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{{Short description|Deity of Planet Jupiter}}
{{Redirect|Brihaspathi|the Indian film|Brihaspathi (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Brihaspati graha (crop).jpg
| alt = Brihaspati
| caption = A 19th century depiction of Brihaspati
| name = Brihaspati
| Devanagari = बृहस्पति
| affiliation = [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]], [[Graha]], [[Rishi]], [[guru ]]
| abode = [[Svarga]]
| mantra = Om Brihaspataye Namaha
| god_of = [[Jupiter]];<br> guru of devas, adviser of sura, deva of the planet
| day = Thursday
| planet = [[Jupiter]]
| father = [[Angiras (sage)|Angiras]]
| consort = [[Tara (Hindu goddess)|Tara]]

<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=Brihaspati|title = Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|isbn = 9780143414216|last1 = Dalal|first1 = Roshen|year = 2010}}</ref>
| children = [[Bharadvaja]],
[[Kacha (sage)|Kacha]], [[Kesari (Ramayana)|Kesari]] (sons)
| mount = Elephant or chariot drawn by eight white horses
| member_of = [[Navagraha]]
}}
'''Brihaspati''' ({{lang-sa|बृहस्पति}}, {{IAST3|Bṛhaspati}}), also known as '''Guru''', is a [[Deva (Hinduism)|Hindu deity]]. In the ancient [[Vedic scriptures]] of Hinduism, Brihaspati is a deity associated with [[Agni|fire]], and the word also refers to a [[rishi]] (sage) who counsels the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] (gods).<ref name="lochtefeld127" /><ref name="CoulterTurner2013p108">{{cite book|author1=Charles Russell Coulter|author2=Patricia Turner|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&pg=PA108 |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96390-3|page=108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Walter Slaje|title=Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fD0Ypvxmzj8C|year=2008|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05645-8|pages=157 with footnotes}}</ref> In some later texts, the word refers to the largest planet of the solar system, [[Jupiter]], and the deity is associated with the planet as a [[Navagraha]].<ref name="lochtefeld127" /><ref name="Dalal2010p86">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA86| year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=86 }}</ref>

==Sage==
Brihaspati appears in the [[Rigveda]] (pre-1000 BCE), such as in the dedications to him in the hymn 50 of Book 4;<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_४.५० ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं ४.५०], Wikisource (Sanskrit text of Rigveda)</ref> he is described as a sage born from the first great light, the one who drove away darkness, is bright and pure, and carries a special bow whose string is ''[[Ṛta|Rta]]'' or "cosmic order" (basis of [[dharma]]).<ref name="Dalal2010p86"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Hervey De Witt Griswold|title=The Religion of the Ṛigveda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhkt5K1fw2wC&pg=PA168|year=1971|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0745-7|pages=168–170}}</ref> His knowledge and character is revered, and he is considered [[Guru]] (teacher) by all the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]].<ref name=lochtefeld127>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n380 127]}}</ref> In the Vedic literature and other ancient texts, sage Brihaspati is also called by other names such as Bramanaspati, Purohita, Angirasa (son of [[Angiras (sage)|Angiras]]) and [[Vyasa]];<ref name="CoulterTurner2013p108"/> he is sometimes identified with god [[Agni]] (fire). His wife is [[Tara (Hindu goddess)|Tara]] (or goddess who personifies the stars in the sky).<ref name="Dalal2010p86"/>

