https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Burhan-i_QatiBurhan-i Qati - Revision history2026-07-31T14:35:09ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Burhan-i_Qati&diff=492545&oldid=prevImteenu at 07:06, 7 October 20252025-10-07T07:06:21Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Persian dictionary produced in India}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
[[File:Nat del-1801-109216 02 h - Burhan-i-Qati.jpg|thumb|Pages from a text of the ''Burhan-i Qati'' published in [[Calcutta]], written in ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'' calligraphy. [[National Museum, New Delhi]]]]<br />
The '''''Burhan-i Qati''''' ({{Langx|fa|برهان قاطع|italic=yes|lit=[The] Conclusive Proof}})<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari |first=Behrooz |title=Burhān-i qāṭiʿ |date=2015-01-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/burhan-i-qati-COM_27575?s.num=63&s.rows=100 |access-date=2022-01-19 |publisher=Brill |language=en |author-link=Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE}}</ref> is a Persian dictionary compiled during the 17th century by Muhammad Husayn bin Khalaf Tabrizi. Produced in the Indian city of [[Hyderabad]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Nile|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1277481578|title=The Persianate World : The Frontiers of a Eurasian lingua franca|date=2019|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-30092-7|pages=88|oclc=1277481578}}</ref> and dedicated to the seventh [[Qutb Shahi]] sultan [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]], the dictionary was popular in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and beyond. It also received criticism and was a source of controversy among writers and linguists.<br />
<br />
== Writing ==<br />
Muhammad Husayn bin Khalaf Tabrizi (who used the pen-name Burhan) was a scholar of obscure origins. He may have immigrated to India from [[Tabriz]], but it is also possible that he inherited his ''[[Nisba (onomastics)|nisba]]'' from ancestors of his who had migrated from Tabriz to India in the past. He settled in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region of the Indian subcontinent and served in the court of Abdullah Qutb Shah for some time. Muhammad Husayn completed his dictionary in 1651–1652.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Dabīrsīāqī|first=Moḥammad|title=BORHĀN-E QĀṬEʿ|doi=10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_7078 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Content ==<br />
The Burhan-i Qati contains approximately 20,211 entries, with the number varying across editions. The dictionary consists of a nine-part introduction and a twenty-nine-chapter main text. The main text is arranged in alphabetical order, unlike many of the dictionary's predecessors. Muhammad Husayn cites four dictionaries as sources for the Burhan-i Qati, namely: the ''[[Farhang-i Jahangiri]]'', the ''[[Majma al-Furs]]'', the ''Surma-yi Sulaymani'', and the ''Sihah al-adwiya'', though the content of the dictionary indicates that the author used more sources than these.<ref name=":0"/><br />
<br />
Around half of the entries in the Burhan-i Qati are accompanied by pronunciation guides for the defined word. The dictionary notably contains many non-Persian words from several [[Iranian languages]] such as [[Avestan]], [[Khwarezmian language|Khwarezmian]], [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]], [[Sistani language|Sistani]], [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]], and [[Tabari language|Tabari]]. Words from other languages like [[Hebrew]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Latin]], and vernacular Indian languages, especially [[Deccani language|Dakani]], also appear.<ref name=":0"/><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
[[File:A copy of the cover page of Ghalib's Qaat'i-e Burhaan.jpg|left|thumb|Cover page of Ghalib's ''Qati-i Burhan'', a criticism of the ''Burhan-i Qati'']]<br />
The Burhan-i Qati became very famous following its completion due to its wide range of words and compounds, the convenience of its alphabetical ordering, and its collation of the material in other dictionaries. It was frequently reproduced in India and Iran, and further spread by the advent of printing technology. The dictionary was used as a reference by writers and linguists more than any other Persian dictionary, and was consulted in the production of subsequent dictionaries ''Farhang-i anjuman aray-i Nasiri'', ''Farhang-i Anand Raj'', and ''Farhang-i Nafisi.'' The Burhan-i Qati was also used in the compilation of several Persian dictionaries in other languages.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><br />
<br />
The dictionary received criticism for containing etymological, historical, and geographical errors, and for including words not actually in use in Persian. This led to many writers using false words in their work and adopting spurious names. Such errors were noticed a century later by [[Siraj-ud-Din Ali Khan Arzu]] and corrected in his own dictionary.<ref name=":1"/> Towards the end of his life, famed poet [[Mirza Ghalib]] wrote a criticism of the Burhan-i Qati, titled 'Qati-i Burhan', which initiated a storm of controversy. Several responses arose both for and against the dictionary.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=ḠĀLEB, Mīrzā ASAD-ALLĀH Khan|doi=10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_1851 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Faruqi|first=Shamsur Rahman|date=1998|title=Unprivileged Power: The Strange Case of Persian (and Urdu) in Nineteenth-Century India|url=https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/12025/04faruqiUnder.pdf|journal=Annual of Urdu Studies|volume=13|pages=29}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/burhan-i-qati Online copy of the Burhan-i Qati]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Persian dictionaries]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Indian books]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Persian books]]</div>Imteenu