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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{about|the UK city|the US city|Birmingham, Alabama|other uses|Birmingham (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement


| official_name = Birmingham
| native_name = 
| etymology = [[Old English]] ''Beormingahām'' (home or settlement of the ''[[Beormingas]]'')
| nickname = {{Flatlist|
* Brum
* Brummagem
* Second city
* City of a thousand trades
* Workshop of the world
* Venice of the north
}}
| settlement_type = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]] and [[Metropolitan borough]]
| motto = Forward
| population_demonym = Brummie


| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Birmingham-Skyline-from-Edgbaston-crop.jpg {{!}}Birmingham City Centre from the south
| photo2a = Library-of-Birmingham-oblique-crop.jpg{{!}}Library of Birmingham
| photo2b = Birmingham Town Hall from Chamberlain Square crop.jpg{{!}}Birmingham Town Hall
| photo3a = St Philips Cathedral, Birmingham from the east.jpg{{!}}St Philip's Cathedral
| photo3b = Old Joe and University of Birmingham from Bournbrook crop.jpg{{!}}University of Birmingham
| photo3c = BirminghamBullRingFromNorth.jpg{{!}}St Martin's church and Selfridges department store in the Bull Ring
| size = 280
| color_border =
| color =
| spacing = 2
| foot_montage =
}}
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Clockwise, from top: the [[Birmingham city centre|city centre]] from the south, [[Birmingham Town Hall]], [[St Martin in the Bull Ring|St Martin's church]] and the [[Selfridges Building, Birmingham|Selfridges Building]] in the [[Bull Ring, Birmingham|Bull Ring]], the [[University of Birmingham]], [[St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham|St Philip's Cathedral]], and the [[Library of Birmingham]]
| image_flag = Flag of Birmingham, United Kingdom.svg
| flag_link = Flag of Birmingham (England)
| flag_size = 150px
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Birmingham.svg
| shield_size =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type =
| blank_emblem_size =
| blank_emblem_link =

| image_map = Birmingham UK locator map.svg
| mapsize =
| map_caption = Birmingham shown in the [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands county]]

| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =

| image_dot_map =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in England##Location in the United Kingdom##Location in Europe
| pushpin_map = England#United Kingdom#Europe
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_relief = 1


| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|United Kingdom}}

| subdivision_type1 = {{nowrap|[[Countries of the United Kingdom|Constituent country]]}}
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|England}}

| subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of England|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]

| subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]]
| subdivision_name3 = {{flag|West Midlands}}

| subdivision_type4 = [[historic counties of England|Historic county]]
| subdivision_name4 = {{flag|Warwickshire}}


| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Metropolitan borough]]
| governing_body = [[Birmingham City Council]]

| leader_title = [[Executive arrangements#Leader and cabinet|Leadership]]
| leader_name = [[Local Government Act 2000#Options for council executive forms|Leader and cabinet]]

| leader_title1 = [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom#Unitary authorities|Executive]]
| leader_name1 = {{English district control|GSS=E08000025}}

| leader_title2 = Leader
| leader_name2 = Vacant (Deputy Leader Ian Ward, acting)

| leader_title3 = [[Lord Mayor of Birmingham|Lord Mayor]]
| leader_name3 = Anne Underwood

| leader_title4 = Chief Executive (Interim)
| leader_name4 = Stella Manzie [[Companion of the Order of the British Empire|CBE]]

| established_title = Settlement
| established_date = c. 600

| established_title1 = {{nowrap|[[Seigneurial borough]]}}
| established_date1 = 1166

| established_title2 = [[Municipal borough]]
| established_date2 = 1838

| established_title3 = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City status]]
| established_date3 = [[List of cities in the United Kingdom|14 January 1889]]

| established_title4 = [[Metropolitan borough]]
| established_date4 = [[Local Government Act 1972|1 April 1974]]

| seat_type = Administrative HQ
| seat = [[Council House, Birmingham|The Council House]], [[Victoria Square, Birmingham|Victoria Square]]


| area_magnitude =
| unit_pref = UK 
| total_type = City
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = {{English district area|GSS=E08000025}}
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_rank = [[List of English districts by area|{{English district area rank|GSS=E08000025}}]]
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 = 598.9
| area_urban_sq_mi =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_sq_mi =

| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_blank1_sq_mi =


| population_as_of = {{English statistics year}}
| population_total = {{English district population|GSS=E08000025}}
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank = [[List of English districts by population|{{English district rank|GSS=E08000025}}]]
| population_density_km2 = {{English district density|GSS=E08000025}}
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_urban = 2,440,986 ([[List of urban areas in the United Kingdom|3rd]])
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_density_urban_sq_mi =
| population_metro = 4,332,629 ([[List of metropolitan areas in Europe]])
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_blank1_title =
| population_blank1 =

| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi =

| population_blank2_title =
| population_blank2 =
| population_density_blank2_km2 =
| population_density_blank2_sq_mi =


| timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]]
| utc_offset = +0
| timezone_DST = [[British Summer Time]]
| utc_offset_DST = +1
| coordinates = {{coord|52|28|59|N|1|53|37|W|region:GB_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 140
| elevation_ft =


