Samrick21 at 23:38, 27 November 2025

2025-11-27T23:38:04Z

New page

{{Short description|Ethno-religious Indian Christian community of Mumbai (Bombay)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bombay East Indians
| image = East-Indians(Mumbai).jpg
| image_caption = Bombay East Indian women donning their [[Sari|saari (dress)]]
| langs = [[East Indian language|East Indian dialects]]<ref>{{Citation
| last = James
| first = V
| institution = [[Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture]], [[Nanzan University]]
| location = [[Nanzan]], Japan
| url=http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064
| title = Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis
| journal = Asian Ethnology
| year = 1965
| series = 2
| pages = 131–148
| volume = 24
| access-date = 15 April 2017
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231210/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064
| archive-date = 2 December 2013
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
| rels = [[Christianity]] ([[Latin Church|Latin Catholicism]])
| region1 = [[India]]
| region2 = [[Mumbai metropolitan area]] (1960s)
| pop2 = About 92,000<ref name="bapp" />
| region3 =      →[[Maharashtra]]
| region4 = [[File:Persian Gulf Arab States english.PNG|25px]] [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]]
| region5 = [[File:Anglospeak(800px)Countries.png|25px]] [[Anglosphere]]
| related = [[Luso-Indian]]s, [[Anglo-Indian]]s, [[Christianity in Maharashtra#Kudali Catholics|Kudali Christians]], [[Goan Christian]]s, [[Mangalorean Christian]]s, [[Karwari Catholics|Karwari Christians]], [[Koli Christians]], [[Marathi Christians]] & [[Latin Catholics of Malabar]]
}}

The '''Bombay East Indians''', also called '''East Indian Catholics''' or simply '''East Indians''', are an ethno-religious [[Christianity in India|Indian Christian]] community native to the [[Seven Islands of Bombay]], the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Area]] and the northern [[Konkan region]];<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZkuDgAAQBAJ&dq=east+Indians+north+Konkan&pg=PP37 | title=Impact of Christianity on Indian and Australian Societies | isbn=978-1-5144-9461-5 | last1=Rathore | first1=Ashok | date=16 February 2017 | publisher=Xlibris Corporation }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=North Konkan's Native People's Vanishing Land's | url=https://www.sezariworld.com/component/content/article/1482-north-konkans-native-peoples-vanishing-lands.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406102519/https://www.sezariworld.com/component/content/article/1482-north-konkans-native-peoples-vanishing-lands.html | archive-date=6 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The East Indian Dialect | url=https://www.sahapedia.org/the-east-indian-dialect#:~:text=East%20Indians%20are%20indigenous%20to,%2C%20Thane%2C%20Bassein%20and%20Chaoul. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=East Indian Memory Co | url=https://eastindianmemoryco.com/#:~:text=Indigenous%20to%20the%20North%20Konkan,work%2C%20visit%20the%20FAQs%20section. }}</ref> along the western [[coast of India]].<ref name="EI">{{Citation
| last = Kumar
| first = Raksha
| date = 2016-06-04
| title = The original East Indians
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| publication-date = 2013-08-02
| location = Bombay
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-original-east-indians/article4959668.ece
| access-date = 2017-08-19
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180413093645/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-original-east-indians/article4959668.ece
| archive-date = 13 April 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Who are the East Indians of India's western coast and what is their Portuguese link |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/who-are-the-east-indians-of-indias-western-coast-and-what-is-their-portuguese-link/cid/2042814 |access-date=22 August 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref> The community gets its name from the Bombay East Indian Association (BEIA), established in 1887.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/bombays-east-indian-community | title=Bombay's East Indian community | date=23 December 2021 }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Church of Our Lady of Bethlehem 2.jpg|thumb|Church of Our Lady of Bethlehem]]
[[File:Velankanni Church, Uttan.jpg|thumb|Velankanni Church, Uttan]]
[[File:Cross near Velankanni Beach, Uttan.jpg|thumb|Cross near Velankanni Beach, Uttan]]
[[File:Gorai Beach grotto.jpg|thumb|A grotto on [[Gorai Beach]]]]

=== Pre-Portuguese era ===
A [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] missionary by the name [[Jordan de Catalunya]], who was either [[Catalonia|Catalan]] or [[Occitania|Occitan]], began evangelising the locals in [[Nala Sopara|Sopara]], [[Thana district|Thana]] & [[Kalyan-Dombivli]] towns of north [[Konkan]] in around 1323 AD. Sopara was an ancient port and an international trading center at the time.<ref>[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#2 Thana District Gazetteer Part – I: Population:Christians-History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110033730/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#2 |date=10 November 2010 }}</ref>

