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Bokar language - Revision history
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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Tani language spoken in Tibet and India}}<br />
{{Expand Chinese|博嘎尔方言|date=September 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Bokar<br />
|altname=Bokar-Ramo<br />
|nativename=<br />
|region=[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]<br />
|ethnicity=[[Lhoba people|Lhoba]]<br />
|speakers=?<br />
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan<br />
|fam2=[[Tani languages|Tani]]<br />
|fam3=Eastern Tani<br />
|dia1=Bokar<br />
|dia2=Ramo<br />
|iso3=none<br />
|glotto=boka1249<br />
|glottorefname=Bokar-Ramo<br />
|map2=Lang Status 80-VU.svg<br />
|mapcaption2={{center|{{small|Bokar is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bokar''' or '''Bokar-Ramo''' ({{IPA-all|bɔk˭ar ɡɔm}}; {{zh|p=Bogar Luoba}}) is a [[Tani languages|Tani]] language spoken by the [[Lhoba people|Lhoba]] in [[West Siang district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]] (Megu 1990) and Nanyi Township 南伊珞巴民族乡, [[Mainling County]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[China]] (Ouyang 1985).<br />
<br />
The Ramo dialect is spoken in Mechukha Subdivision and Monigong Circle (Badu 2004).<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
! rowspan="2" |([[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo]]-)[[Alveolo-palatal consonant|<br />palatal]]<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
!<small>plain</small><br />
!<small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]<br />
!<small>voiceless</small><br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<small>voiced</small><br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|<br />
|ɡ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate]]<br />
!<small>voiceless</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|tɕ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<small>voiced</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|dʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(s)<br />
|ɕ<br />
|<br />
|h, (ɦ)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
|m<br />
|mʲ<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|ŋ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* The pronunciation of /ɕ/ may vary between [ɕ] and [s] among different dialects.<br />
* Some speakers may also pronounce /tɕ/ as [ts] when preceding vowels other than /i/.<br />
* /h/ can be realized as either voiced [ɦ] or [h], when preceding /i/.<br />
*Stops /p t k/ are heard as unreleased [p̚ t̚ k̚] in word-coda position.<br />
* A retroflex affricate /tʂ/ can also occur only from Tibetan loanwords.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sun|first=Tianshin|title=A Historical-comparative Study of the Tani (Mirish) Branch in Tibeto-Burman|year=1993|pages=495}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ouyang|first=Jueya|title=Luobazu yuyan jian zhi (Beng ni - Bo ga er yu) [珞巴族 语言 简 志 (崩 尼 - 博 嘎 尔 语)]|publisher=Minzu chubanshe [民族出版社]|year=1985}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!<br />
! [[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
![[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
|i<br />
|(ɨ)<br />
|ɯ<br />
|u<br />
|-<br />
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
|e<br />
|ə<br />
| colspan="2" |o<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| <br />
|a<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* /ɯ/ can also be heard as more central [ɨ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Megu|first=Shri Arak|title=Bokar Language Guide|publisher=Itanagar: Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh|year=1990}}</ref><br />
* /o/ is heard as more open and nasalized before /ŋ/ as [ɔ̃ŋ].<br />
<br />
==Writing system==<br />
Bokar is written in the [[Latin script]] in India and the [[Tibetan script]] in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&key=adi | title=ScriptSource - Luoba, Boga'er }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*Badu, Tapoli. 2004. ''Ramo language guide''. Itanagar: Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.<br />
*Ouyang, Jueya. 1985. ''Luobazu Yuyan Jianzhi (Bengni-Boga'eryu)'' [Brief Description of the Luoba Nationality Language (The Bengni-Bokar Language)]. Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.<br />
<br />
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}<br />
{{Tani languages}}<br />
{{Arunachal languages}}<br />
{{Languages of Northeast India}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tani languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of China]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Tibet]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{st-lang-stub}}</div>
Ajay Kumar