The reverence for sage Brihaspati endured through the medieval period, and one of the many [[Dharmasastra]]s was named after him.{{Sfn|Robert Lingat|1973|page=277}}{{Sfn|Mandagadde Rama Jois|1984|pp=22}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Benoy Kumar Sarkar |title=The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology |url=https://archive.org/details/positivebackgrou0000sark |url-access=registration |year=1985|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2664-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/positivebackgrou0000sark/page/192 192]–194 }}</ref> While the manuscripts of ''Brihaspati Smriti'' (''{{IAST|Bṛhaspatismṛti}}'') have not survived into the modern era, its verses were cited in other Indian texts. Scholars have made an effort to extract these cited verses, thus creating a modern reconstruction of Bṛhaspatismriti.{{Sfn|Robert Lingat|1973|page=104}} Jolly and Aiyangar have gathered some 2,400 verses of the lost Bṛhaspatismṛti text in this manner.{{Sfn|Robert Lingat|1973|page=104}} Brihaspati Smriti was likely a larger and more comprehensive text than [[Manusmriti]],{{Sfn|Robert Lingat|1973|page=104}} and the available evidence suggests that the discussion of the judicial process and jurisprudence in Brihaspati Smriti was often cited.{{Sfn|Patrick Olivelle|2006|page=188}}{{Sfn|Robert Lingat|1973|pages=14, 109–110, 180–189}}

===Brihaspati sutras===
''Brihaspati sutras'', also called the ''[[Barhaspatya sutras]]'', is an ancient Sanskrit text named after its author Brihaspati, known for its theories of materialism and anti-theism.{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2002}}<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/G9TDl1xiCgU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170625155138/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9TDl1xiCgU Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Citation|last=YaleUniversity|title=Dwight H. Terry Lecture: "How Widespread Was Skepticism In Ancient India?"|date=2014-10-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9TDl1xiCgU|access-date=2016-10-04}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Its tenets are at the foundation of the [[Charvaka]] school of non-orthodox Indian philosophy.<ref name=jmk/><ref>{{cite book|author=CV Vaidya|title=Epic India, Or, India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmOUq73LZLgC|year=2001|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1564-9|page=503|quote= '''Quote:''' These atheistical doctrines existed from the earliest times as their traces are visible even in the Rigveda in some hymns of which Prof Max Muller pointed out the curious traces of an incipient scepticism. (...) Two things are therefore clear that the Brihaspatya tenets also called Charvaka tenets are of a very old standing..."}}</ref> The ''Brihaspati Sutras'' manuscript has been lost to history or yet to be found.{{Sfn|Radhakrishnan|1957|pp=227–249}}<ref name=jmk>John M. Koller (1977), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397613 Skepticism in Early Indian Thought], Philosophy East and West, 27(2): 155–164</ref> However, the text is quoted in other Hindu, [[Buddhist]] and [[Jain]] texts, and this secondary literature has been the source for reconstructing the ''Brihaspati sutras'' partially.{{Sfn|Radhakrishnan|1957|pp=227–249}}{{Sfn| Bhattacharya|2011|pp=21–44, 65–74}}

Some scholars suggest that ''Brihaspati sutras'' are named after Brihaspati in the Vedas, but other scholars dispute this theory because the text rejects the Vedas.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeaneane Fowler|editor=A. C. Grayling|title=The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |year=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-97717-9|pages=114 with footnote 17 }}</ref>

==Planet==

Brihaspati as a planet ([[Jupiter]]) appears in various Hindu astronomical texts in [[Sanskrit]], such as the 5th century ''Aryabhatiya'' by [[Aryabhata]], the 6th century ''Romaka'' by Latadeva and ''Panca Siddhantika'' by Varahamihira, the 7th century ''Khandakhadyaka'' by Brahmagupta and the 8th century ''Sisyadhivrddida'' by Lalla.<ref name="Burgess1989vii">{{cite book|author=Ebenezer Burgess|editor=P Ganguly, P Sengupta|title=Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Uo_-_iizwC|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society|isbn=978-81-208-0612-2|pages=vii–xi}}</ref> These texts present Brihaspati as one of the planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion.<ref name="Burgess1989vii"/> Other texts such as ''Surya Siddhanta'' dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies.<ref name="Burgess1989vii"/>