=== Portuguese era ===
{{Main|History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)}}
After ushering in the [[Age of Discovery]], [[Portuguese Armadas]] under the command of [[Vasco Da Gama]], found their way to India in 1498 via the [[Cape Route]]. In the next few years they acquired many colonial possessions in what would become the [[Portuguese East Indies]]; their main aims were to capitalise on the [[spice trade]] and [[Christianisation of Goa|promotion of Christian missions to convert indigenous peoples]],<ref name="bapp" /> for which the [[Primate of the East Indies]] was founded. Although Brahmins and other high castes were ceremoniously converted by the [[Portuguese Church]], and were treated with favour and distinction,<ref name="bapp" />{{verify source|date=September 2021}} most of them continued to engage in agriculture, fishing & other rural occupations handed down by their ancestors. They were given neither secular nor religious education.<ref name="bapp" /> Among the converts were a number of descendants of the [[Ancient Indian Christian]] community reportedly founded by [[Bartholomew the Apostle]].<ref name="bapp" /> They coalesced into a community under Portuguese rule<ref name="bapp" /> known as ''[[Norteiro]]s'' and later as "Portuguese Christians"<ref name="bapp" /> or "Bombay Portuguese" in British Bombay.

The [[Franciscans]] spearheaded the [[evangelisation]] of the "Province of the North" ({{Lang|pt|Província do Norte}})<ref name="Machado1" /> headquartered at [[Fort San Sebastian of Bassein]], but the fort's officials were subordinate to the viceroy in the capital of [[Velha Goa]]. From 1534 to 1552, a priest by the name [[António do Porto]] converted over 10,000 people, built a dozen churches, convents, and a number of orphanages hospitals and seminaries. Prominent among the converts were two yogis from the [[Kanheri Caves]], who became known as Paulo Raposo and Francisco de Santa Maria. They introduced Christianity to their fellow yogis, converting many in the process.<ref name="Machado1" /> Another notable convert during this period was the Brahmin astrologer Parashuram Joshi, who was baptised on the 8th of September, 1565, with the name Henrique da Cunha. Joshi's conversion was followed by that of 250 Hindus, including over 50 Brahmins.<ref name="Machado1" /> In Salsette, the priest Manuel Gomes converted over 6,000 Hindus in Bandra and was known as the Apostle of Salsette.<ref name="Machado1" />

In 1573, 1,600 people were converted. Beginning in 1548, [[Jesuits]] in Bassein (Vasai) and Bandra converted many upper-caste Hindus; [[Vasai (Bassein)]] recorded 9,400 [[baptism]]s in 1588.<ref name="Machado1" /> The Jesuit superior Gonçalo Rodrigues baptised between 5,000 and 6,000 Hindus in Thane (Thana), many of whom were orphans or the young children of lower-caste Hindus who were sold by their parents.<ref name="Machado1">{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=104}}</ref> In 1634, Bassein had sixty-three friars, thirty Franciscans, fifteen Jesuits, ten Dominicans, and eight Augustines.<ref name="Machado1" /> By the end of the 16th century the Catholic population of the Portuguese Province of the North was 10,000 to 15,000, centered mainly in and around Bassein.<ref name="Machado">{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=108}}</ref>

After the Province of the North came under [[Mahratta Invasion of Bassein|Mahratta occupation]] in 1739, [[Christian]]ity was under severe threat from the [[Peshva]] Brahmins & only a few churches were left in the north Konkan region. The Mahrattas imposed a heavy, discriminatory & religious tax on Christians to fund the Peshva Brahmins; because of which many Christians were [[ghar wapsi#Historical precedence|converted to Hinduism]]. The native Bombay East Indian clergy under the Vicar General at [[Kurla]], managed to nurse the community back to a flourishing population in what became [[British Bombay]].<ref name="Machado" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65mSDwAAQBAJ&dq=east+Indians+north+Konkan&pg=PT247 | title=I Love My India | last1=Ali | first1=Shahid | date=16 April 2019 }}</ref>

