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{{Short description|3000–1000 BCE site in Kashmir, India}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Burzahom archaeological site
| alternate_name =
| image = Black earthenware. Pré-Indus civilization. Kashmir.JPG
| alt =
| caption = A pot excavated from Burzahom
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| map_caption = Archaeological site location in [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| map_alt =
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| coordinates = {{coord|34.169883|N|74.866841|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India
| region =
| type = Pre-historic settlement
| part_of =
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| epochs = [[Neolithic]], Megalithic and early Historic period.
| cultures =
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| event =
| excavations = 1939 and from 1960 to 1971
| archaeologists = [[Helmut de Terra|de Terra]] and [[T. T. Paterson|Paterson]] of Yale-Cambridge Expedition in 1939 and T.N. Khazanchi and his team of [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] from 1960 and 1971
| condition =
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}}
The '''Burzahom archaeological site''' is located in the [[Srinagar district]] of the [[Kashmir Valley]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. Evidences of wheat were found.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jameel|first=Yusuf|date=2017-04-09|title=Kashmir Valley monuments cry for care|url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/090417/kashmir-valley-monuments-cry-for-care.html|access-date=2021-02-14|website=The Asian Age}}</ref> Archaeological excavations have revealed four phases of cultural significance between 3000 BCE and 1000 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sweta|date=June 25, 2017|title=ASI report says even Neolithic Kashmir had textile industry|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/kashmir-burzahom-srinagar-archaeological-survey-of-india-indus-valley-civilisation-984594-2017-06-25|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-14|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030162507/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/kashmir-burzahom-srinagar-archaeological-survey-of-india-indus-valley-civilisation-984594-2017-06-25 |archive-date=30 October 2020 }}</ref> Periods I and II represent the [[Neolithic]] era; Period III the Megalithic era (of massive stone [[menhirs]] and wheel turned red pottery); and Period IV relates to the early Historical Period (Post-megalithic period). The findings, recorded in stratified cultural deposits representing prehistoric human activity in [[Indian Kashmir]], are based on detailed investigations that cover all aspects of the physical evidence of the site, including the ancient flora and fauna.

The Burzahom site revealed the transition from the subterranean and ground level housing features of the Neolithic people to the [[mudbrick]] structures of the Megalithic people. The large cache of tools and implements made of bone and stone found at the site shows that the inhabitants were hunting and farming.

The unearthed [[Antiquities]] (of art, architecture, customs and rituals) indicate that the prehistoric people of the Burzahom established contact with [[Central Asia]] and South [[West Asia]] and also had links to the [[Gangetic plains]] and [[peninsular India]]. The interaction of local and foreign influences is demonstrated by the art, architecture, customs, rituals and language demonstrated by some engravings on pottery and other artifacts..

==Location==
The Burzahom site is a prehistoric settlement in the village of the same name in the [[Srinagar District]]. It is {{convert|16|km}} to the northwest of Srinagar on the Naseem-Shalimar road. The elevation of the site is {{convert|1800|m}} above sea-level.<ref name="Jammu">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp|title=Excavations – Important – Jammu & Kashmir Patna |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=30 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160644/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Brit">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/86018/Burzahom|title=Burzahom Archaeological site, India:Neolithic Period finds|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> It is the northernmost excavated Neolithic site of India. The site is on an ancient [[Pleistocene]] lake bed.{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|p=43}} The location is in a high terrace which is part of the [[flood]] of the [[Jhelum River]] and has Karewa soil means clay formation. The site has a commanding view of the [[Dal Lake]] which is about {{convert|2|km}} away. In the [[Kashmiri language]] 'Burz' means "[[birch]]", a tree species (that generally grows in the elevation range of {{convert|3000|to|4200|m}} in the [[Himalayas]]), which is found in the excavated housing area in the form of roofing material, and thus confirming the existence of the tree even in the pre-historic Neolithic times.{{Sfn|Singh|2008|p=111}}

==History==
The first trial diggings at the Burzahom site were a limited exercise in 1936, carried out by the Yale–Cambridge Expedition headed by [[Helmut de Terra]] and Dr. Thomson Paterson. The Frontier Circle of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] made detailed investigations of the site between 1960 and 1971; these were carried out by T.N. Khazanchi and his associates.<ref name=Jammu/><ref name="Pande">{{Cite web|last=Pande|first= B. M. |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/19137/AP-v14n1-134-138.pdf?sequence=1.|title=Neolithic Hunting Scene on a Stone Slab from Burzahom, Kashmir|format=pdf|date=13 October 1969|publisher= University of Hawaii}}</ref>