The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Brihaspati's motion in the skies, but vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lionel D. Barnett|title=Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x40mwFwgK44C&pg=PA190 |year=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0530-5 |pages=190–192 }}</ref> The texts slightly disagree in their data, in their measurements of Brihaspati's revolutions, apogee, epicycles, nodal longitudes, orbital inclination, and other parameters.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ebenezer Burgess|editor=P Ganguly, P Sengupta|title=Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Uo_-_iizwC|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society|isbn=978-81-208-0612-2|pages=ix–xi, xxix}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=J Fleet | title=Arbhatiya|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LssAAAAIAAJ|year=1911|pages=794–799}}</ref> For example, both ''Khandakhadyaka'' and ''Surya Siddhanta'' of Varaha state that Brihaspati completes 364,220 revolutions every 4,320,000 earth years, an Epicycle of Apsis as 32 degrees, and had an apogee (aphelia) of 160 degrees in 499 CE; while another manuscript of ''Surya Siddhanta'' accepts the revolutions to be 364,220, but revises the apogee to 171 degrees and 16 seconds and the Epicycle slightly.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ebenezer Burgess|editor=P Ganguly, P Sengupta|title=Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Uo_-_iizwC|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society|isbn=978-81-208-0612-2|pages=ix–x}}</ref>

The 1st millennium CE Hindu scholars had estimated the time it took for sidereal revolutions of each planet including Brihaspati, from their astronomical studies, with slightly different results:<ref name="Burgess198926">{{cite book|author=Ebenezer Burgess|editor=P Ganguly, P Sengupta|title=Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Uo_-_iizwC|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society|isbn=978-81-208-0612-2|pages=26–27}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ Sanskrit texts: How many days Brihaspati (Jupiter) takes to complete an orbit:
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | Source
| width=340px | Estimated time per sidereal revolution<ref name="Burgess198926"/>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px style="background: #ffad66;" | ''Surya Siddhanta''
| width=340px | 4,332 days, 7 hours, 41 minutes, 44.4 seconds
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Ptolemy]]
| width=340px | 4,332 days, 18 hours, 9 minutes, 10.5 seconds
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px style="background: #ffad66;" | ''Siddhanta Shiromani''
| width=340px | 4,332 days, 5 hours, 45 minutes, 43.7 seconds
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | 20th century calculations
| width=340px | 4,332 days, 14 hours, 2 minutes, 8.6 seconds
|}

In medieval mythologies particularly those associated with [[Hindu astrology]], Brihaspati has a second meaning and refers to [[Planets in astrology#Jupiter|Jupiter]].<ref name="Dalal2010p86"/><ref name=lochtefeld127/> It became the root of the word 'Brihaspativara' or [[Thursday]] in the Hindu calendar.<ref name="Dalal2010p86"/> Brihaspati as Jupiter is part of the [[Navagraha]] in Hindu zodiac system, considered auspicious and benevolent. The word "Thursday" in the Greco-Roman and other Indo-European calendars is also dedicated to planet Jupiter (god of sky and thunder).{{Sfn|Yukio Ohashi|1999|pp=719–721}}{{Sfn|Pingree|1973|pp=2–3}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Erik Gregersen|title=The Britannica Guide to the History of Mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZ3zVmLUcjcC|year=2011|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-127-0|page=187}}</ref> Their zodiac signs being nearly identical.

==Worship==
[[File:Brihaspati.jpg|thumb|Brihaspati, part of a Navagraha stele from [[Konark]]]]
[[Jyotisha]] is Hindu astrology, which entails concept of [[Nakshatra]] (see also [[List of Natchathara temples]]), [[Navagraha]] (see also [[Navagraha temples|List of Navagraha temples]] and [[Saptarishi]] included in the [[list of Hindu deities]] whose [[List of Hindu temples|dedicated temples]] are found at various [[Hindu pilgrimage sites]] to which Hindus take pilgrimage [[yatra]]. One of the most famous temples of Brihaspati is situated in Tanjore district of Tamil Nadu State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.holidify.com/places/thanjevur/alangudi-guru-temple-sightseeing-3731.html|title=Alangudi Guru Temple, Thanjavur|Timings, History & Images}}</ref>