=== {{anchor|British and modern era}}British and modern eras ===
{{Main|History of Bombay under British rule|Bombay Presidency}}
Changes occurred under British rule.<ref name="bapp" /> On 11 May 1661, the [[Marriage Treaty]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles Stuart II of England]] and [[Catherine De Braganza]], daughter of [[John IV of Portugal]] gave Bombay to the British Empire as intended,<ref name="Rangan"/> since the British takeover of [[Surat Agency|Surat]] (allegedly{{clarify|date=October 2021}} as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles). A weakened Portugal, no longer a part of the Crown of Spain, had to oblige. Nevertheless, parts of present-day Bombay (such as Bandra, [[Thana district]] and Bassein) remained Portuguese well into the first third of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461
|title=Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)
|date=12 October 2004
|publisher=[[BBC]]
|access-date=2009-06-03
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804220811/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2998461
|archive-date=4 August 2011
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Since the early days of the [[English East India Company]], there were no other Indian Christians in the North [[Konkan division|Konkan]] except the East Indian Catholics. Employment intended for Christians was monopolised by the East Indians. With railways and steamships came immigrants from Goa who were also called "Portuguese Christians". For [[Queen Victoria]]'s Golden Jubilee, the Christians of North Konkan changed their name from "Portuguese Christians" to "East Indians" to impress upon the British in Bombay, that they were the earliest [[British subjects]] in India, and were entitled to certain [[natural rights]] in comparison with immigrants.<ref name="history">{{Citation
|url=http://www.east-indians.com/history.pdf
| title = East Indians: History
| website = East-Indians.com
| postscript = (Article based on {{harvnb|Baptista|1967|}})
| access-date = 2017-08-19
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515031207/http://www.east-indians.com/history.pdf
| archive-date = 15 May 2013
| url-status = live
}}</ref>{{Independent source inline|date=February 2020|reason= This Website cannot be considered a reliable source since it is published by members of subject group}}

The Bombay East Indian Association was founded on 26 May 1887 to advance the education, employment, rights and economic development of the East Indians. P F Gomes, who was knighted by [[Pope Leo XIII]] in 1888, was its first president and J L Britto its first secretary. D G D'Almeida donated {{INR|100,000|link=yes}} to establish an education fund.

During the 1960s, the [[Archdiocese of Bombay]] estimated that there were 92,000 East Indians in Bombay: 76,000 in [[Mumbai Suburban district|suburban Bombay]] and 16,000 in [[Mumbai City district|the city]].<ref name="bapp">{{harvnb|Baptista|1967|p=27}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Architecture and Cuisine}}Architecture ==
A typical Koli house consists of a [[veranda]] ({{Transliteration|mr|oli}}), used for repairing nets and receiving visitors; a sitting-room ({{Transliteration|mr|angan}}), used by women for household work; a kitchen, a central apartment, a bedroom, a devotional room ({{Transliteration|mr|devaghar}}) and a detached bathroom.<ref name="koli" />

== Language and literature ==
East Indian Catholics speak the [[East Indian language|East Indian dialect]] of [[Marathi-Konkani]], which they retained despite Portuguese rule. The dialect is central to the community's identity. The author of ''Trans Bomb Geog Soc, 1836–38, Vol I'' mentions the dialects spoken by the East Indians of [[Salsette]], [[Mahim]], [[Matunga]] & [[Mazgaon]]; similar to the dialects spoken by the Kulbis, Kolis, Bhandaris, Palshes, [[Pathare Prabhus]], [[Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathare]]s ([[Panchkalshi]]s), [[Kupari]]s & [[Vadval]]s; this may have been [[Konkani language|Konkani]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III|1997|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/Languages.html Chapter III : Population : Languages]|Ref=gz}}</ref> Some East Indian [[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|upper-class families of the Khatri ward]] at [[Thana district]] used to speak [[Indo-Portuguese|Bombay Portuguese]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#4 |title=Thane Gazetteer: Population: Christians – Speech |access-date=28 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110033730/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#4 |archive-date=10 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At least 110 Portuguese lexical items are found in Maharashtra sponsored Marathi.<ref>{{Citation | first1 = Neelam | last1 = Grover | first2 = Anath Bandhu | last2 = Mukerji | first3 = Kashi N. | last3 = Singh | editor1-first = Neelam | editor1-last = Grover | editor2-first = Kashi N. | editor2-last = Singh | title = Cultural geography, form and process: essays in honor of Prof A B Mukerji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&pg=PP1 | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | year = 2004 | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&pg=PA257 275] | isbn = 978-81-8069-074-7 | access-date = 29 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622001241/http://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1 | archive-date = 22 June 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Many of the characters in the book Bloodline Bandra<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pereira |first=Godfrey |title=Bloodline Bandra |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2014 |isbn=9789351364429 |edition=1st |location=India |language=En}}</ref> by Godfrey Joseph Pereira (2014) are East Indian. The book is set in the 1950s in [[Pali Village]].

