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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Vijayanagara empire}}

[[File:Harihara and Bukka meeting Vidyaranya.jpg|thumb|Harihara and Bukka meeting Vidyaranya]]

'''Bukka''' (reigned 1356–1377 CE), also known as '''Bukka Raya I''', was an [[emperor]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] from the [[Sangama Dynasty]].<ref name="royals">Phrof A V Narasimha Murthy: [http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/hakkabukka.htm Rare Royal Brothers: Hakka and Bukka] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013005830/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/hakkabukka.htm |date=13 October 2011 }}</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=103–106}}</ref> He was a son of [[Bhavana Sangama]],<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=103–106}}</ref> the chieftain of a cowherd pastoralist community, which claimed descent from the [[Gadariya]] race.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.preservearticles.com/biography/short-biography-of-harihara-i-ad-1336ad-1355/14111|title=Short biography of Harihara-I (A.D. 1336—A.D. 1355)|newspaper=Preservearticles.com: Preserving Your Articles for Eternity|date=29 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Ramchandra |last=Dhere |title=Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press, 2011 |isbn=9780199777648 |pages=243}}</ref>

==Background==
The early life of Bukka as well as his brother [[Harihara I|Hakka]] (also known as Harihara I) are relatively unknown and most accounts of their early life are based on various theories (see the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] article for more extended descriptions of these). The Father Heras theory states that Sangama brothers had a great devotion to the Karnataka deities like [[Shiva|Virupaksha]] and [[Keshava]]. They signed only in Kannada letters like "Sri Virupaksha" in [[Sanskrit]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] records. Dr. Desai quotes that [[Firishta|Ferishta]] called the emperors as "Roise of Carnatic". Carnatic means "Karnataka" hence shows their origin from Karnataka.<ref name="bellary.nic.in">http://www.bellary.nic.in/history.htm</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaVijayanagar.htm|title = Kingdoms of South Asia - Indian Kingdom of Vijayanagar}}</ref><ref>concise history of Karnataka : suryanath kamath PG 159</ref>

The second theory states that Bukka and Hakka were commanders in the army of the [[Kakatiya]] King of [[Warangal]].<ref name="Clan of Founders">{{cite book|author=Office of the Registrar General|title='Census of India, 1961, Volume 2, Part 6, Issue 21'|year=1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hs4cAQAAMAAJ&q=Harihararayalu,+and+Bukkarayalu+kammas|page=16}}</ref> After the King of [[Warangal]] was defeated by [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]], Bukka and his brother were taken prisoners and sent to Delhi. Both were forced to convert to Islam. Bukka and his brother eventually escaped, reconverted to Hinduism under the influence of the sage [[Vidyaranya]], and founded the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].

Harihara and Bukka are believed to be the ancestors of the Badagas of the Nilgiris and A fifth, mentioned by Couto,[30] who fixes the date as 1220, states that while Madhava was living his ascetic life amongst the mountains he was supported by meals brought to him by a poor shepherd called Bukka, “and one day the Brahman said to him, ‘Thou shalt be king and emperor of all Bharatwarsh.’ The other shepherds learned this, and began to treat this shepherd with veneration and made him their head; and he acquired the name of ‘king,’ and began to conquer his neighbours, who were five in number, viz., Canara, Taligas, Canguivarao, Negapatao, and he of the Badagas, and he at last became lord of all and called himself Boca Rao.” Badagas of Nilgiris have Hakka and Bukka structures in many of villages in Nilgiris even to date. Bukka was attacked by the king of Delhi, but the latter was defeated and retired, whereupon Bukka established a city “and called it Visaja Nagar, which we corruptly call Bisnaga; and we call all the kingdom by that name, but the natives amongst themselves always call it the ‘kingdom of Canara.’ " Couto’s narrative seems to be a mixture of several stories. His wrong date points to his having partly depended upon the original chronicle of Portuguese traveler and chronicler [[Fernão Nunes]] (Fernao Nuniz), or the summary of it published by Barros; while the rest of the tale savours more of Hindu romance than of historical accuracy. He retains, however, the tradition of an attack by the king of Delhi and the latter’s subsequent retirement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hampi.in/a-forgotten-empire-chapter-2|title = A Forgotten Empire Chapter 2}}</ref>

==Reign==
Under Bukka Raya's 21-year reign (37, according to Nuniz) the kingdom prospered and continued to expand as Bukka Raya conquered most of the kingdoms of southern [[India]], continually expanding the territory of the empire. He defeated the Shambuvaraya Kingdom of [[Arcot]] and the Reddis of Kondavidu by 1360 and the region around Penukonda was annexed. Bukka defeated the Sultanate of [[Madurai]] in 1371 and extended his territory into the south all the way to [[Rameswaram]]. His son, [[Kumara Kampana]] campaigned with him and their efforts were recorded in the Sanskrit work [[Madura Vijayam]](also known as Veerakamparaya Charitram) written by his wife [[Gangadevi|Gangambika]]. By 1374 he had gained an upper hand over the Bahmanis for control of the Tungabhadra-Krishna doab and also took control of [[Goa]], a small portion the kingdom of [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty | Eastern Ganga Dynasty of Odisha]] (Orya) were also captured and Bukka forced the [[Jaffna kingdom]] of [[Ceylon]] and the [[Zamorin]]s of Malabar to pay tributes to him.

==Clashes==
During his reign Bukka would also have clashes with the [[Bahmani Sultans]]. The first was during the time of [[Mohammed Shah I]] and the other during the time of [[Mujahid Shah Bahmani]]. It is said that Bukka also sent a mission to [[China]] during his reign. Bukka died in about 1380 and was succeeded by [[Harihara II]].
It is also notable that under Bukka Raya's reign the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire established itself at [[Vijayanagara]], on the south side of the river, which was more secure and defensive than their previous capital at [[Anegondi]].

== Cultural and welfare activities ==

Even with the wars and internal conflicts, Bukka still managed to help support internal improvements for the city. Important works of literature were also written during his rule. He appointed the famous Telugu poet Nachana Soma as his court poet. Dozens of scholars lived under the guidance of [[Vidyaranya]] and [[Sayana]].

Under the patronage of Bukka and other early Vijayanagar kings, a group of scholars headed by Sayana produced commentaries on the [[Samhita]]s of the four [[Vedas]], and several of the [[Brahmana]]s and [[Aranyaka]]s.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kamil Zvelebil |title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA6 |year=1973 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-03591-5 |page=6 }}</ref>

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Vijayanagar empire]]|before=[[Harihara I]]|after=[[Harihara II]] |years=1356–1377}}
{{s-end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002)
* Chopra, P.N. T.K. Ravindran and N. Subrahmaniam.<u>History of South India</u>. S. Chand, 2003. {{ISBN|81-219-0153-7}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051219170139/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/HIST-CULT/history_medieval.html AP Online: Medieval history]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bukka}}
[[Category:1356 births]]
[[Category:1377 deaths]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People of the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Sangama dynasty]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Islam]]

Bukka Raya I - Revision history

2401:4900:5A3D:E400:1FC4:C5C9:FEE7:3090 at 08:50, 7 October 2021