>Reidgreg at 19:56, 9 October 2021

2021-10-09T19:56:52Z

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{{Short description|Mund language spoken in Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Bonda
|altname=Remo
|nativename=ବଣ୍ଡା
|region=[[India]]
| ethnicity = [[Bonda people|Bonda]]
|speakers=9,000
|date=2002
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austroasiatic
|fam2=[[Munda languages|Munda]]
|fam3=South
|fam4=Gutob-Remo
|script=[[Odia alphabet|Odia]]<ref>{{Ethnologue18|bfw}}</ref>
|iso3=bfw
|glotto=bond1245
|glottorefname=Bondo
}}

The '''Bonda language''', also known as '''Bondo''' or '''Remo''', is a south [[Munda languages|Munda]] language of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language family spoken in [[Odisha]], formerly known as Southern Odisha, in [[India]].<ref name=":0" /> It had 2,568 speakers, all in Odisha, according to the 1951 Census of India,<ref name="LSI">N. Gopalakrishnan, ''[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/LSI/lsi_Orissa/18_orissa_vol_page_no_257_272.pdf Linguistic Survey of India]'', p. 271</ref> increasing to approximately 9,000 speakers in 2002 according to [[SIL International|SIL]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bfw/|title=Bondo|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref>

==Classification==
The Bonda language is an indigenous language belonging to the Southern subgroup of the [[Munda languages|Munda]] branch of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language family]].<ref name="e18" /> Bonda is a [[spoken language]] with no traditional written system recorded. Bonda is a part of the Gutob-Remo branch, due to the similarities Bonda shares with another Southern Munda Language named [[Gutob language|Gutob]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Munda Languages|last=Anderson|first=Gregory|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=9780415328906|location=New York|pages=557–631}}</ref>

==History==
The Bonda language derives its name from the tribe of the [[Bonda people]], an indigenous group located in Odisha known as the Bonda Highlanders. In their native language, the Bonda people regard themselves as "Remo', which translates to human, and derive their language name from that root, calling their language as the human language or 'Remosam' in their native tongue<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects|last=Dash|first=Jagannatha|last2=Pati|first2=Rabindra|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|year=2002|isbn=978-8176483223|location=New Delhi|pages=136–144}}</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
The language differs slightly, classified according to whether it can be categorized as Plains Remo (Bonda) or Hill Remo (Bonda).<ref name=":0" />

===Plains Remo===
This is a subdivision of Bonda, localized in 35 villages throughout the Khairpat within the [[Malkangiri district]] in Odisha. In 1941, 2,565 people categorized the Plains Remo. That number nearly doubled in 1971, with 4,764 people classifying themselves as Plains Remo. The increase in population was not correlated with language extension.<ref name=":0" /> There are 3,500 speakers as of 2002, but few are monolingual.<ref name=":2" />

===Hills Remo===
This is a subdivision of Bonda, localized in the Jeypore Hills region of Odisha.<ref name=":0" /> There are 5,570 speakers as of 2002.<ref name=":2" />

==Phonology==
===Stress===
In Bonda, [[primary stress]] is placed on the last syllable in a word, syllables with [[diphthong]]s, [[glottal stop]]s, or checked consonants.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Swain|first=Rajashree|date=1998|title=A Grammar of Bonda Language|jstor=42930587|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=58/59|pages=391–396}}</ref> However, Plains Remo primarily stresses the second syllable in a word.<ref name=":0" /> Bonda words can have a maximum of 5 syllables.<ref name=":1" />

===Diphthongs===
Diphthongs are placed either in the beginning or middle of a word, usually used in combination of two different vowel types.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
!Bonda
!Translation<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''lean''
|tongue
|-
|''bois''
|age
|-
|''guidag''
|to wash
|-
|''otoi''
|not to be
|-
|''dau''
|small
|}

===Consonants===
There are 33 consonants in the Bonda language.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants<ref name=":4" />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! colspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!plain
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
!plain
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
!plain
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
!plain
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
!plain
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!voiceless
|p
|pʰ
|t
|tʰ
|ʈ
|ʈʰ
|c
|cʰ
|k
|kʰ
|ʔ
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|b
|bʱ
|d
|dʱ
|ɖ
|ɖʱ
|ɟ
|ɟʱ
|g
|gʱ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!voiceless
|
|
|s
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|h
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|
|(z)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|
|n
|
|ɳ
|
|ɲ
|
|ŋ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
|l
|
|ɭ
|
|j
|
|w
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
/z/ only occurs in loanwords from [[Odia language|Odia]].<ref name=":1" />

===Vowels===
Bonda has 5 vowel [[phoneme]]s: /a, e, i, o, u/.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=DeArmond|first=Richard|date=1976|title=Proto-Gutob-Remo-Gtaq Stressed Monosyllabic Vowels and Initial Consonants|jstor=20019157|journal=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications|volume=13|issue=13|pages=213–217}}</ref>

In Bonda, vowels are [[Nasalization|nasalized]] and [[Vowel cluster|clusters]] are commonplace.<ref name=":1" />

==Grammar==
===Syntax===
Bonda follows the [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]] (Subject + Object + Verb) sequence, but other word orders are possible.<ref name=":1" />

=== Gender ===
Age and gender serve as classification denominations for individuals. Female names end in /-i/ and male names end in /-a/. Animals are also distinguished by gender.<ref name=":1" />

===Compound verb===
The [[compound verb]] is not frequently used in Bonda and can be used as a conjunctive participle.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hook|first=Peter|date=1991|title=The Compound Verb in Munda: An Areal and Typological Overview|journal=Language Sciences|volume=13|issue=2|pages=181–195|doi=10.1016/0388-0001(91)90013-Q|hdl=2027.42/29571|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/29571/1/0000659.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==Vocabulary==
=== Kinship terminology ===
In Kinship terms, the [[velar nasal]], ŋ, is often used. Various kinship terms also represent multiple positions.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Bhattacharya|first=Sudhibhushan|date=1970|title=Kinship Terms in the Munda Language|journal=Anthropos|volume=65|issue=3/4|pages=444–465|jstor=40457389}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
!Bonda
!English Gloss<ref name=":3" />
|-
|''baʔ''
|Father
|-
|''iyɔŋ''
|Mother
|-
|''remɔ''
|Man
|-
|''mpɔr''
|Husband
|-
|''kunui''
|Wife
|-
|''bɔrai''
|Aunt
|-
|''busã''
|Uncle
|-
|''tata''
|Grandfather
|-
|''ya/iya''
|Father's Mother/Mother's Mother
|-
|''maŋ''
|Eldest brother
|-
|''miŋ''
|Elder sister
|-
|''ileʔǐ''
|Grandchild
|-
|''masɔ''
|Nephew
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/Dictionaries/Remo Patricia Donegan & David Stampe’s Online Remo Dictionary]
*[http://remo.swarthmore.edu/ Remo to English Talking Dictionary]

*

{{Austroasiatic languages}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Munda languages]]

Bonda language - Revision history

>Reidgreg at 19:56, 9 October 2021