== Occasions and festivals ==
{{Main|Agera (festival)|Bandra Fest|Koswad|Sanna (dish)}}

Although the East Indians have preserved their pre-Christian [[Marathi-Konkani]] culture and traditions, many Portuguese influences have been absorbed.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.east-indians.com/marriagesongs.htm
|title=The East Indian Community Original Inhabitants of Bombay, Salsette & Thana
|access-date=15 March 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311154943/http://www.east-indians.com/marriagesongs.htm
|archive-date=11 March 2007
|url-status=live
}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2016}}

== Ethnic wear ==
[[File:East Indian ladies of Chimbai performing at Bandra Gymkhana.jpg|thumb|East Indian women of Chimbai village performing at Bandra Gymkhana]]

Traditional dress for women is the ''[[Kasta sari|lugra]]''. For men, traditional wear consists of [[khaki]] shorts and a white ''[[Undershirt|banian]]''. A Koli Christian bridegroom usually wears an older Portuguese admiral's uniform, which is preserved and lent out for such occasions.<ref name="koli">{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III|1997|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/The%20Kolis.html Chapter III : Population : The Kolis]|Ref=gz}}</ref>
East Indian women wore a blouse and cotton lugra, with the back pleats tucked into the waist; women did not use the upper portion of the ''[[sari]]'' (covering the head and breast) until they were married. This mode of wearing the sari is known as {{Transliteration|mr|sakacch nesane}}. {{Transliteration|mr|Gol nesane}}, a cylindrical style, is popular with young girls and women.<ref name="sari">{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/people.html#17 Chp. People: Dress]|Ref=gz2}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Films}}Film industry ==
The film ''[[Tu Maza Jeev]]'', in the [[East Indian language]], was released on [[Maharashtra Day]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title= First East Indian movie releases on Maharashtra Day |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/First-East-Indian-movie-releases-on-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4479958.cms?from=mdr |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 4 May 2009 |access-date= 9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301082000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/First-East-Indian-movie-releases-on-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4479958.cms?from=mdr |archive-date= 1 March 2018 |url-status= live }}</ref>

== Singing competition ==
[[File:Proud to be East Indian.webm|thumb|Jacinto at an East Indian singing competition in Mumbai]]

East Indians organise singing competitions in their own [[East Indian language|language]]. The competition is primarily held in the evening of important village occasions;<ref>{{cite web|title=The East Indians of Kurla|url=http://geracao.in/EIdotnet2015/Kurla.htm|website=geracao.in|access-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215210628/http://geracao.in/EIdotnet2015/Kurla.htm|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> for example, [[Kurla]] has an annual competition on the eve of the {{Transliteration|mr|phool dongri}} feast in May at [[Holy Cross Church, Kurla|Holy Cross Church]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Phool Dongri Feast – 10th May 2015 – Holy Cross Church|url=http://www.holycrosschurch.co.in/events/forthcoming/14-events/archive/48-phool-dongri-feast-10th-may-2015|website=holycrosschurch.co.in|access-date=15 February 2017|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216043032/http://www.holycrosschurch.co.in/events/forthcoming/14-events/archive/48-phool-dongri-feast-10th-may-2015|archive-date=16 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Representation and reservation ==
The East Indians were recognised as [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] (other backward Class) status by the Government of Maharashtra on 1 March 2006 by the way of official gazette.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government Resolutions (शासन निर्णय) |url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Government%20Resolutions/English/20060307125652001.pdf |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708002941/https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Government%20Resolutions/English/20060307125652001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2014, local [[non-governmental organisation]]s such as the Watchdog Foundation, Mobai Gaothan Panchayat, the [[Bombay East Indian Association]], Vakola Advanced Locality Management, Kalina Civic Forum and the Kolovery Welfare Association founded the [[Maharashtra Swaraj Party]] (MSP), to give voice to the community's concerns.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.iamin.in/en/mumbai-north-central/news/msp-announces-candidate-list-assembly-elections-42738
|title=MSP announces candidate list for assembly elections
|publisher=[[I am in DNA of India]]
|date=23 September 2014
|access-date=26 September 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927165854/http://www.iamin.in/en/mumbai-north-central/news/msp-announces-candidate-list-assembly-elections-42738
|archive-date=27 September 2014
|url-status=unfit
}}</ref>
The party, which represents the East Indian community, was expected to support five candidates from Mumbai's suburbs in the 13th [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elections.<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/East-Indian-party-to-field-5-candidates-from-suburbs/articleshow/42831863.cms
| title = East Indian party to field 5 candidates from suburbs
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| date = 2014-09-18
| access-date = 2017-08-19
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109043329/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/East-Indian-party-to-field-5-candidates-from-suburbs/articleshow/42831863.cms
| archive-date = 9 January 2017
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="EI" />

