Ajay Kumar at 20:29, 25 August 2023

2023-08-25T20:29:25Z

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{{Short description|Species of turtle}}
{{For|the Southeast Asian turtle also known as the "black pond turtle"|Black marsh turtle}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Geoclemys hamiltonii Biswanath 01.jpg
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Praschag, P. |author2=Ahmed, M.F. |author3=Singh, S. |date=2019 |title=''Geoclemys hamiltonii'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T9029A152050337 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T9029A152050337.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| display_parents = 2
| genus = Geoclemys
| species = hamiltonii
| authority = ([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1831)
| synonyms =
*''Emys hamiltonii'' {{small|Gray, 1831}}
*''Emys guttata'' {{small|Gray, 1831}}
*''Emys picquotii'' {{small|[[René Primevère Lesson|Lesson]], 1831}}
*''Clemmys'' (''Clemmys'') ''hamiltonii'' {{small|— [[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1835}}
*''Geoclemys hamiltonii'' {{small|— Gray, 1856}}
*''Damonia hamiltonii'' {{small|— Gray, 1869}}
*''Melanochelys pictus'' {{small|[[James A. Murray (zoologist)|Murray]], 1884}}
*''Clemmys palaeindica'' {{small|[[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1885}}
*''Damonia hamiltoni'' {{small|— Lydekker, 1889}} ''([[ex errore]])''
*''Geoclemmys hamiltonii'' {{small|— [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1889}}
*''Emys hamiltoni'' {{small|— [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1931}}
*''Geoclemys hamiltoni'' {{small|— M.A. Smith, 1931}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Fritz 2007">{{Cite journal |journal=Vertebrate Zoology |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World |year=2007 |author=Fritz, Uwe |author2=Havaš, Peter |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=222 |issn=1864-5755 |url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501060224/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-01 |access-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

The '''black pond turtle''' ('''''Geoclemys hamiltonii'''''), also known as the '''spotted pond turtle''' or the '''Indian spotted turtle''', is a [[species]] of freshwater [[turtle]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[South Asia]].<ref>[http://www.chelonia.org/geoclemysgallery.htm Chelonia.org]</ref> It belongs to the [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] [[genus]] ''[[Geoclemys]]''.

==Etymology==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''hamiltonii'', is in honor of [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[Botany|botanist]] and [[Ichthyology|ichthyologist]] [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Hamilton]].<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Geoclemys hamiltonii'', p. 114).</ref>

==Description==
''G. hamiltonii'' is mainly black with small yellowish or white spots, and a much-elevated [[carapace]], with three interrupted keels or series of nodose prominences corresponding to the vertebral and costal shields. The posterior border of the carapace is strongly serrated in young, but feebly in the adult. The nuchal is moderate, broader posteriorly than anteriorly. The first vertebral is not or scarcely broader anteriorly than posteriorly. The second and third vertebrals are broader than long in the young, nearly as long as broad in the adult, narrower than the costals. The [[plastron]] is large, angulate laterally, truncate anteriorly. The posterior lobe of the plastron is much narrower than the opening of the shell, nearly as long as the width of the bridge, deeply notched posteriorly. The head is rather large. The snout is very short, not projecting. The upper jaw is emarginated mesially. The width of the mandible at the symphysis nearly equals the horizontal diameter of the orbit. A large shield covers the upper surface of the snout and the crown, sometimes divided into three, one shield around the upper jaw and one on each side between the eye and the ear. The digits are webbed to the claws. The tail is extremely short. The shell is dark brown or blackish, elegantly marked with yellow spots and radiating streaks, and the soft parts are dark brown or blackish, with round yellow spots, largest on the head and neck.<ref>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1890). ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia''. London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (''Damonia hamiltonii'', p. 34).</ref>

Maximum straight [[carapace]] length is {{convert|41|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>Das (2002).</ref>

==Geographic range==
''G. hamiltonii'' is found in southern [[Pakistan]] ([[Indus]] and [[Ganges]] River drainages), northeastern [[India]] ([[Assam]]), [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Bangladesh]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das I]] (2002). ''A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India''. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-056-5}}. (''Geoclemys hamiltonii'', p. 125).
*[[John Edward Gray|Gray JE]] (1831). ''Synopsis Reptilium or Short Descriptions of the Species of Reptiles. Part I: Cataphracta, Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Enaliosaurians''. London: Treuttel, Wurz & Co. 85 pp. (''Emys hamiltonii'', new species, pp. 21, 72).
*Khan, Mohammad Ali Reza (1982). "Chelonians of Bangladesh and their conservation". ''J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.'' '''79''' (1): 110-116 + Plates I-II. (''Geoclemys hamiltoni'', p. 113).
*[[James A. Murray (zoologist)|Murray JA]] (1884). "Additions to the reptilian fauna of Sind". ''Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Fifth Series'' '''14''': 106–111.
*Philippen H-D (2004). "Geoclemys hamiltonii ''(Gray 1831) - Strahlen-Dreikielschildkröte'' ". ''Reptilia'' (Münster) '''9''' (5): 51–54. (in German).
*[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1931). ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. I.—Loricata, Testudines.'' London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xxviii + 185 pp. + Plates I-II. (''Geoclemys hamiltoni'', pp. 111–112 + Plate I, figure 6).

==External links==
*{{NRDB species|genus=Geoclemys|species=hamiltonii}}

{{Geoemydidae}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1345661}}

[[Category:Geoclemys]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Turtles of Asia]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1831]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]

Black pond turtle - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 20:29, 25 August 2023