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{{short description|Indian novelist and playwright}}
{{Indian patronymic|Raman Pillai|Cannankara Velayudhan}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = C. V. Raman Pillai
| image = CVs60thbirthday.png
| imagesize = 200px
| honorific_prefix =
| birth_name = Cannankara Velayudhan Raman Pillai
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1858|5|19}}
| birth_place = [[Arayoor]], [[Travancore]] (present-day [[Trivandrum]], Kerala)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1922|3|21|1858|5|19}}
| death_place = [[Trivandrum]], Travancore
| occupation = Novelist, playwright, journalist, social activist, [[sheristadar]]
| nationality = Indian
| parents = Panavilakath Neelakanta Pillai (father) Parvathy Pillai (mother)
| spouse = {{Unbulleted_list|{{Marriage|Bhageerathi Amma|1887|1904|reason=died}}|{{Marriage|Janaki Amma|1905|1922}}}}
| children = Gowrikutty Maheshwari Amma
| relatives = [[A. R. Pillai]] (son-in-law; married Gowrikutty) [[E. V. Krishna Pillai]] (son-in-law; married Maheshwari Amma) [[Rosscote Krishna Pillai]] (grandson; son of Gowrikutty) [[Adoor Bhasi]] (grandson; son of Maheshwari Amma)
| alma_mater =[[University College Thiruvananthapuram|His Highness Maharaja's College, Travancore]] [[University of Madras]]
| period = 1880s −1920s
| genre = Fiction, theatre
| subject = Literary, socio-cultural
| movement =
| notableworks= {{ublist|''[[Marthandavarma (novel)|Marthandavarma]]''|''Dharmaraja''|''Ramarajabahadur''|''Premamritham''}}
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Cannankara Velayudhan Raman Pillai''' (19 May 1858 – 21 March 1922), also known as '''C. V.''', was one of the major Indian [[novelists]] and [[playwrights]] and a pioneering playwright and novelist of [[Malayalam literature]]. He was known for his historical novels such as ''[[Marthandavarma (novel)|Marthandavarma]]'', ''Dharmaraja'' and ''Ramaraja Bahadur''; the last mentioned considered by many as one of the greatest novels written in [[Malayalam]].

== Biography ==
[[File:CV as a young man.jpg|thumb|left|upright|CV as a young man]]
Born in Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum), capital city of the erstwhile native State of [[Travancore]], on 19 May 1858 to Panavilakath Neelakanta Pillai, a [[Sanskrit]] scholar and Parvathy Pillai, a scion of an ancient matrilineal family; both his parents were from middle-class families and employees at the Palace of the [[Maharaja of Travancore]].<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/CVRamanPillai/Html/CVRgraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-01-29 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> Pillai got his family name, ''Cannankara'', through [[matrilineal succession]]. Fondly called Ramu, he had a traditional Sanskritized education, early in life, under his father's tutelage which included lessons in [[Ayurveda]] and even magic and Tantra. He continued education at the first English school in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Subsequently, he graduated from His Highness Maharaja's College (the present-day [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]]), the first-ever College in Travancore,<ref name="History - UCT">{{Cite web |url=http://www.universitycollege.ac.in/index.php/thecollege/history |title=History - UCT |date=2019-01-29 |website=www.universitycollege.ac.in |access-date=2019-01-29 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053214/http://www.universitycollege.ac.in/index.php/thecollege/history |url-status=dead }}</ref> where he reportedly had a brilliant academic career under John Ross, the principal of the institution and Robert Harvey, and obtained his BA degree from the [[Madras University]] in 1881, securing a second class, ranking seventh in the [[Madras Presidency]] and second in Thiruvananthapuram College.<ref name="Nair Venkiteswaran 2004">{{Cite journal |last1=Nair |first1=P. K. Parmeswaran |last2=Venkiteswaran |first2=C. S. |title=C.V. Raman Pillai |journal=Indian Literature |volume=48 |issue=1 |year=2004 |pages=125–136 |jstor=23341432}}</ref> It was during this period, he started his first periodical named The Kerala Patriot.<ref name="C.V. Raman Pillai - a short biography">{{Cite web |url=https://philaindia.info/c-v-raman-pillai/ |title=C.V. Raman Pillai - a short biography |last=Reddiar |first=Mahesh |date=2011-01-13 |website=PhilaIndia.info |language=en-US |access-date=2019-01-29}}</ref>