The extensive excavations done at this site, unearthing stratified cultural deposits, were the first of their type in Kashmir. In 1944, [[Mortimer Wheeler]], Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India had conducted the first stratified archaeological excavations on the lines of geological model at other sites. Based on a similar model the Burzahom site has been named as the Northern Neolithic Culture in view of its distinctive structural features with profusion of tools made of bones and stones and tools representing the ritualistic practices.{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|p=12}}

[[Gufkral]] represents another related site in the area, near the town of [[Tral]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/SilkStalkings/extending-kashmiriyat-to-embrace-burzahom/|title=Extending Kashmiriyat to Embrace Burzahom}}</ref> Gufkral is located at Bandar village in Hardware area of [[Tral]], 5 km from the sub district headquarter. The village falls between two nalla (streams) on an extensive deposit of Karewa (elevated table-land) where people used to live in ancient times. Also, Haripriya, and [[Anantapur]], in the same area, are related.

The management and the protection of the Burzahom site, including the buffer zones, are under the jurisdiction of the Archaeological Survey of India and the State Department of Archaeology conforming to the Ancient Monuments and Sites Remains Act 1958 (Amended in 2010).<ref name="Site">{{Cite web |title=The Neolithic Settlement of Burzahom |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5917/ |publisher=UNESCO Organization}}</ref>

This site was nominated on 15 April 2014 for inscription as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], and is yet to be approved.<ref name=Site />

==Discovery==
[[File:Horned figure on pottery. Pré-Indus civilization. Kashmir.jpg|right|thumb|Pot, excavated from Burzahom with painting of a wild goat with long horns and hanging ears.<ref name=Site/>{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|p=42}}]]
The excavation at Burzahom was carried out in both vertical (depth wise) and horizontal directions; the depth provided the stratification features while the phasing of each stratification was provided by the horizontal excavations. Four periods of continuous occupational sequence at the site were documented over a period of 11 years of investigations from 1960 to 1971.{{Sfn|Sopory|2004|p=78}} These are: Periods I and II of the Neolithic (Period I is called aceramic and Period II is called ceramic) origin, particularly characterized by dwelling pits (the largest measuring {{convert|2.74|m}} at the top to {{convert|4.75|m}} at the base at a depth of {{convert|3.95|m}}); Period III of the Megalithic sequence noted by the free standing large stone [[Menhirs]] installed at the site by shifting boulders manually from the hills; and Period IV of the early Modern Period.<ref name=Site/>{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|p=14}} The skeletal remains of the Neolithic humans found at Burzahom are similar to those found in Harappa of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley Civilization]].

Burzahom's ceramic industry was mostly of hunting based culture and is different from the Chinese Neolithic pottery.{{Sfn|Sopory|2004|p=81}} The economy of the people was found to be based on hunting and gathering with a nascent stage of cultivation practices.{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|p=39}} Pottery made in Burzahom showed close affinity to those found in the [[Swat valley]] in present-day [[Pakistan]], particularly in respect of its shapes and decorations of the black ware pottery. The burial practices and type of tools recovered from the site were inferred as having close resemblance to those found in the North Chinese Neolithic culture.{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|p=40}}

===Period I===
The remarkable find during this period was of pits which were inferred as dwelling units; these were in circular or oval shape dug in compact natural Karewa soil formation. Some of the deep pits had steps and ladder access to the bottom level. In some of the pits the stratification revealed ash and charcoal layers, which denoted human occupancy. Post holes on the sides of pits at the surface level denoted the presence of superstructures covered with thatch made of birch. Shallow pits of circular shape of {{convert|60|-|91|cm}} diameter adjoining the housing pits were found to contain bones of animals and also tools made of bones (of antlers used for making tools) and stones (harpoons, needles with or without eyes, awls).<ref name=Jammu/><ref name=Site />

Carbon dating established that the earliest occupation at the site was dated to before 2,357 BC.{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|pp=43–44}}

The pottery found at the site were in an early stage of hand crafting, of the coarse variety, in steel-grey, dull red, brown, and buff colours with mat prints at the bottom; they were in the shape of bowl, vase and stem.<ref name=Jammu/> The antiquities did not reveal any signs of burials sites.<ref name=Site />

Late [[Kot-Diji]] type pots were found belonging to Period Ib.