| postal_code_type = Postcode
| postal_code = [[B postcode area|B]]
| area_code = 0121
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|GB-BIR]]

| blank_name_sec1 = [[Government Statistical Service|GSS]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = E08000025

| blank1_name_sec1 = [[NUTS of the United Kingdom|NUTS 3 code]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = UKG31

| blank2_name_sec1 = [[ONS coding system|ONS code]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 00CN

| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Ordnance Survey National Grid|OS grid reference]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{gbmappingsmall|SP066868}}

| blank4_name_sec1 = [[List of motorways in the United Kingdom|Motorways]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[M6 motorway|M6]] [[M6 Toll]] [[M5 motorway|M5]] [[M42 motorway|M42]] [[A38(M) motorway|A38(M)]]

| blank5_name = Ethnicity (2011 Census) <ref name=2011censusdemo>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls "2011 Census: Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales"]. [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]. Retrieved 25 December 2012</ref> 
| blank5_info = {{Plainlist|
* 57.9% White (53.1% White British)
* 26.6% Asian
* 8.9% Black
* 4.4% Mixed Race
* 2.0% Other
}}

| blank6_name_sec1 = [[List of airports in the United Kingdom and the British Crown Dependencies|International airports]]
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Birmingham Airport|Birmingham]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|BHX]])

| blank7_name_sec1 = [[UK railway stations|Major railway stations]]
| blank7_info_sec1 = [[Birmingham New Street railway station|Birmingham New Street]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|A]]) [[Birmingham Moor Street railway station|Birmingham Moor Street]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|B]]) [[Birmingham Snow Hill railway station|Birmingham Snow Hill]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|C1]])

|blank_name_sec2 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]
|blank_info_sec2 = [[United States dollar|US$]] 121.1 billion<ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global city GDP 2014 |publisher=Brookings Institution |accessdate=18 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archivedate=4 June 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> ([[List of metropolitan economies in the United Kingdom|2nd]])

|blank1_name_sec2 = – Per capita
|blank1_info_sec2 = [[American dollar|US$]] 31,572<ref name="brookingsgdp"/>

|blank2_name_sec2 = Councillors
|blank2_info_sec2 = 120

|blank3_name_sec2 = [[List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2015|MPs]]
|blank3_info_sec2 = {{Collapsible list
| title = List
|1=[[Richard Burden]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]
|2=[[Liam Byrne]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]
|3=[[Jack Dromey]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]
|4=[[Roger Godsiff]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]
|5=[[Khalid Mahmood (British politician)|Khalid Mahmood]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]
|6=[[Shabana Mahmood]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]
|7=[[Steve McCabe (politician)|Steve McCabe]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]
|8=[[Andrew Mitchell]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|(C)]]
|9=[[Jess Phillips (politician)|Jess Phillips]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]
|10=[[Preet Gill]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]
}}
| website = [http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ www.birmingham.gov.uk]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Birmingham''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-Birmingham.ogg|ˈ|b|ɜːr|m|ɪ|ŋ|ə|m}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wordreference.com/enit/birmingham |title=Birmingham |publisher=Wordreference.com}}</ref> {{respell|BUR|ming|əm}}) is a [[city]] and [[metropolitan borough]] in the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]], [[England]]. It is the second-largest [[metropolitan area]] and [[city]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. About 1.1 million people live in Birmingham. Around 4.3 million people live in its metropolitan area.<ref name="CDBir">{{cite web |title=POPULATION OF BIRMINGHAM 2017 (UK) |url=https://countrydigest.org/population-of-birmingham/ |publisher=Country Digest |accessdate=2 October 2018 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141806/https://countrydigest.org/population-of-birmingham/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Planning-and-Regeneration%2FPageLayout&cid=1223096353755&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper |title=Population and Census |publisher=Birmingham City Council |date=7 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126101950/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Planning-and-Regeneration%2FPageLayout&cid=1223096353755&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper |archivedate=26 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ONS-2001-2011_census">{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/population-and-household-estimates-for-england-and-wales---unrounded-figures-for-the-data-published-16-july-2012/rft-1-2-ew-fact-file.xls|title=2011 Census: Population and household estimates fact file, unrounded estimates, local authorities in England and Wales (Excel sheet 708Kb)|accessdate=30 December 2013|date=24 September 2012|format=xls|publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> Many people call it the "second city" of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=England's second city: Birmingham |date=24 May 2013 |url=http://www.britain-magazine.com/carousel/birmingham-englands-second-city/ |publisher=Britain Magazine |accessdate=11 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nation's 'second city', Birmingham, is UK's fastest growing regional tourist destination, according to figures |date=24 October 2015 |url=http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/smallbusiness/article-3287741/Nation-s-second-city-Birmingham-UK-s-fastest-growing-regional-tourist-destination-according-figures.html |publisher=This is Money |accessdate=11 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An ode to Birmingham: how can the UK's second city fix its image problem? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jul/12/ode-to-birmingham-britain-second-city |work=The Guardian|date=12 July 2014 |accessdate=11 June 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Bell Edison Telephone Building.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] building in Birmingham, faced with [[terracotta]] [[tiles]]]]

Birmingham began as a small town in 1166.
[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] gave city status to Birmingham in 1889.