After graduation, Pillai suffered from persistent stomach ailments and chest pain, aggravated by the disruptions of continuous study and travel. He tried various treatments in Thiruvananthapuram without success before travelling to Patthanamthitta, where he stayed with his elder brother Narayana Pillai, a Tehsildar, and later with another brother Sankara Pillai in Paravur, Kollam. Approximately one and a half years were spent in such travels and recuperation, during which time his health gradually improved and he devoted himself to reading.<ref name="Nair Venkiteswaran 2004" />

After this period, Pillai studied law but dropped out and went to Madras to study for the government pleader examination which he also abandoned in due course.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> Later, he joined the High Court as a clerk and rose to the position of a ''shirasthadar''. Later, he joined the Government Press and held the position of a superintendent when he retired from service.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> In between, he founded three publications, ''Malayali'' in 1886, ''Vanchiraj'' in 1901 and ''Mitabhashi'' in 1920.<ref name="C.V. Raman Pillai - a short biography" /> While editing ''The Kerala Patriot'', his series of articles criticising the ill effects of the ''Viruthi'' system attracted the attention of Divan Rama Iyengar.<ref name="Nair Venkiteswaran 2004" />

=== First marriage and travels ===
Pillai's first marriage was arranged by his brothers against his wishes. He held romantic ideals about marriage, shaped by the novels and Indian stories he had read, and was reluctant to wed a woman he had never known. The marriage was short-lived; his wife left for Thiruvananthapuram during his absence, and Pillai never sought her return. He later drew on these experiences in his unfinished autobiographical novel ''Premarishtam''.<ref name="Nair Venkiteswaran 2004" />

Following this period, Pillai disappeared from Thiruvananthapuram for some time and undertook an extended journey to [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[Mysore]], visiting historic sites associated with [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]. The journey had a profound influence on his imagination and later literary works. In Hyderabad, he befriended local Muslim notables who held him in high regard, especially for his musical abilities, and even urged him to convert to [[Islam]] and settle there. He was eventually persuaded to return home by a merchant from Thiruvananthapuram whom he chanced to meet. Pillai later described the episode as "a miraculous escape from an otherwise disastrous perversion."<ref name="Nair Venkiteswaran 2004" />

=== Second and third marriages ===
He married again in 1887, at the age of 30. His second wife, Bhageerathi Amma of the Keezheveedu family, was only 16 at the time of the wedding. The match had been proposed by his close friend and colleague Narasimham Pillai.<ref name="Nair Venkiteswaran 2004" /> The marriage lasted till Bhageerathi Amma's untimely death in 1904. The couple had at least two daughters: Gowrikutty and Maheshwari Amma. In August 1904, Gowrikutty, then sixteen, was married to [[A. R. Pillai]], a prominent merchant of Thiruvananthapuram, in a ceremony attended by the Diwan and other notables.<ref name="Madras Weekly Mail 1904">{{cite newspaper |title=A Nair Marriage: The Cloth Giving Ceremony |newspaper=Madras Weekly Mail |date=1 September 1904 |page=6 |location=Madras |via=British Newspaper Archive |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003345/19040901/047/0006 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> Their son was the journalist [[Rosscote Krishna Pillai]]. Maheshwari Amma, the youngest daughter, later married playwright [[E. V. Krishna Pillai]]; their son was the actor [[Adoor Bhasi]]. His third marriage was to Janaki Amma, the elder sister of Bhageerathi Amma and the widow of [[C. Raja Raja Varma]], the younger brother of [[Raja Ravi Varma]]. He died on 21 March 1922, at the age of 63, survived by Janaki Amma.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