== Notable East Indians ==
*[[Joseph Baptista]]: Indian politician and activist
* [[Mark Joseph Dharmai]]: Para-athlete (bronze medalist in the 2017 Doubles BWF Para-Badminton World Championships).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gosportsfoundation.in/our-programmes |title=Our Programmes |access-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418072906/https://www.gosportsfoundation.in/our-programmes |archive-date=18 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Genelia D'Souza]]: Indian actress and model
*[[Joseph D'souza]]: first East Indian gazetted officer
*Adv. Vivian Dsouza: advisor of the Bombay East Indian Association<ref name="church">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-12 |title=Renowned church of Gonsalo Garcia vandalised in Vasai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/renowned-church-of-gonsalo-garcia-vandalised-in-vasai/articleshow/102681987.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Gavin Ferreira]]: Olympic hockey player
*[[James Ferreira]]: Indian fashion designer and son of hockey Olympian Owen Ferreira<ref>{{cite web|last=Target Goa|title=Two hats of James Ferreira couture and activism|url=http://www.targetgoa.com/goabuzzdet.php?bzid=1528&&id=3|publisher=targetgoa.com|access-date=3 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922140839/http://www.targetgoa.com/goabuzzdet.php?bzid=1528&&id=3|archive-date=22 September 2013}}</ref>
*[[Michael Ferreira]]: amateur [[English billiards]] player
*[[Owen Ferreira]]: Indian hockey Olympian<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhyan|first=Chand|title=GOAL|year=1952|publisher=Sports & Pastime|location=Chennai, India|page=10|url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page10.htm|access-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922090311/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page10.htm|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Gonsalo Garcia]]: Roman Catholic saint from India
*[[Maria Goretti (actress)|Maria Goretti]]: Indian blogger, chef, actress and VJ
*[[Loy Mendonsa]]: musician, part of the [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] trio
*Tulip Miranda: president of the Bombay East Indian Association<ref name="church"/>
*Adv. Godfrey Pimenta: president, Watch Dog Foundation<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=Mumbai: Protesting flat buyers warn of poll boycott |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-protesting-flat-buyers-warn-of-poll-boycott-23273699 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Simon Pimenta]]: Archbishop Emeritus of Bombay<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Catholics-mourn-Cardinal-Simon-Pimenta/articleshow/21185601.cms|title=Catholics mourn Cardinal Simon Pimenta | Mumbai News|website=The Times of India|date=20 July 2013 |access-date=9 February 2019|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128031958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Catholics-mourn-Cardinal-Simon-Pimenta/articleshow/21185601.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Catholicism|India}}
* [[Norteiro people]]
* [[Kupari]]
*[[Sandor, Palghar|Sandori]]
*[[Portuguese Bombay]]
*[[Bombay Presidency]]
*[[Mumbai Indians]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Wiktionary|East Indian Catholic}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Citation
| last = Baptista
| first = Elsie Wilhelmina
| title = The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein
| year = 1967
| publisher = Bombay East Indian Association
}}
*{{cite book
|title=Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/index.html
|publisher=The Gazetteers Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]])
|volume=I, I & III
|orig-year=1909
|year=1997
|access-date=2009-01-15
|ref=gz
|archive-date=6 July 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706014916/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/index.html
|url-status=live
}}
*{{cite book
|title=Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume1.html
|publisher=The Gazetteers Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]])
|volume=I
|year=1986
|access-date=2009-01-15
|ref=gz2
|archive-date=6 September 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906220718/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume1.html
|url-status=live
}}
*{{Citation
| title = Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
| author-mask = Alan Machado (Prabhu)
| last = Machado
| first = Alan
| publisher = I.J.A. Publications
| location = Bangalore
| year = 1999
| edition = First
}}
{{Refend}}

{{Marathi language topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Christian communities of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics| ]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]
[[Category:Catholic ethnoreligious groups]]

Bombay East Indians - Revision history

Samrick21 at 23:38, 27 November 2025