Many [[industry|industries]] were developed in Birmingham during the 18th and 19th centuries. These included making [[weapon]]s and food.

Birmingham manufacturing industry played a big role in the war effort in [[World War I]] and [[World War II]]. The WWII [[spitfire]] aeroplane was made in Birmingham. In 2000, a statue of [[Sentinel (sculpture)|stylised spitfires]] was erected next to the old factory site. The factory now makes Jaguar cars.
Birmingham had a large car making industry. It has declined since the 1980s. It remains the home town for [[Jaguar (car)|Jaguar]] and [[Land Rover]] cars.

In 1974, twenty-one people were killed in the [[Birmingham pub bombings]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Birmingham bombings 40 years on: what can we learn from IRA terror?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/11245150/The-Birmingham-bombings-40-years-on-what-can-we-learn-from-IRA-terror.html|access-date=2021-02-08|website=The Telegraph|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Transport ==

=== Grand Union Canal ===
Birmingham was an important stagine-post in the Victorian industrial [[canal]] system. Today it is the northern terminus of the [[Grand Union Canal]] to [[London]]. Heavy goods (as coal surely is) are most economically moved on water. No other form of transport is so efficient.

=== Motorways ===
[[File:Spaghetti-Junction-Crop.jpg|thumb|[[Gravelly Hill Interchange|Spaghetti Junction]]]]The [[M40 motorway]] connects to London via [[Oxford]]. The [[M6 motorway]] also connects Birmingham to London (via the [[M1 motorway|M1]]) and to the north-west of England and Scotland. Junction 6 of the M6 is also one of Birmingham's landmarks, and probably the most notable motorway junction in the UK, [[Gravelly Hill Interchange|Spaghetti Junction]], officially called the Gravelly Hill Interchange. Other motorways are:
* The [[A38 road|A38(M)]] which links Spaghetti Junction to the city centre
*The [[M5 motorway|M5]], connecting Birmingham to the south-west of England
*The [[M42 motorway|M42]], which connects Birmingham to [[Tamworth, Staffordshire|Tamworth]] and the [[East Midlands]]
*The [[M6 Toll]], which enables through traffic on the M6 to bypass Birmingham and [[Wolverhampton]].

Birmingham, unlike London and [[Manchester]], does not have a single orbital motorway. Instead, three motorways form a box which surrounds most of the city. These are:
*The [[M42 motorway|M42]] to the south and east. In the middle, the [[M40 motorway|M40]] ends. It has priority for traffic going from the M40 to the M42 west. The M40 goes off south to [[Warwick]], [[Oxford]], [[High Wycombe]], [[Uxbridge]] and London.
*The [[M5 motorway|M5]] which forms the western section.
*The [[M6 motorway|M6]] which forms the northern section. The M5 ends on the M6.
[[File:A38(M) Aston Expressway.jpg|thumb|The [[A38(M) motorway|A38(M) Aston Expressway]]]]
Other major roads passing through Birmingham include:
*The [[A34 road (England)|A34]] from [[Manchester]] to [[Winchester, Hampshire|Winchester]]
*The [[A38 road|A38]] from [[Mansfield]] to [[Bodmin]]
*The [[A41 road|A41]] from London to [[Birkenhead]]
*The [[A45 road|A45]] from Birmingham to [[Thrapston]] (formerly to [[Felixstowe]])
*The [[A47 road|A47]] from Birmingham to [[Great Yarmouth]]
*The [[A4540 road|A4540]] 'Middleway' ring road
*The [[A4040 road|A4040]] Outer Ring Road

== Famous people from Birmingham ==
* [[Gabriel Agbonlahor]], footballer
* [[Geoff Bunn]], artist
* [[Geezer Butler]], musician and [[Black Sabbath]] member
* [[Jasper Carrott]], comedian
* [[Tony Iommi]], musician and [[Black Sabbath]] member
* [[Jeff Lynne]], musician and [[record producer]], co-founder of [[Electric Light Orchestra]]
* [[Bill Oddie]], television personality
* [[Ozzy Osbourne]], singer, and [[Black Sabbath]] member
* [[James and Oliver Phelps]], actors, famous for playing Fred and George Weasley in the [[Harry Potter]] film series
* [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], author
* [[Julie Walters]], actor
* [[Steve Winwood]], musician
*Matthew Stansfield - member of the conservatives party
*[[Richard Hammond]] - Motoring journalist, TV presenter

== Famous pop and rock groups from Birmingham ==
* [[Black Sabbath]], heavy metal rock group
* [[Dexys Midnight Runners]], pop group
* [[Duran Duran]], pop group
* [[Judas Priest]], rock group
* [[Moody Blues]], pop group
* [[The Move]], pop group
* [[UB40]], pop group
* [[Wizzard]], pop group

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.birmingham.gov.uk Birmingham City Council]
* [http://www.birmingham.org.uk Birmingham tourism site]

{{English Cities|nocat=yes}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Birmingham| ]]

Birmingham - Revision history

WikiDwarfBOT at 21:29, 14 October 2022