Nelle8556383481 at 17:10, 14 March 2026

2026-03-14T17:10:47Z

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{{Short description|Form of domestic violence}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Violence against women}}
{{Masculism sidebar}}
'''Bride burning''' is a form of [[torture murder]] practiced in and around the [[Indian subcontinent]]. A form of [[dowry death]], bride-burning occurs when a woman is [[murder]]ed by her husband or his family for her family's refusal to pay additional [[dowry]]. The wife is typically doused with [[kerosene]], [[gasoline]], or other flammable liquid, and set alight, leading to [[death by burning]].<ref name="autogenerated2003">{{cite news |last=Ash |first=Lucy |title=India's dowry deaths |publisher=BBC |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/3071963.stm |date=16 July 2003 |access-date=30 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="Bride Burning">{{cite journal | last = Lakhani | first = Avnita | title = Bride-burning: the "elephant in the room" is out of control | journal = [[Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal]] | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 249–298 | date = 2005 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/pepds5&div=14&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=drlj pdf.]</ref> Kerosene is often used as the cooking fuel for small petrol stoves, some of which are dangerous, so it allows the claim that the crime was an accident.

In 2004, bride burning was recognized as an important problem in India.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Virendra | last2 = Kanth | first2 = Sarita | title = Bride burning | journal = [[The Lancet]] | volume = 364 | issue = special issue | pages = 18–19 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17625-3 | pmid = 15967137 | date = December 2004 | s2cid = 32625512 }}</ref> In 1995, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] reported that dowry deaths in India increased from around 400 a year in the early 1980s to around 5,800 a year by the middle of the 1990s.<ref name=Pratap>{{cite magazine | last = Pratap | first = Anita | author-link = Anita Pratap | title = Killed by greed and oppression |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | volume = 146 | issue = 11 | date = 11 September 1995 }}</ref> According to Indian National Crime Record Bureau, there were 1,948 convictions and 3,876 acquittals in dowry death cases in 2008.<ref name=ncrb>{{cite book |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2008/cii-2008/Table%204.9.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527053603/http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2008/cii-2008/Table%204.9.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead |title=Disposal of Cases by Courts |publisher=[[National Crime Records Bureau|National Crime Records Bureau, India]] |date=16 January 2010 |access-date=17 January 2011}}</ref>

==History==

===Dowry deaths===
{{Main|Dowry death}}
A dowry death is the death of a young woman in South Asian countries, primarily [[India]], who is murdered or driven to [[suicide]] by her husband. This results from the husband or his family continually attempting to extract more dowry from the bride or her family. Bride burning is just one form of dowry death; [[acid throwing]], [[poisoning]] and other forms of fatal violence also occur. Because dowry typically depends on class or socioeconomic status, women are often subjected to the dowry pressures of their future husband or his relatives.<ref name="Bride Burning" />

===Origins of bride burning===
There are at least four perspectives on why bride burning came to be and how its existence has prevailed in South Asian nations, as detailed by Avnita Lakhani in her report on bride burning titled "The Elephant in the Room Is Out of Control". These theories describe practices that contributed to the rise of dowry as a whole, thus ultimately contributing to bride burning.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lakhani |first=Avnita |title=Bride-Burning: The "Elephant in the Room" Is Out of Control |journal=Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal |volume=5 |issue=2 |year=2005 |url=https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/drlj/vol5/iss2/3 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

One of the more culturally-founded theories suggests that in a highly patriarchal society such as India, a woman's role is defined from before she is born, which ultimately places her as lesser than men.<ref name="Nangia">{{cite journal | last = Nangia | first = Anshu | title = Note: the tragedy of bride burning in India: how should the law address it? | journal = [[Brooklyn Journal of International Law]] | volume = 22 | pages = 637–694 | date = 1996–1997 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/bjil22&div=31&id=&page }} [https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=22+Brooklyn+J.+Int%27l+L.+637&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=6a3e2417a95ef12fac702ce6549e7ea1 Lexis Nexis.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208000228/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=22+Brooklyn+J.+Int%27l+L.+637&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=6a3e2417a95ef12fac702ce6549e7ea1 |date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> Because she is seen as a burden and an "extra mouth to feed",<ref name="Bride Burning"/> her status as an economic liability promotes the idea that men, who are considered physical assets, can treat women as subservient.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> Once a woman marries, she is bound to her husband and his will because "society mandates obedience to her husband".<ref name="Bride Burning"/><ref name="Nangia"/>

