Victoruot at 20:16, 29 May 2026

2026-05-29T20:16:46Z

New page

{{short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and Bangladesh}}
{{Distinguish|Manipuri language|Bangladeshi Manipuri language|Assamese Manipuri language}}
{{About|a [[lect]]|the eponymous Bengali goddess|Bishnupriya}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Bishnupriya Manipuri
| nativename = বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
| image = File:Bishnupriya Manipuri.svg
| imagecaption = "Bishnupriya Manipuri" and "Bishnupriya Meitei" in Bengali-Assamese script
| pronunciation = {{IPA|bpy|biʃnuprija mɔnipuri|}}<br />{{IPA|bpy|biʃnuprija mejtej|}}
| region = Primarily Northeast [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]
| ethnicity = [[Bishnupriya people|Bishnupriya]]s
| speakers = 119,646 total speakers
*79,646 in [[India]]<ref name="Abstract">{{cite web |title=Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues - 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220172325/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>
**53,812 in [[Assam]]<ref name="Census_Assam">{{cite web |title=C-16: Population by mother tongue - Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/22859/download/25990/PC01_C16_18.xls |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>
**21,242 in [[Tripura]]<ref name="Census_Tripura">{{cite web |title=C-16: Population by mother tongue - Tripura |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/22857/download/25988/PC01_C16_16.xls |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>
**1,457 in [[Manipur]]<ref name="Census_Manipur">{{cite web |title=C-16: Population by mother tongue - Manipur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/22855/download/25986/PC01_C16_14.xls |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/partb.htm |title=Census of India - Language tools |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424014905/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/partb.htm |archive-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>
*40,000 in [[Bangladesh]]<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web |title=Bishnupuriya |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bpy |website=Ethnologue |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| date = 2003–2011
| ref = <ref name="Ethnologue"/><ref name="Abstract"/>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]
| ancestor = [[Magadhi Prakrit]]
| script = [[Bengali-Assamese script]]<ref name="Ethnologue"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Amy |last2=Kim |first2=Seung |title=Bishnupriya (Manipuri) speakers in Bangladesh: a sociolinguistic survey |publisher=SIL INTERNATIONAL |page=11 |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/74/05/96/74059695388257055076108658933060858639/silesr2008_003.pdf |access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref>
| iso3 = bpy
| glotto = bish1244
| glottorefname = Bishnupriya Manipuri
| notice = IPA
}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}

'''Bishnupriya Manipuri''', also known as '''Bishnupriya Manipuri'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zehol |first=Lucy |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ethnicity_in_Manipur/1qTRz27T_UcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bishnupriya+manipuri&pg=PA85&printsec=frontcover |title=Ethnicity in Manipur |date=1 July 1998 |publisher=[[Regency Publications]] |isbn=9788186030516 |pages=85 |language=en |quote=In October 1983 and February 1985, the Government of Assam and Tripura respectively took the decision to include the Bishnupriya Manipuri language as one of the medium of instruction at the primary level.}}</ref> or simply as '''Bishnupriya''',{{efn|The census data as well as the [[Ethnologue]] record the name as "Bishnupriya" and not "Bishnupriya Manipuri".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm |title=Family-wise Grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-scheduled Languages – 2001 |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124150415/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm |archive-date=24 November 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} is an [[Indo-Aryan lect]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm |title=FAMILY-WISE GROUPING OF THE 122 SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED LANGUAGES – 2001 |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124150415/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm |archive-date=24 November 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> belonging to the [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]] linguistic sub-branch. It is a [[creole language|creole]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moseley |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFVthqmDs_kC&dq=bishnupriya+creole&pg=PA139 |title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |date=1 January 2010 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-104096-2 |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref> of the [[Bengali language]] and the ''[[Meitei language]] (also called [[Manipuri language]])'' and still retains its pre-Bengali features.<ref name="Frawley 2003 481">{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bishnupriya+bengali+dialect&pg=PA481 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |pages=481 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Haokip 2011 8">{{Cite book |last=Haokip |first=Pauthang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnYShQ7TryMC&dq=Bishnupriya+bengali+dialect&pg=PA8 |title=Socio-linguistic Situation in North-East India |date=2011 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-760-9 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Atlas of the World's Languages">{{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=R. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bishnupriya+bengali+dialect&pg=PR97 |title=Atlas of the World's Languages |last2=Moseley |first2=Christopher |date=19 April 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-85108-0 |pages=97 |language=en}}</ref>