===Period II===
In the Period II, the finds excavated revealed that people had moved out from pit dwelling to structures built at the ground level. However, the pits and its associated chambers formed the base floor of the superstructure, which was made up by filling the pits and covering it with mud plaster, and occasionally painted in red ochre. Post-holes around the pits revealed that the superstructures were made of wood built over compacted Karewa soil floors.<ref name=Jammu/><ref name=Site/>

This period also brought out, for the first time, the burial customs of the Neolithic people. Both human and animal skeletons were found in deep oval shaped pits, located either below the floors of the dwelling units or in its precincts. These pits were filled with ash, stones and potsherds. Some of the human skulls found here had [[trepanning]] (bored hole) marks. In many pits, bones of dogs and antlered deer were found along with human skeletons. The skeletons of humans were found in the burial pits in a sitting position along with bones of animals.<ref name=Jammu/><ref name=Site/>

Pottery finds showed better finish compared to the earlier Period I. The pots were of polished black ware, mostly handmade, in the form of a dish with stand, a high-necked jar, and so forth. Also found was a wheel turned red ware pot which contained 950 beads made from [[carnelian]] and [[agate]] (inferred as items for sale), which was thought to belong to the later part of this period.<ref name=Jammu/><ref name=Site/> A very impressive painted pottery ware recovered from this period was a globular red ware pot made on a turntable; the painting on the pot was of a wild goat of black colour with long horns and hanging ears.<ref name=Site/>{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|pp=40–41}} Another pottery item which is of interest is a polished black ware in globular shape jar with a long neck and flaring mouth.{{Sfn|Singh|2008|p=113}}

An interesting find of this period is of two standalone finished flat stone slabs. The carving on one is not distinct. The other stone slab is {{convert|48|-|27|cm}} which depicts, on one polished side, sketches of hunting scenes such as a hunter spearing (with a ''Ker'') an antlered deer and another hunter in the process of releasing an arrow, and a sketch of the sun and [[History of supernova observation|hb 9 supernova]] observation.<ref>{{citation|title=Oldest sky-chart with Supernova record|url=https://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Prehistoric%20astronomy/Oldest%20Supernova%20record%20in%20Kashmir.pdf|first1=Hrishikesh|last1=Joglekar|first2=MN|last2=Vahia|first3=Aniket|last3=Sule}}</ref> The carved figures are distinctly visible.<ref name=Jammu/><ref name=Site/>{{Sfn|Singh|2008|p=113}}<ref name="Pande"/>

Agricultural practices were noted during the Periods I and II and crops grown were inferred as wheat, barley and lentil; finding lentils established a link of the Neolithic people with [[Central Asia]], crossing over the Himalayas.<ref name=Site/>

The people who resided here were characterized as "long headed dolichocranic". Two female skulls, different from the male skulls, were also reported. The finds did not indicate of any external ethnic intrusions during the entire Neolithic period but showed more affinity to the Harappan people.{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|pp=43–44}}

Burzahom represents the southernmost extent of what is known as ''Northern Neolithic'' culture of Asia.

===Period III===
Some Megalithic Period Menhirs are next to Neolithic pits, suggesting a gradual transition between the two phases. The Menhirs, boulders formed due to the varying temperatures, were brought down from the hills with great effort by the people and installed to mark notable events of the community. These are rough in shape, huge and of considerable weight and height, and are "free-standing". Craftsmanship was superior during this period with finds of wheel made durable hard red ware, copper objects, and tools made of bone and stone. Structures made of rubble were also found.<ref name=Jammu/><ref name=Pande/><ref name=Site/> Finds of a few copper arrowheads indicated knowledge of [[metallurgy]].{{Sfn|Sopory|2004|p=79}}{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|p=14}}

===Period IV===
Period IV (dated to the 3rd–4th century AD), the last phase of human occupation at Burzahom, was related to the early Historical Period. The structures built were superior compared to the earlier period, and were made from mud-bricks. Pottery was also superior, of red ware type with slips and wheel turned. Some iron antiquaries were also found.<ref name=Jammu/>

==Preservation==
The site is maintained in the form that has been excavated, representing the natural setting of the Neolithic people. The exposed pits and the layout are well protected and well preserved.<ref name=Site/>

==See also==
*[[Chirand]]
*Sothi (archaeology)
*[[Siswal]]
*[[Gufkral]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
Tawseef 2005 p 63

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last= Kaw|first= M. K. |title=Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PA42|date=1 January 2004|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-537-1}}
*{{cite book|author= Singh |first=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA111|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Sopory |first=S.K. |title=Glimpses Of Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xj08509NXcC&pg=PA78|date=1 January 2004|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-547-0}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

== External links ==

*{{Cite web |title=Excavations at Burzahom (1960-1971) |url=https://asi.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Burzahom-Excavation-Report-compressed.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229021553/https://asi.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Burzahom-Excavation-Report-compressed.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2021}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Pre-Indus Valley civilisation sites]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for India]]

Burzahom archaeological site - Revision history

Viktorikoa at 20:41, 29 March 2026