Another theory claims that consumerism has caused countries like India to become greedy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Pardee | first = Laurel Remers | title = The dilemma of dowry deaths: domestic disgrace or international human rights catastrophe | journal = [[James E. Rogers College of Law|Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law]] | volume = 13 | pages = 491–522 | date = 1996 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ajicl13&div=19 }} [https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&doctype=cite&docid=13+Ariz.+J.+Int%27l+%26+Comp.+Law+491&key=6ea9a61e42cea63ac6e5cbac4f0d6cd6 Lexis Nexis.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208073516/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&doctype=cite&docid=13+Ariz.+J.+Int%27l+%26+Comp.+Law+491&key=6ea9a61e42cea63ac6e5cbac4f0d6cd6 |date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> Because of this, dowry is used as a means to gain a higher socioeconomic status.<ref name="Nangia"/> As status is continually gained, the demand for bridal dowry increases in order to keep moving up the social ladder.<ref name="Bride Burning"/>

Lakhani also suggests that historically speaking, the dowry system may have been conceived as a way to distinguish Muslim from Hindu culture,<ref name="Nangia"/> creating a further divide within [[castes]]. A higher dowry would indicate a higher status and distinction from Islam, thus providing an incentive to demand a larger dowry.<ref name="Nangia"/>

Finally, some scholars argue that the dowry practice came out of British rule and influence in India to distinguish "different forms of marriage" between castes.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> When the dowry system was established within the higher castes, the British government sought to reinforce it in the lower castes as a means to eradicate their more ritualised marriages.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> Such forms of union were discredited until only upper-caste marriage systems were recognised.<ref name="Bride Burning"/>

==South Asians==

===In India===
[[File:Say no to dowry.jpg|thumb|A Muslim organization [[Karnataka Forum for Dignity]]'s poster against Dowry system in [[Bangalore, India]]]]
{{see also|Dowry system in India|Dowry law in India|Dowry Deaths in India}}

Ashley K. Jutla and [[David Heimbach]] describe bride burning by saying that "the husband and/or in-laws have determined that the dowry, a gift given from the daughter's parents to the husband, was inadequate and therefore attempt to murder the new bride to make the husband available to remarry or to punish the bride and her family."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jutla | first1 = Rajni K. | last2 = Heimbach | first2 = David | title = Love burns: an essay about bride burning in India | journal = Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 165–170 | pmid = 15091143 | date = March–April 2004 | doi=10.1097/01.bcr.0000111929.70876.1f}}</ref> In India, dowry size is a reflection of wealth. The Indian author Rajesh Talwar has written a play on dowry deaths titled ''The Bride Who Would Not Burn''.<ref>{{cite web | title = Rajesh Talwar | url = https://www.amazon.com/author/rajeshtalwar | website = amazon.com }}</ref>

In 1961, the government of India passed the Dowry Prohibition Act, making the dowry demands in wedding arrangements illegal.<ref name="Act">{{cite web | title = The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 | url = http://www.wcd.nic.in/dowryprohibitionact.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150909082421/http://www.wcd.nic.in/dowryprohibitionact.htm | website = wcd.nic.in | publisher = [[Ministry of Women and Child Development (India)]] | date = 20 May 1961 | archive-date = 9 September 2015 }}</ref>

In 1986, the Indian Parliament added dowry deaths as a new [[domestic violence]] crime. According to the new section 304-B of the Indian Penal Code, where a bride "within 7 years of her marriage is killed and it is shown that soon before her death, she was subjected to cruelty or harassment by her husband, or any relative of her husband, or in connection with any demand for dowry, such death shall be called 'dowry death' and such husband or relative shall be deemed to have caused her death."<ref name="Act" />

The offenders can be sentenced for any period, from a minimum of seven years in prison to a maximum of life.<ref>{{cite book | contribution = Annex C: Legal framework surrounding domestic violence in India | editor-last1 = Johnson | editor-first1 = Cate | title = Domestic violence in India: recommendations of the women's rights team: report to USAID/India PROWID | date = October 1996 | pages = 28–42 |display-editors=etal}} (Explaining section 304-B of the Indian Penal Code.)</ref> Many cases of dowry-related domestic violence, suicides, and murders have been reported. A 1997 report claimed that at least 5000 women die each year because of dowry deaths and at least a dozen die each day in 'kitchen fires' thought to be intentional.<ref>{{cite news | last = Staff writer | title = Kitchen fires kill Indian brides with inadequate dowry | publisher = [[United Press International|UPI]] | location = New Delhi, India | date = 23 July 1997 }} [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/52a/033.html Extract.]</ref> About 30 percent of reported dowry deaths result in convictions in courts.<ref name=ncrb/>

