/nepal/article24876497.ece |title = Nepal|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 6 September 2018|last1 = Kumayaa|first1 = Harshitha}}</ref>

In Bihar, [[Hindi]] is the language used for educational and official matters.<ref name=Damani2015>{{cite web |last = Damani |first= Guarang |title= History of Indian Languages |url = http://www.diehardindian.com/history-of-indian-languages |date = 2015 |website = Die-hard Indian |access-date = 11 April 2015 |url-status= live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150413223200/http://www.diehardindian.com/history-of-indian-languages
|archive-date = 13 April 2015}}</ref> These languages were legally absorbed under the overarching label Hindi in the 1961 Census. Such state and national politics are creating conditions for language endangerments.<ref>{{cite conference
|last = Verma | first = Mahandra K.| title = Language Endangerment and Indian languages : An exploration and a critique| year = 2001| book-title = Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia| isbn = 9788120817654| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tcfJY7kANo8C&q=awadhi+and+magahi+languages&pg=PA5
}}</ref> After independence Hindi was given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=The Politics of India Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&pg=PA183 |edition=Second |date=8 September 1994 |page=183 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521459709 |access-date=11 April 2015}}</ref> Hindi was displaced as the sole official language of Bihar in 1981, when [[Urdu]] was accorded the status of the second official language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benedikter |first1=Thomas |title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India |year=2009 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-10231-7 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89 |language=en}}</ref>

== Speakers ==
{{See also|Languages in Bihar| Maithili language|Bhojpuri|Angika|Magahi|Magadhi Prakrit|Hindi in Bihar}}

The number of speakers of Bihari languages is difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name [[Hindi]] as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness. The educated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language.<ref name=Cardona2003 >{{cite book |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor1-link=George Cardona |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=11 September 2003 |page=500 |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Language Family Series |isbn=978-0415772945 |quote=...the number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of lack of awareness. The uneducated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language.}}</ref>

== Some major languages and dialects ==
{{-}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/browse/families|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104043633/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=287-16|url-status=dead|title=Browse by Language Family|archive-date=4 January 2012|website=Ethnologue|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref>
! [[ISO 639-3]]
! Scripts
! data-sort-type="number" |No. of speakers<ref name=Cardona2003/>
! Geographical distribution
|-
| '''[[Angika]]''' || anp || [[Devanagari]]; previously [[Kaithi]]; [[Anga Lipi]] || 743,600<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/anp |title=Angika |access-date=17 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324184439/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/anp |archive-date=24 March 2016 }}</ref> ||Eastern [[Bihar]], North-eastern [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]] and Eastern [[Madhesh]]
|-
| '''[[Bajjika language|Bajjika]]''' || – || Devanagari; previously [[Tirhuta]]; [[Kaithi]] || 8,738,000{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} || North-Central [[Bihar]] and Eastern [[Madhesh]]
|-
| '''[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]''' || bho || [[Devanagari]]; previously [[Kaithi]] || 52,245,300<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhojpuri |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bho |website=Ethnologue |access-date=21 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> || '''Official language''' in [[Fiji]] (as the [[Fiji Hindi]] language) and [[Jharkhand]] (additional)
'''In [[India]]''' : Western [[Bihar]], Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], Northwestern [[Jharkhand]], Northern [[Chhattisgarh]], Northeastern [[Madhya Pradesh]] and Central [[Madhesh]]
|-
| '''[[Khortha language|Khortha]]''' || – || [[Devanagari]]; previously [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] || 8.04 million<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>|| South [[Bihar]], North-eastern and North central [[Jharkhand]]
|-
| '''[[Kudmali language|Kudmali]]''' || kyw || [[Devanagari]]; sometimes [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] || 556,809<ref name="auto"/>|| South-Eastern [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], northern [[Odisha]]
|-
| '''[[Magahi language|Magahi]]''' || mah || [[Devanagari]]; previously [[Tirhuta]]; [[Kaithi]], [[Siddham script]] || 14,035,600<ref name="eth2016">{{cite web|title=India|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/19/country/IN/languages/|website=Ethnologue|date=2016|archive-url=https://archive.is/20171002104725/http://www.ethnologue.com/19/country/IN/languages/|archive-date=2 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> || South [[Bihar]], North [[Jharkhand]]
|-
| '''[[Maithili language|Maithili]]''' || mai || [[Devanagari]]; previously [[Tirhuta]], [[Kaithi]] ||33,890,000<ref name="eth2016"/> || Northern and eastern [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]]<ref>{{cite news |title=मैथिली को भी मिलेगा दूसरी राजभाषा का दर्जा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/story-maithili-will-get-second-state-language-status-in-jharkhand-1835624.html |last=Praveen |access-date=30 December 2020 |work=Hindustan |date=6 March 2018 |language=hindi}}</ref> and Eastern [[Madhesh]]
|-
| '''[[Panchpargania language|Panchpargania]]''' || tdb || [[Devanagari]], sometimes [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]]; [[Kaithi]]|| 274,000{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}|| [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Assam]]
|-
| '''[[Sadri language|Sadri (Nagpuri)]]''' || sck || [[Devanagari]]; previously [[Kaithi]] || 5.1 million<ref name="auto"/>|| West-central [[Jharkhand]], North-eastern [[Chhattisgarh]], Northwestern [[Odisha]]
|-
| '''[[Tharu languages|Tharu]]''' || thl, tkt, thr, the, thq, tkb, soi || [[Devanagari]] || 1.9 million<ref name="auto"/>|| [[Terai]] regions of [[Nepal]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]
|-
| '''[[Kumhali language|Kumhali]]''' || kra || [[Devanagari]] || 12,000<ref name="auto"/>|| [[Nepal]]
|}

== References and footnotes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{interwiki|code=bh|Bhojpuri}}
{{interwiki|code=hif}}
{{interwiki|code=mai}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=NNMvAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''A Comparative dictionary of the Bihārī language, Volume 1'' By August Friedrich Rudolf Hoernle, Sir George Abraham Grierson (1885)]
* [http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=bih Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: bih], on www.sil.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080703182855/http://www.nalandaopenuniversity.com/courses.html Nalanda Open University offers courses on Bihari languages (Magahi, Bhojpuri, Maithili)]
* [[incubator:Wp/anp/Main Page|Angika Language Wikipedia]] (incubator)

{{Bihari languages}}
{{Bihar topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bihari languages}}
[[Category:Bihari languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Hindi languages]]
[[Category:Culture of Bihar]]
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]

Bihari languages - Revision history

>Liuxinyu970226 at 08:21, 27 June 2021