==Iconography==
The icon of Brihaspati makes his body golden, with his legs striped blue and his head covered with a halo of moon and stars.<ref name="CoulterTurner2013p108"/> He holds different items depending on the region. In parts of South Asia he holds a container containing soma, sometimes with a tamed [[tiger]].<ref name="CoulterTurner2013p108"/> Elsewhere, his icon carries a [[danda|stick]], a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] and [[japa mala|beads]].<ref>Coleman, Charles. ''Mythology of the Hindus'', p. 133</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2018}} Brihaspati was married to Tara. In some medieval mythologies, Tara was abducted by [[Chandra]]. Tara bore a son, [[Budha]] (planet Mercury).<ref name="Williams">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576071068 |url-access=registration |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |publisher = ABC-CLIO |author =George Mason Williams |year =2003 |isbn = 978-1576071069 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576071068/page/91 91] |access-date= 17 July 2015}}</ref>

==Dedicated day==
Thursday is considered to be the dedicated day for Brihaspati. According Hindu mythology, praying to Brihaspati on Thursday provides astrological benefits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brihaspatidham.com/bd-about-dev-guru-brihaspati|title=Who is Dev Guru Brihaspati, Guru of all Hindu gods?|website=brihaspatidham.com|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dyaus Pita]]
* [[Navagraha]]
* [[Nakshatra]]
* [[Jyotisha]]
*[[Jupiter]]
*[[Zeus]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Ramkrishna Bhattacharya|last=Bhattacharya| first= Ramakrishna|year= 2011|title= Studies on the Carvaka/Lokayata (Cultural, Historical and Textual Studies of Religions|publisher= Anthem| isbn= 978-0857284334}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Ramakrishna|title=Cārvāka Fragments: A New Collection|journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy|date=2002 |volume=30| issue =6 |pages=597–640|doi=10.1023/A:1023569009490|s2cid=169948463}}
*{{cite journal | last=Pingree | first=David |author-link1= David Pingree | title=The Mesopotamian Origin of Early Indian Mathematical Astronomy | journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy | volume=4 | issue=1 | pages=1–12 | year=1973 | doi=10.1177/002182867300400102 | bibcode=1973JHA.....4....1P | s2cid=125228353 }}
*{{cite book|last=Pingree |first= David | title= Jyotihśāstra : Astral and Mathematical Literature| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz| year= 1981| isbn= 978-3447021654 }}
*{{cite book|author=Yukio Ohashi|editor=Johannes Andersen|title=Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQYscrT0fgQC|year=1999|publisher=Springer Science|isbn=978-0-7923-5556-4}}
*{{cite book|last1=Bali|first1=Saraswati|title=Bṛhaspati in the Vedas and the Purāṇas|date=1978|publisher=Nag Publishers|location=Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJITAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Parpola|first=Asko|title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DagXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|date=3 July 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-022693-0|pages=111–114}}
* {{cite book|last1=Radhakrishnan|first1=Sarvepalli and Moore, Charles|title=A Source Book in Indian Philosophy|date=1957|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01958-1|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh}}
*{{cite book|last=Klostermaier|first=Klaus|author-link=Klaus Klostermaier|title=A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1UQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56|date=1 October 2014|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-672-2|page=56}}
* {{cite book | author=Mandagadde Rama Jois |title=Legal and Constitutional History of India: Ancient legal, judicial, and constitutional system |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V552bAz5xFAC |date=1984 |publisher=Universal Law Publishing |isbn=978-81-7534-206-4 }}
* {{cite book|author=Robert Lingat |title=The Classical Law of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sauo8iSIj7YC |year=1973 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-01898-3 }}
* {{cite book| author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnVxqvPg9a0C|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283882-7 }}
* {{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle |title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC |year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977507-1 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Brihaspati}}

{{Navagraha}}
{{Hindu astrology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Navagraha]]
[[Category:Hindu sages]]
[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Knowledge gods]]
[[Category:Jovian deities]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}

Brihaspati - Revision history

CleanupBot II at 19:57, 13 August 2023