OlivaGabel6 at 01:43, 21 February 2026

2026-02-21T01:43:51Z

New page

{{Short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{BLP primary sources|date=February 2026}}

'''C. K. Raju''' (born 7 March 1954) is an Indian [[computer scientist]], [[mathematician]], [[educator]], and [[physicist]].<ref name="phayul">{{cite news |url=http://www.phayul.com/news/tools/print.aspx?id=37461&t=0 |title=Dalai Lama hosts interactive discussion on Indian Philosophy and Modern Sciences |publisher=Phayul |date=4 Nov 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305010800/http://www.phayul.com/news/tools/print.aspx?id=37461&t=0 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="hindubarooah" />

== Early life ==
Raju was born on 7 March 1954 in [[Gwalior]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. He obtained a B.Sc. degree from the [[The Institute of Science, Mumbai|Institute of Science, Mumbai]] in 1973, an M.Sc. from the [[University of Mumbai]] in 1975, and a Ph.D. from the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] in 1980.<ref name="Thesis">{{cite web |last=Raju |first=C. K. |date=August 1980 |title=Thesis |url=http://library.isical.ac.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10263/4410/TH58.CV01.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118233121/http://library.isical.ac.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10263/4410/TH58.CV01.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=18 November 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
During the early 1980s, Raju was a faculty member at the Department of Statistics at the [[University of Pune]], teaching mathematics. He was a key contributor to the first Indian supercomputer, [[PARAM]] (1988–91).<ref name="hindubarooah">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/18/stories/2003091800260100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820194106/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/18/stories/2003091800260100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-08-20|title=Beyond the history of Time|last=Pisharoty|first=Sangeeta Barooah|date=2003-09-18|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-04-24}}.</ref> He has also engaged in amateur historical research, including claiming that the Jesuits brought [[calculus]] to Europe from India.<ref>''Mathematics and Culture''. ''Implications of philosophy and culture for contemporary mathematics''. Book Review. [[The Hindu]]. 12 February 2008</ref><ref name="ferreiros">{{citation|title=Book Review: C.K. RAJU. Cultural Foundations of Mathematics: The Nature of Mathematical Proof and the Transmission of the Calculus from India to Europe in the 16th c. CE.|author=José Ferreirós|journal=Philosophia Mathematica|volume=17|year=2009|url=http://philmat.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/extract/17/3/378|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415135518/http://philmat.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/extract/17/3/378|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-15}}</ref><ref name="Agrawal">{{citation |author=Agrawal |first=D. P. |title=The Kerala School, European Mathematics and Navigation |url=http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_kerala.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001231211/http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_kerala.htm |archive-date=2023-10-01}}</ref> Certain elements of calculus [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics|were developed in India]] as well as other regions of the world centuries before the notion of calculus was formalized in Europe in the 17th century, but no evidence has been found for the claim that calculus itself was brought to Europe from India.

Raju built on [[E. T. Whittaker]]'s controversial belief that [[Albert Einstein]]'s theories of special and general relativity relied on the earlier work of [[Henri Poincaré]]. Raju claims that they were "remarkably similar", and that Poincaré published every aspect of special relativity in papers between 1898 and 1905. He also goes further, claiming that Einstein's failure to recognize a claimed need for functional differential equations constituted a mistake that underlies subsequent relativistic physics (a claim with which the broader scientific community widely disagrees), and therefore proposes that relativistic physics be reformulated using functional differential equations.<ref>C. K. Raju, Time: Towards a Consistent Theory, Kluwer Academic, 1994, Chapter 5b. The error is that the essential history-dependence of the relativistic many-body problem has been washed away by using a Taylor expansion in powers of the delay to convert a retarded functional differential equation into an ordinary differential equation.</ref><ref>C.K. Raju. ''Electromagnetic Time'', chapter 5b, p.116-35 in {{cite book|isbn=978-0-7923-3103-2|author=Raju, C.K.|title=Time: Towards a Consistent Theory|publisher=Kluwer Academic|year=1994}}</ref><ref>See {{cite book|isbn =978-0-7619-9624-8|author=Raju, C.K. |title=The Eleven Pictures of Time|publisher=Sage|year=2003}} p.298-299.</ref> He also introduced the retarded gravitation theory, making use of the same principle as [[Retarded potential|retarded potentials]] in electromagnetism.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Raju |first=C. K. |author-link= |date=October 2012 |title=Retarded gravitation theory |url=https://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article-abstract/1483/1/260/727544/Retarded-gravitation-theory?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=AIP Conference Proceedings |volume=1483 |issue=1 |pages=260–276 |arxiv=1102.2945 |bibcode= 2012AIPC.1483..260R|doi=10.1063/1.4756973 |issn=}}</ref>