===In Pakistan===
In Pakistan, the Progressive Women's Association says that 300 women are burned to death each year by their husband's families and that bride burning incidents are sometimes disguised as accidents, such as an 'exploding stove'.<ref name="BBC_1999"/> According to the Association, doctors say that victims presenting from these accidents have injuries inconsistent with stove burns.<ref name="BBC_1999">{{cite news
|title=World:South Asia Bride burning 'kills hundreds'
|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/431607.stm
|access-date=11 June 2009
|publisher=BBC.co.uk
| date=27 August 1999}}</ref> According to an Amnesty International report in 1999, although 1600 bride burning incidents were reported, only 60 were prosecuted and, of those, only two resulted in convictions.<ref name="amnesty_honour_killings">{{cite web
|title=Honour killings of girls and women (ASA 33/018/1999)
|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa33/013/1998/en/
|publisher=Amnesty International
|date=1 September 1999
|access-date=29 December 2006}}</ref>

In Pakistan, women including [[Shahnaz Bukhari]] have been campaigning for protective legislation against the practice, for established women's shelters and for hospitals with specialised burn wards.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3097469.stm
|title=Acid attack victim demands justice
|last=Ali
|first=Sahar
|publisher=BBC
|date=28 July 2003
|access-date=30 July 2007
}}</ref> Amnesty International has said that pressure from within, as well as from international human rights groups, may be increasing the level of awareness within the Pakistani government.<ref>'Pakistan: Honour killings of girls and women' in Amnesty International Report 1999, (London: September 1999)</ref> The BBC estimated that roughly 300 Pakistani brides were burnt to death in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/431607.stm |title=South Asia | Bride burning 'kills hundreds' |work=BBC News |date=27 August 1999 |access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref>

In 1988, a survey showed that 800 women were killed in this manner; in 1989, the number rose to 1100, and in 1990 it stood at 1800 estimated killings. Newspapers in [[Lahore]] in a six-month period (1997) reported on average 15 attacks a month.<ref name=Jilani>{{citation | last = Jilani | first = Hina | contribution = Violence against women: the legal system and institutional responses in Pakistan | editor-last1 = Goonesekere | editor-first1 = Savitri | editor-last2 = Ahmed | editor-first2 = Eman M. | title = Violence, law and women's rights in South Asia |page=161 | publisher = [[SAGE Publications|SAGE]] | location = New Delhi Thousand Oaks, California | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780761997962 | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=QWUKUF1MAu8C&pg=PA161 Preview.]</ref> According to an estimate by Human Development in South Asia, on average there are 16 cases of bride burnings a month.<ref name="Ajmal 2012-04-25">{{cite news|last=Ajmal|first=Umer Bin|title=Domestic violence|newspaper=Dawn|date=25 April 2012|url=http://dawn.com/2012/04/25/domestic-violence-2/|access-date=28 July 2012}}</ref> [[Women's eNews]] reported 4000 women attacked in this manner in [[Islamabad]]'s surroundings over an eight-year period and that the average age range of victims is between 18 and 35 with an estimated 30 percent being pregnant at the time of death.<ref name=Terzieff /> Shahnaz Bukhari has said of such attacks:<ref name="Terzieff">{{cite news | last = Terzieff | first = Juliette | title = Pakistan's fiery shame: women die in stove deaths | url = http://womensenews.org/story/domestic-violence/021027/pakistans-fiery-shame-women-die-stove-deaths | work = [[Women's eNews]] | date = 27 October 2002}}</ref> <blockquote>Either Pakistan is home to possessed stoves which burn only young housewives, and are particularly fond of genitalia, or looking at the frequency with which these incidences occur there is a grim pattern that these women are victims of deliberate murder.</blockquote> According to the Progressive Women's Association such attacks are a growing problem and in 1994 on [[International Women's Day]] announced that various NGOs would join to raise awareness of the issue.<ref name=Rappaport>{{cite book | editor-last = Rappaport | editor-first = Helen | title = Encyclopedia of women social reformers, volume 1 | page = 115 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, California | year = 2001 | isbn = 9781576071014 }}</ref> One woman is killed every hour in Pakistan as a form of domestic violence, a practice known as bride burning, a category of dowry murder, resulting in possibly one of the most gruesome deaths, burning alive.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farrukh |first=Rimal |date=30 June 2021 |title=Why Are Pakistani Women Setting Themselves On Fire? |language=en |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pakistani-women-self-immolation/31334338.html |access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>

===In other nations===
Occasionally, bride burning happens among resettled Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities in other parts of the world, such as the United States.