It is spoken in parts of the [[Indian state]]s of [[Assam]], [[Tripura]], and [[Manipur]], as well as in the [[Sylhet Division]] of [[Bangladesh]], and uses the [[Bengali-Assamese script]] as its [[writing system]]. Bishnupriya Manipuri is a member of the [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]] and evolved from [[Magadhi Prakrit]]; hence its origin is associated with the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] realm.<ref name="The Indo-Aryan Languages">{{Citation |contribution=The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |place=London |year=2003 |series=Routledge language family series |isbn=0-7007-1130-9 |pages=46–66}}</ref><ref name=Claus2003>South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203</ref><ref name="Chapter Eleven: Oriya">Ray, Tapas S. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA444 "Chapter Eleven: "Oriya"]. In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George. ''The Indo-Aryan Languages''. Routledge. p. 445. {{ISBN|978-1-135-79711-9}}.</ref>

The [[Government of Tripura]] categorised Bishnnupriya Manipuri under the "Tribal Language Cell" of the State Council of Educational Research and Training.

Its speakers are given the "Other Backward Classes" status by the [[Assam Government]] and there is no legal status of the Bishnupriyas in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2020 |title=Bishnupriya Manipuris demand satellite autonomous council - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/bishnupriya-manipuris-demand-satellite-autonomous-council-512954 |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en |quote=The Tripura government has categorised and placed the Bishnupriya Manipuri language under the Tribal Language Cell of the State Council of Educational Research and Training, while in Assam they are considered among Other Backward Classes (OBC), whereas in Manipur from where these people originated remains status-less}}</ref> In the 2020s, Bishnupriya-speaking people started demanding that the [[Assam Government]] should give them the status of "[[indigenous people]]" of Assam and treat them the same as other indigenous communities of the state.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Plea for indigenous status |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/plea-for-indigenous-status-of-bishnupriya-manipuris/cid/1732111 |access-date=3 November 2022 |work=The Telegraph |location=India}}</ref>

The Bishnupriya-speaking people in Bangladesh use [[Meitei language in Bangladesh|Meitei language]] as their [[second language]] (L2).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en |quote=Used as L2 by Bishnupuriya [bpy]. |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724203234/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

According to [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship|Sahitya Akademi honorary fellow]] British linguist [[Ronald E. Asher]] and Christopher Moseley, Bishnupriya is a [[mixed language]] spoken by former Bengali immigrants, with substantial [[Meitei language|Meithei]] lexicon but basically [[Bengali language|Bengali]] structure and reduced morphology.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=R. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWDwAAQBAJ&q=Bishnupriya+Manipuri+is+a+mixed+language+spoken+by+former+Bengali+immigrants%2C+with+substantial+Meithei+lexicon+basically+structure+reduced+morphology&pg=PR97 |title=Atlas of the World's Languages |last2=Moseley |first2=Christopher |date=19 April 2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-85108-0 |pages=97 |language=en}}</ref> According to linguist and historian [[Andrew Dalby]], Bishnupriya (also known as "Mayang") is historically a form of the [[Bengali language]] once current in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&q=Bishnupriya+Manipuri+%28or+Mayang%29+is+historically+a+form+of+Bengali+once+current+in+Manipur.+&pg=PA86 |title=Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages |date=28 October 2015 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4081-0214-5 |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref> According to American linguist [[David Bradley (linguist)|David Bradley]]'s research works published by the Department of Linguistics, [[Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies]] in the [[Australian National University]], Bishnupriya is spoken by former [[Bengali people|Bengali]] subjects, with some [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]] lexicon and reduced morphology.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTESAAAAYAAJ&q=bishnupriya |title=Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas |date=1997 |publisher=Department of Linguistics, [[Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies]], [[Australian National University]] |isbn=978-0-85883-456-9 |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq9iAAAAMAAJ&q=bishnupriya |title=Pacific Linguistics |date=1997 |publisher=Department of Linguistics, [[Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies]], [[Australian National University]] |pages=29 |isbn=9780858834569 |language=en}}</ref>

== History and development ==
{{Further|Manipur (Mahabharata)}}
[[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|thumb|300px|The shades of yellow show the linguistic map of [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]], the family where Bishnupriya belongs to.]]
Bishnupriya is a member of the [[Māgadhan languages]] ([[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]), having origin associated with [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].<ref name="The Indo-Aryan Languages"/><ref name=Claus2003/><ref name="Chapter Eleven: Oriya"/>
Bishnupriya is one of the [[Bengali–Assamese languages]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Masica |year=1991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=446–462}}</ref>