Raju has controversially claimed that the Western philosophy of science, including its aspects that pertain to time and the nature of mathematical proof, are rooted in the theocratic needs of the [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite journal |last= |first= |date=28 September 2017 |title=GroundUp: UCT invites 'conspiracy theorist' to talk about decolonisation of science |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-09-29-groundup-uct-invites-conspiracy-theorist-to-talk-about-decolonisation-of-science/ |journal=Daily Maverick |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929025427/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-09-29-groundup-uct-invites-conspiracy-theorist-to-talk-about-decolonisation-of-science/#.Wc215mF_pqY |archive-date=September 29, 2017}}</ref><ref>Review of ''The Eleven Pictures of Time'' in ''Time and Society'', London, 13(2), September, 2004, pp. 405-7</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Cultural Foundations of Mathematics |periodical=Ghadar Jari Hai |volume=2 |issue=1 |df=dmy-all |year=2007 |url=http://www.ghadar.in/Vol2_Issue1_PDF/v2_I1_Book_Review.pdf |access-date=13 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011064910/http://www.ghadar.in/Vol2_Issue1_PDF/v2_I1_Book_Review.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2010 |url-status=dead}} Book Review</ref><ref>Raju, C.K. "Towards Equity in Mathematics Education 1. Goodbye Euclid!", Bharatiya Samajik Chintan, Indian Academy of Social Science. pp. 255-264. 2009.[http://ckraju.net/papers/MathEducation1Euclid.pdf]</ref> He has authored 12 books and dozens of articles, mainly on the subjects of physics, mathematics, and the history and philosophy of science.<ref>[http://ckraju.net/cv/institutions.html Education, Positions held and Society memberships], Institutions, ckraju.net</ref>