==Writing career==
[[File:CV as Edgar in King Lear.jpg|thumb|right|upright|CV as Edgar in King Lear]]
Raman Pillai is compared by many with [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] in Bengali and [[Hari Narayan Apte]] in Marathi, two other greats of India literature.<ref name="C.V. Raman Pillai - a short biography" /> His first published book was ''Chandramukhivilasam'', a satire.<ref name="C.V. Raman Pillai - a short biography" /> He wrote his first novel, ''Marthandavarma'', in 1885 but it was published in 1891.<ref name="C. V. Raman Pillai on Veethi portal">{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/c._v._raman_pillai-profile-8998-25.htm |title=C. V. Raman Pillai on Veethi portal |date=2019-01-30 |website=veethi.com |access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref> This followed such historical novels as ''Dharmaraja'' and ''Ramarajabahadur'', the social novel, ''Premamritam''<ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA191|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|pages=191–}}</ref> as well as several farces. Modern Malayalam drama traces its origins to his works. He is credited with the first original play in Malayalam, ''Chandramukheevilasam'', written in 1884 and was staged for four days successively in 1887 at His Highness Maharaja's College, Trivandrum.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

== Role in the Malayalee Memorial ==
Pillai played a significant but largely behind-the-scenes role in the [[Malayali Memorial]] of 1891, a landmark event in the political history of Travancore. The Memorial was a petition protesting the dominance of non-Malayalee Maharashtrian Brahmin officials in the Travancore civil service under Divan Rama Rao, pointing out that while numerous foreign officials drew high salaries, not a single Malayalee drew a salary above Rs. 500. The Memorial also raised the issue of caste-based exclusion in education and government service, noting that there was not a single member of the [[Ezhava]] community in government service earning five rupees or more per month.<ref name="Nair Venkiteswaran 2004" />

It was Pillai who, while staying in Madras for his law examinations in 1889, first brought the matter to the attention of K. P. Sankara Menon and [[G. P. Pillai]], two figures who would become publicly associated with the movement. As a government official, Pillai's name could not be publicised, but he was instrumental in drafting the Memorial itself, mobilising support in the capital, and coordinating the signature campaign that gathered 10,037 signatories. When funds ran short for the travel and campaign expenses of Sankara Menon and G. P. Pillai, Pillai sold his wife's necklaces to raise Rs. 700. He also used his influence in northern Travancore to include Advocate Nidhiri in the deputation after another member, Mani Katthanar, withdrew under pressure from the authorities.<ref name="Nair Venkiteswaran 2004" />

The Memorial was submitted before the Maharaja on 1 January 1891 by Sankara Menon. It received widespread support from major Indian newspapers. Though a counter-Memorial was submitted in response, the Maharaja gave an assurance that the grievances would be addressed. Divan Rama Rao soon retired, and his successor Sankara Subbayar, a native, adopted more equitable policies.<ref name="Nair Venkiteswaran 2004" />

==Exegetic dictionary==
''C. V. Vyaakhyaana Kosham''<ref name="Dutt1999">{{cite book|author=Kartik Chandra Dutt|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA90|year=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0873-5|pages=90–}}</ref> is a 400-plus page [[lexicographic]] work in four volumes, based on Pillai's books. The work includes the explanations, elucidations and interpretations of over 700,000 Malayalam, Sanskrit, Tamil, Hindustani and English words used by him in his writings.<ref name="C. V. Raman Pillai - Veethi profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/c._v._raman_pillai-profile-8998-25.htm |title=C. V. Raman Pillai - Veethi profile |date=2019-01-29 |website=veethi.com |access-date=2019-01-29}}</ref><ref name="Si. Vi. vyākhyānakōśam">{{Cite book |title=Si. Vi. vyākhyānakōśam |last1=Bālakr̥ṣṇan |first1=Bi. Si |last2=C.V. Raman Pillai National Foundation |date=1994 |publisher=Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa Nāṣanal Paunḍēṣan |language=Malayalam |oclc = 500397997}}</ref>