KP Sinha, who has done considerable research on Bishnupriya Manipuri, disagrees with the theory of Bishnupriya being associated with the [[Manipur (Mahabharata)]] and is of the opinion that the language originated from [[Magadhi Prakrit]]. In his opinion, the language has retained dominant characteristics of [[Magadhi]]. According to Sinha, pronouns and declensional and conjugational endings seem to be same as or closely related to those of [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Oriya language|Oriya]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. These forms of Oriya, Bengali, etc. are in part derived from Magadhi Apabhramsa coming from the [[Magadhi Prakrit]]a.<ref>Dr. KP Sinha, An Etymological Dictionary of Bishnupriya Manipuri, Silchar, 1982</ref>

However, the Bishnupriya Manipuri language is not one of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages]], but is closer to the Indo-Aryan group of languages with remarkable influence from [[Meitei language|Meitei]] both grammatically and phonetically. At a different stage of development of the language the [[Sauraseni]], [[Maharashtri]] and [[Magadhi]] languages and the Tibeto-Burman languages exerted influence on it as well. So it was probably developed from Sanskrit, [[Sauraseni]]-[[Maharashtri Prakrit]] and [[Magadhi Prakrit]]a. The Sauraseni-Maharastri relation can be traced by observing some characteristics of pronouns. The Magadhi element is also remarkable, as the language retains many characteristics of Magadhi.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Conflict of classification as a dialect of Bengali and Assamese ==
Several scholars and linguists opine Bishnupriya as a dialect of [[Bengali language]], while many opine it is a dialect of the [[Assamese language]]. Many scholars opine that Bishnupriya is a [[creole language]] (mixed language) of [[Bengali language]] and [[Meitei language]], retaining its pre-Bengali features in present times.

Bishnupriya is greatly influenced by Meitei (a [[Tibeto-Burman language]]) and other [[Indo-Aryan languages]], including Assamese and Bengali to a great extent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarmah |first=Thaneswar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJfXAAAAMAAJ&q=bishnupriya |title=New Trends in the Interpretation of the Vedas |date=2006 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7574-162-1 |pages=217 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Bishnupriya as a dialect of Bengali ===
[[Padma Vibhushan]]–awardee Indian linguist [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], who is also a recognised Bengali phonetician, listed Bishnupriya to be a dialect of Bengali.<ref name="Sanajaoba 1988 152">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=Bishnupriya+bengali+dialect&pg=PA152 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Padma Shri]]–awardee Indian scholar [[Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra]], "Bishnupriya" is a fragmented [[Bengali Hindu]] community, originally native to [[Assam]]-[[Bengal]] trans-border areas. When they migrated and lived in [[Bishnupur, Manipur]] (formerly known as "Lamangdong"), they were known as "Bishnupuriyas", and later corrupted as "Bishnupriyas". Ethnolinguistically, they are Bengalis. Unlike the large number of Assamese-Bengali immigrants in [[Manipur]] being assimilated into [[Meitei people|Meitei ethnicity]] until the 18th century, they remain un-assimilated.<ref name="Sanajaoba 1988 152"/>

=== Bishnupriya as a Bengali-Meitei creole ===
According to American scholar William Frawley, Bishnupriya was once a [[creole language]] of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Meitei language|Meitei]] and it still retains its pre-Bengali features.<ref name="Frawley 2003 481"/> American linguist and professor [[Colin Masica]] is of the same opinion.<ref name="Haokip 2011 8"/>

According to [[Shobhana Chelliah]], Bishnupriya Manipuri is a [[mixed language]] spoken by former Bengali immigrants, having significant amount of Meitei lexicons. Bishnupriya still retains its basic Bengali structural and morphological features.<ref name="Atlas of the World's Languages"/>

=== Bishnupriya as a dialect of Assamese ===
Several Assamese linguists and scholars including [[Maheswar Neog]] and [[Banikanta Kakati]] consider Bishnupriya a dialect of Assamese.<ref name="Sanajaoba 1988 152"/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nagendra Kr |url= |title=Encyclopaedic Historiography of the Muslim World |last2=Samiuddin |first2=Abida |date=2003 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-87746-54-6 |language=en}}</ref> The 1903 [[Linguistic Survey of India]] led by Grierson also classified "Bishnupriya" alias "Mayang" (Code no. 555) as a dialect of Assamese (Code no. 552).<ref name="Sanajaoba 1988 152"/>