Aleyamma Mathew was a registered nurse at a hospital in [[Carrollton, Texas]], who died of burn wounds on 5 April 1992.<ref name="jthomasniu.org">{{cite journal | last = Parameswaran | first = Radhika | title = Coverage of "Bride Burning" in the "Dallas Observer": a cultural analysis of the "Other" | journal = [[Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies]] | volume = 16 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 69–100 | doi = 10.2307/3346804 | jstor = 3346804 | date = 1996 }} [http://jthomasniu.org/class/781/Assigs/otheriing111.pdf Pdf.]</ref> She and her husband, Mathew Varughese, had immigrated from India two decades before and had three daughters in the United States.<ref name="jthomasniu.org"/> The couple had been having marital problems since the late 1980s, which culminated in a fight that led to Aleyamma's death.<ref name="jthomasniu.org"/> She was found by her children, doused in gasoline and covered in flames, dying soon after.<ref name="jthomasniu.org"/>

Brief articles were run in ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'' and ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]'' after the incident, while the ''[[Dallas Observer]]'' ran a detailed, nine-page article covering Aleyamma's death.<ref name="jthomasniu.org"/> The article faced some criticism for its portrayal of non-Western countries as backward or inappropriate: "Battered by her husband, Aleyamma Mathew remained true to her culture. In the end she became its victim."<ref name="jthomasniu.org"/>

==Controlling bride burning==
There are current governmental initiatives to criminalize bride burning and grassroots organizations working to combat the practice, as well as international laws working against human rights violations.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> Finally, there are many proposed initiatives in place to end bride burning globally.

===Governmental efforts===
In 1961, India enacted the Dowry Prohibition Act,<ref>{{cite journal | last = Greenberg | first = Judith G. | title = Criminalizing dowry deaths: the Indian experience | journal = Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 801–846 | date = 2003 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/geoimlj7&div=40&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1410&context=jgspl Pdf.]</ref> to halt dowry murders. It was amended in the early 1980s to "rectify several inherent weaknesses and loopholes"<ref name="Nangia"/> in order to make it a criminal offense if the husband or his relatives causes a woman to "die of burns or bodily injury or unnatural circumstances within seven years of the marriage and where there is evidence that she suffered cruelty and harassment in connection with the dowry."<ref name="Bride Burning"/> This law, however, does not provide a comprehensive definition of dowry, which can change the way it is demanded and delivered. Ultimately, this allowed perpetrators more flexibility in the court of dowry death.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> The seven-year clause is equally problematic, as it simply allowed husbands to wait until that period ended to burn or otherwise cause the death of their bride.<ref name="Bride Burning"/>

Another major Indian law, the 1983 "Anti-Cruelty Statute", prohibits cruelty towards a wife and subjects the husband and/or in-laws to fines or imprisonment if they inflict cruelty upon the wife.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> However, the law is equally ambiguous, which results in inadequate enforcement of bride burning and dowry murders.<ref name="Bride Burning"/>

Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] declares the following: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood".<ref name="un.org">{{cite web | title = The Universal Declaration of Human Rights | url = https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml | website = un.org | publisher = [[United Nations]] }} [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf Pdf.]</ref> Article 5 proclaims: "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, [[inhuman or degrading treatment]] or punishment."<ref name="un.org"/>

===Non-governmental efforts===
[[File:Rising son in law in Bengal, painting by Gaganendranath Tagore - Indian Museum, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|''Rising Sun-in-law of Bengal'', painting by [[Gaganendranath Tagore]] (d. 1938).]]
In India, where most cases of bride burning are seen, domestic legislation is typically inadequately enforced. Because of this, grassroots organizations "have taken up the cause to halt bride burning". One example of this is government-funded family counseling center cells, in which the intended goal is to strengthen family ties and reduce legal intervention. However, often such cells only reinforce the stereotype of "women's sharp tongues" and men's power to "hit and beat".<ref name="Bride Burning"/> Other similar counseling-style [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]s have been developed in order to resolve such issues with similar consequences.<ref name="Nangia"/>

===Potential efforts===
Primarily, alternative initiatives resolve around reform of current flawed, failing laws. One proposal calls for the expansion of the protection for women under the international refugee law in order to provide asylum to victims of gender discrimination or gendercide.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Cipriani | first = Linda | title = Gender and persecution: protecting women under international refugee law | journal = Georgetown Immigration Law Journal | volume = 7 | pages = 511–548 | date = 1993 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/geoimlj7&div=39&id=&page= }}</ref> One way this could be achieved would be by including women in the definition of a "persecuted social group",<ref name="Bride Burning"/> which would allow their gender to seek international asylum under fear of dowry-related persecution globally.