==Works==
{{div col}}

===Novels===
====Historical novels====
* ''[[Marthandavarma (novel)|Marthandavarma]]'' (1891)<ref name="Marthandavarma">{{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.in/Marthandavarma-Malayalam-C-Raman-Pillai-ebook/dp/B01M5KGNAX/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1548776652&sr=1-1&refinements=p_27%253AC+V+Raman+Pillai |title=Marthandavarma |last=C. V. Raman Pillai |publisher=Public Domain Books |year=1891 |language=ml |asin=B01M5KGNAX}}</ref>
* ''Dharmaraja'' (1913)<ref name="Dharmaraja">{{Cite book |title=Dharmaraja |last=C. V. Raman Pillai |publisher=Tranquebar Press |year=1913 |isbn=978-8189975500 |language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Ramaraja Bahadur'' (1918{{ndash}}1919)<ref name="Ramaraja Bahadur">{{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.in/Ramaraja-Bahadur-Malayalam-Raman-Pillai-ebook/dp/B01M36D33H/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1548776652&sr=1-3&refinements=p_27%253AC+V+Raman+Pillai |title=Ramaraja Bahadur |last=C. V. Raman Pillai |publisher=Public Domain Books |year=1918 |language=ml |asin=B01M36D33H}}</ref>

====Social novels====
* ''Premamritam'' (1915)<ref name="George1972">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZqqyxVkufQC&pg=PA98|year=1972|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0413-3|pages=98–}}</ref>

====Uncategorized====
* ''Dishtadamshtram'' (1922) (unfinished)
* ''Premarishtam'' (1922) (unfinished)

===Plays===
* ''Chandramukheevilāsam'' (1884) (not published)
* ''Mattavilāsam'' (1885) (not published)
* ''Kurupillakalari'' (1909)
* ''Tentanāmkōţţu Harischandran'' (1914)
* ''Kaimalassanţe Kadassikkai'' (1915)
* ''Docţarku Kiţţiya Micham'' (1916)
* ''Cherutēn Columbus'' (1917)
* ''Pandathē Pāchan'' (1918)
* ''Pãpi Chelluņadam Pāthālam'' (1919)
* ''Kuruppinţe Thirippu'' (1920)
* ''Butler Pappan'' (1922)

===Other works===
* ''Videsiyamedhavitvam'' (1922) (a collection of editorials)

===As editor in newspapers===
* ''The Kerala Patriot'' (1882)
* ''Malayali'' (1886)
* ''Vanchiraj'' (1901)
* ''Mitabhashi'' (1920)

===Translations===
* ''Marthandavarma'' (1936, 1979)<ref name="Marthanda Varma (In English)">{{Cite book |url=https://www.abebooks.com/Marthanda-Varma-English-C.V-Raman-Pillai/209705865/bd |title=Marthanda Varma (In English) |last=Raman Pillai |first=C. V. |translator-last=Menon |translator-first=B. K. |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |location=New Delhi |year=1936 |isbn=9788126004683 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Dharmaraja'' (2009)
* ''Ramaraja Bahadur'' (2003)<ref name="Ramaraja Bahadur (In English)">{{Cite book |url=https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=30033298870&searchurl=sortby%3D17%26an%3Dc%2Bv%2Braman%2Bpillai&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title16 |title=Ramaraja Bahadur (In English) |last=Raman Pillai |first=C. V. |translator-last=Jayakumar |translator-first=Prema |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |location=New Delhi |year=2003 |isbn=9788126017867 |language=en}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Honours==
The [[India Post]] issued a commemorative postage stamp on Pillai on 19 May 2010.<ref name="Stamps – 2010">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2010.aspx |title=Stamps – 2010 |date=2019-01-29 |website=India Post |publisher=Department of Posts, Government of India |access-date=2 August 2013 |archive-date=14 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814101038/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2010.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="C. V. Raman Pillai - Commemorative Stamp">{{Cite web |url=http://www.istampgallery.com/c-v-raman-pillai/ |title=C. V. Raman Pillai - Commemorative Stamp |date=2019-01-29 |website=www.istampgallery.com |access-date=2019-01-29}}</ref> A road in Vazhuthacaud, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] has been named after him as ''C. V. Raman Pillai Road''.<ref name="Where to Stay">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/hotels/vivanta-trivandrum/2428 |title=Where to Stay |date=2019-01-30 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en |access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref> [[Chenkal]], a [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] in Thiruvananthapuram which includes his native village of [[Arayoor]], was renamed as C.V.R. Puram in 1970.<ref name="C.V.RAMAN PILLAI - Wikimapia">{{Cite web |url=http://wikimapia.org/31554890/C-V-RAMAN-PILLAI |title=C.V.RAMAN PILLAI - Wikimapia |date=2019-01-30 |website=wikimapia.org |language=en |access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref><ref name="CVR PURAM ROAD">{{Cite web |url=http://wikimapia.org/street/17806029/CVR-PURAM-ROAD |title=CVR PURAM ROAD |website=wikimapia.org |access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>