== Meitei elements in Bishnupriya ==
Bishnupriya has 4000 borrowed root words from [[Meitei language]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gelbukh |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dS66BQAAQBAJ&q=Bishnupriya+4000+borrowed+root+words+from+Meitei&pg=PA207 |title=Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: 15th International Conference, CICLing 2014, Kathmandu, Nepal, April 6-12, 2014, Proceedings, Part I |date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-54906-9 |pages=207 |language=en}}</ref>
Bishnupriya Manipuri retains the old 18 sounds of Meitei. Of them, there were three vowels, such as ''ɑ'', ''i'' and ''u'', thirteen consonants such as p, t, k, pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, c͡ʃ, m, n, ŋ, l, ʃ, h and two semi-vowels, such as ''w'' and ''j''. Nine more sounds were later added to Meitei, but Bishnupriya is not concerned with them because the Bishnupriyas left Manipur during the first part of the 19th century. That is why Bishnupriya Manipuri retains the older sounds of Meitei, whereas in Meitei itself the sound system has undergone various changes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sinha |first=Kali Prasad |year=1981 |title=The Bishnupriya Manipuri Language |publisher=Firma KLM |location=Calcutta |page=51 |oclc=9819673}}</ref>

==Vocabulary==
Like other Indic languages, the core vocabulary of Bishnupriya Manipuri is made up of ''tadbhava'' words (i.e. words inherited over time from older Indic languages, including Sanskrit, including many historical changes in grammar and pronunciation), although thousands of ''tatsama'' words (i.e. words that were re-borrowed directly from Sanskrit with little phonetic or grammatical change) augment the vocabulary greatly. In addition, many other words were borrowed from languages spoken in the region either natively or as a colonial language, including Meitei, English, and Perso-Arabic.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
*Inherited/native Indic words (''tadbhava''): 10,000 (Of these, 2,000 are only found in Bishnupriya Manipuri, and have not been inherited by other Indic languages)
*Words re-borrowed from Sanskrit (''tatsama''): 10,000
*Words re-borrowed from Sanskrit, partially modified (''ardhatatsama''): 1,500
*Words borrowed from Meitei: 4000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gelbukh |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dS66BQAAQBAJ&q=Bishnupriya+4000+borrowed+root+words+from+Meitei&pg=PA207 |title=Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: 15th International Conference, CICLing 2014, Kathmandu, Nepal, April 6-12, 2014, Proceedings, Part I |date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-54906-9 |pages=207 |language=en}}</ref>
*Words borrowed from other indigenous non-Indic languages (''desi''): 1,500
*Words borrowed from Perso-Arabic: 2,000
*Words borrowed from English: 700
*Hybrid words: 1,000
*Words of obscure origin: 1,300

==Notes and references==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
# ''Vasatatvar Ruprekha''/ Dr. K. P. Sinha, Silchar, 1977
# ''Manipuri jaatisotta bitorko: ekti niropekkho paath'' /Ashim Kumar Singha, Sylhet, 2001
# G. K. Ghose / Tribals and Their Culture in Manipur and Nagaland, 1982
# Raj Mohan Nath / The Background of Assamese Culture, 2nd edn, 1978
# Sir G. A. Grierson / Linguistic Survey of India, Vol-5, 1903
# Dr. K. P. Sinha / An Etymological Dictionary of Bishnupriya Manipuri, 1982
# Dr. M. Kirti Singh / Religious developments in Manipur in the 18th and 19th centuuy, Imphal, 1980
# Singha, Jagat Mohan & Singha, Birendra / The Bishnupriya Manipuris & Their Language, silchar, 1976
# Parimal Sinha and Anup Sinha / Bishnupuriya language Development, 2017.

== External links ==
{{Portal|India|Languages}}
{{InterWiki|code=bpy}}
* [http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2002/bishnupriya.html Bishnupriya Manipuri: A brief introduction]
* [http://manipuri.freeservers.com/ Details on Bishnupriya Manipuri Language]
* [http://Manipuri.htmlplanet.com Archive of Bishnupriya Manipuri Literature]
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328214211/http://www.manipuri.org/discus/ |date=28 March 2009 }}
* [http://www.bishnupriya-manipuri.org Bishnupriya Manipuri society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604054712/http://www.bishnupriya-manipuri.org/ |date=4 June 2019}}

{{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bishnupriya Manipuri Language}}
[[Category:Bengali dialects]]
[[Category:Endangered pidgins and creoles]]
[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Northeast India]]
[[Category:Mixed languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Endangered Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Vulnerable languages]]

Bishnupriya Manipuri - Revision history

Victoruot at 20:16, 29 May 2026