Raju's positions regarding the historical origins of calculus, the priority of Einstein's discovery of special and general relativity relative to Poincaré, the mathematical formulation of Einstein's theories, the retarded gravitation theory, and the origins and functionality of the Western philosophy of science are all widely viewed by the scientific community at large as unsupported, unsupportable, or both. The promotion of his theories has been viewed as part of an ethnonationalist right-wing cultural movement in India spearheaded by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] to frame Indian (and particularly [[Hinduism|Hindu]]) mathematics, physics, and culture in general as inherently superior to that of all others and in particular "wronged" by Western forces.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nanda |first=Meera |title=The Science Wars in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkcuQFBXLFQC |journal=University of Nebraska Press |date=January 2000 |pages=206–213 |isbn=9780803219243}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Raju received the Telesio-Galilei Academy Award in 2010 for several claimed accomplishments in physics.<ref name="tga">{{cite web |title=Gold Medal Winners 2010 |url=http://www.telesio-galilei.com/tg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11&Itemid=12}}</ref><ref name="psd">{{cite journal |last=Raju |first=C. K. |date=11 November 1983 |title=product of Schwartz distributions |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0305-4470/16/16/013 |journal=Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General |volume=16 |issue=16 |pages=3739–3753 |doi=10.1088/0305-4470/16/16/013|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="quantum">{{cite journal |last=Raju |first=C. K. |date=1981 |title=Interpretation of quantum mechanics as a theory of extended particles |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00671825 |journal=International Journal of Theoretical Physics |volume=20 |issue=9 |pages=681–696 |doi=10.1007/BF00671825|bibcode=1981IJTP...20..681R |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite book |last=Raju |first=C. K. |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-015-8376-3_5 |title=Einstein's Time |date=1994 |isbn=978-90-481-4462-4 |pages=59–75 |doi=10.1007/978-94-015-8376-3_5}}</ref> However, Telesio-Galilei Academy was generally considered a highly scientifically fringe organization at best, and stopped giving out awards entirely after 2013 following a series of investigations in 2012.<ref name="Scott.net">{{cite web |last1=Collins |first1=Harry |last2=Bartlett |first2=Andrew |last3=Reyes-Callindo |first3=Luis |date=May 2017 |title=Demarcating Fringe Science for Policy |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/102651/1/harry%20collins%20perspectives%20in%20science%2029-06-17.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120224055/https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/102651/1/harry%20collins%20perspectives%20in%20science%2029-06-17.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2024 |publisher=Mit Press Direct "Perspectives On Science"}}</ref><ref name="Fringe">{{cite web |last1=Quinn |first1=Joe |last2=Bradley |first2=Niall |date=April 2012 |title=Corruption in Science: Francesco Fucilla and the Telesio-Galilei Academy of Science |url=https://www.sott.net/article/244011-Corruption-in-Science-Francesco-Fucilla-and-the-Telesio-Galilei-Academy-of-Science}}</ref><ref name="Corrupt">{{cite web |last=Cassiopaea Forum |first=Laura |date=30 March 2012 |title=Telesio Galilei Academy of Science a Fraud? |url=https://cassiopaea.org/forum/threads/telesio-galilei-academy-of-science-a-fraud.27261/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120221703/https://cassiopaea.org/forum/threads/telesio-galilei-academy-of-science-a-fraud.27261/ |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |isbn=978-0-7923-3103-2 |author=Raju |first=C.K. |title=Time: Towards a Consistent Theory |publisher=Kluwer Academic |year=1994}}
* {{cite book |isbn=978-0-7619-9624-8 |author=Raju |first=C.K. |title=The Eleven Pictures of Time |publisher=Sage |year=2003}}
* {{cite book |isbn=978-81-317-0871-2 |title=Cultural Foundations of Mathematics: The nature of mathematical proof and the transmission of the calculus from India to Europe in the 16th c. CE |publisher=Pearson Longman |year=2007 |author=Raju |first=C. K.}}
* {{cite book |asin=B0030EG1FQ |title=Is Science Western in Origin? |publisher=Multiversity and Citizens International |year=2009 |author=Raju |first=C. K.}}
* {{cite book |isbn=978-983-3046-17-1 |title=Euclid and Jesus: How and why the church changed mathematics and Christianity across two religious wars |publisher=Multiversity and Citizens International |year=2013 |author=Raju |first=C. K.}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite journal |last=Ferreirós |first=José |year=2009 |title=Book review: C.K. RAJU. Cultural Foundations of Mathematics: The Nature of Mathematical Proof and the Transmission of the Calculus from India to Europe in the 16th c. CE. |journal=Philosophia Mathematica |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |volume=17 |pages=378 |doi=10.1093/philmat/nkp003}}
* {{cite news |last=Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta Barooah |date=2003-09-18 |title=Beyond the history of Time |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/18/stories/2003091800260100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820194106/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/18/stories/2003091800260100.htm |archive-date=2004-08-20 |accessdate=2012-09-26 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}
* {{cite journal |last=Woodward |first=James F. |date=Dec 1996 |title=Book review:Time: Towards a Consistent Theory. C. K. Raju. |journal=[[Foundations of Physics]] |publisher=Springer Netherlands |volume=26 |issue=12 |doi=10.1007/BF02282131 |s2cid=189834650}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}

* [http://ckraju.net/index.html Raju's] [http://ckraju.net/index.html website]
* [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=%22CK+Raju%22+%22Statistics%22+&btnG=Search&as_sdt=800000000000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0 Raju's statistics papers]
* [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=%22CK+Raju%22+%22Physics%22+&btnG=Search&as_sdt=800000000000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0 Raju's physics papers]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, C.K.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gwalior]]
[[Category:Scientists from Madhya Pradesh]]

C. K. Raju - Revision history

OlivaGabel6 at 01:43, 21 February 2026