== Writings on Raman Pillai ==
* {{cite book|author=[[S. Guptan Nair]]|title=C.V. Raman Pillai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rr20K3WL-qgC|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-273-1}}
* {{Cite journal |last=[[P.K. Parameswaran Nair]], [[C. S. Venkiteswaran]] |year=2004 |title=C. V. Raman Pillai |journal=Indian Literature |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=125–136|jstor=23341432 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Meena T. Pillai |date=July 2012 |title=Modernity and the Fetishizing of Female Chastity: C.V. Raman Pillai and the Anxieties of the Early Malayalam Novel |journal=South Asian Review |volume=33 |pages=53–75 |doi=10.1080/02759527.2012.11932863|s2cid=191905321 }}
* {{cite thesis|last=Kurup|first=C. Sreekanta|date=July 2003|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/147674|title=Ākhyānasankētaṅṅaḷ: Si.Vi.yuṭe Caritranōvalukaḷil|trans-title=Narrative techniques in the historical novels of C V Raman Pillai|script-title=ml:ആഖ്യാനസങ്കേതങ്ങൾ: സി.വി.യുടെ ചരിത്രനോവലുകളിൽ|language=ml|type=Ph.D.|publisher=[[University of Kerala]]|location=[[Shodhganga]]|hdl=10603/147674 }}
* {{Cite book |title=Vātsalyarasaṃ C. V. Yude Akhyāyikakaḷil |last1=Vēṇugōpan Nāir |first1=S. V. |last2=C.V. Raman Pillai National Foundation |date=1995 |publisher=C.V. Raman Pillai National Foundation; Distributors, Kar̲an̲t Buks |oclc = 36315647|author1-link=S. V. Venugopan Nair }}
* [[K. Ayyappa Paniker]], ''History of Malayalam Literature'' (''C. V. Raman Pillai'' - Chapter 34)<ref name="A SHORT HISTORY OF MALAYALAM LITERATURE">{{Cite web |url=http://www.suvarnakeralam.kerala.gov.in/book.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020001312/http://www.suvarnakeralam.kerala.gov.in/book.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-20 |title=A SHORT HISTORY OF MALAYALAM LITERATURE |date=2013-10-20 |publisher=Suvarna Keralam - Government of Kerala |access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>
* N. Balakrishnan Nair, ''Saakshaal C. V.''
* എൻ. കൃഷ്ണപ്പിള്ള; പ്രതിപാത്രം ഭാഷണഭേദം: ഡി.സി.ബുക്സ്, കോട്ടയം

==See also==
* [[Kappazhom Raman Pillai]]
* [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]]

=== Other social reformers of Kerala ===

* [[Narayana Guru|Sree Narayana Guru]]
* [[Padmanabhan Palpu|Dr. Palpu]]
* [[Kumaran Asan|Kumaranasan]]
* [[Ayyathan Gopalan|Rao Sahib Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan]]
* [[Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi]]
* [[Vagbhatananda|Vaghbhatananda]]
* [[Mithavaadi Krishnan]]
* [[Moorkoth Kumaran]]
* [[Ayyankali]]
* [[Ayya Vaikundar]]
* [[Pandit Karuppan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=http://sruti.com/index.php?route=archives/artist_details&artId=276 |title=Malayalam novelist and dramatist C.V. Raman Pillai |date=2019-01-29 |website=sruti.com |access-date=2019-01-29}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxL2i0d4g3s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/sxL2i0d4g3s |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=സി വി രാമൻ പിള്ള - വാക്കിന്റെ രാജശില്പി |date=July 21, 2018 |type=Video |language=Malayalam |publisher=Information and Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala |trans-title=C. V. Raman Pillai, The Master Sculptor of Words |place=Thiruvananthapuram}}{{cbignore}}

{{commons category|C. V. Raman Pillai}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, C. V. Raman}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian historical novelists]]
[[Category:Writers of historical romances]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from British India]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from British India]]

C. V. Raman Pillai - Revision history

MYRA at 01:12, 20 February 2026