In April 1984, European Parliament introduced a proposal that would "protect women from persecution on the basis of gender"<ref name="Bride Burning"/> by reforming international refugee laws.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> However, the proposal was rejected.

Another solution is to increase economic interest for women by establishing their [[Women's property rights|property rights]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Gopal | first = Gita | title = Gender and economic inequality in India: the legal connection | journal = Boston College Third World Law Journal | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–86 | date = 1993 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/bctw13&div=7&id=&page= }} [http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1280&context=twlj Pdf.]</ref> Even when married, the bride has no rights over the property belonging to the husband while he is living.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> In giving women the right to own property, women would not need to marry for economic or legal purposes, thus disregarding the dowry practice.<ref name="Bride Burning"/>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Acid throwing]]
* [[Caste system]]
* [[Domestic violence in India]]
* [[Dowry]]
* [[Dowry death]]
* [[Female infanticide]]
* [[Femicide]]
* ''[[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]]'', a Canadian-Indian movie with bride-burning as one of the themes
* [[Gendercide]]
* [[Sati (practice)|Sati]]
* [[Sexism in India]]
* [[Violence against women]]
* [[Watta satta]]
* [[Women in India]] and [[Women in Pakistan]] and [[Women in Bangladesh]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | last = Garg | first = A.S. | title = Bride burning: crime against women | publisher = Sandeep Publication, Rohtak: Marketed by the Bright Law House | location = New Delhi, India | year = 1990 | oclc = 24784662 }}
* {{cite book | last = Umar | first = Mohd | title = Bride burning in India: a socio legal study | publisher = APH Publishing | location = New Delhi, India | year = 1998 | isbn = 9788170249221 }}
* {{cite book | last = Menski | first = Werner | title = South Asians and the dowry problem | publisher = Trentham Books and School of Oriental & African Studies | location = Stoke-on-Trent | series = Group on Ethnic Minority Studies Series (GEMS) | year = 1998 | isbn = 9781858561417 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Ravikant | first = Namratha S. | title = Dowry deaths: proposing a standard for implementation of domestic legislation in accordance with human rights obligations | journal = Michigan Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 449–498 | date = 2000 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mjgl6&div=18&id=&page= }}
* {{cite journal | last = Lakhani | first = Avnita | title = Bride-burning: the "elephant in the room" is out of control | journal = [[Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal]] | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 249–298 | date = 2005 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/pepds5&div=14&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=drlj Pdf.]
* {{cite journal | last = Bhave | first = Sunil | title = Deterring dowry deaths in India: applying tort law to reverse the economic incentives that fuel the dowry market | journal = [[Suffolk University Law Review]] | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 291–314 | date = March 2007 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/sufflr40&div=20&id=&page= }} [https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=40+Suffolk+U.+L.+Rev.+291&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=23daa9b66556679d3c3b6783965d3580 Lexis Nexis.] [http://suffolklawreview.org/bhave-dowry-deaths/ Suffolk University Law Review.]
* {{cite journal | last = Anderson | first = Siwan | s2cid = 13722006 | title = The economics of dowry and brideprice | journal = [[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 151–174 | doi = 10.1257/jep.21.4.151 | date =Fall 2007 | doi-access = free }} [http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/asiwan/documents/siwan-jep.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113141520/http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/asiwan/documents/siwan-jep.pdf |date=13 November 2014 }}
* [https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-02-13/bride-burning-victim-nepal-says-her-counselors-are-helping-her-heal-and-look A bride-burning victim in Nepal says her counselors are helping her heal and look to the future]
*{{cite journal |last1=Peck |first1=Michael D. |title=Epidemiology of burns throughout the World. Part II: Intentional burns in adults |journal=Burns |date=August 2012 |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=630–637 |doi=10.1016/j.burns.2011.12.028 |pmid=22325849 }}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051230085700/http://ncrb.nic.in/crime2003/cii.html India's National Crime Records Bureau]
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/3071963.stm India's dowry deaths, BBC]

{{Violence against women/end}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Masculinism}}
{{Domestic violence}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bride Burning}}
[[Category:Death of women]]
[[Category:Domestic violence]]
[[Category:Fire]]
[[Category:Traditions involving fire]]
[[Category:Marriage, unions and partnerships in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Asia]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Women's rights in Asia]]
[[Category:Honour killing in India]]

Bride burning - Revision history

Nelle8556383481 at 17:10, 14 March 2026