https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Car_language
Car language - Revision history
2026-07-30T13:32:41Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
MediaWiki 1.45.4
https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Car_language&diff=176143&oldid=prev
imported>Beland at 15:18, 10 June 2021
2021-06-10T15:18:32Z
<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Distinguish|text=the [[Kar language]] of Burkina Faso}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Car<br />
|nativename=''{{lang|caq|Pū}}''<br />
|pronunciation={{IPA|[puː]}}<br />
|states=[[India]]<br />
|region=[[Nicobar Islands]]<br />
|pushpin_map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#Bay of Bengal<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|9.19|92.77}}<br />
|speakers=37,000<br />
|date=2005<br />
|ref=e18<br />
|familycolor=Austro-Asiatic<br />
|fam2=[[Nicobarese languages|Nicobarese]]<br />
|script=[[Latin script]]<br />
|iso3=caq<br />
|glotto=carn1240<br />
|glottorefname=Car Nicobarese<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Car''' (''{{lang|caq|Pū}}'') is the most widely spoken of the [[Nicobarese languages]] spoken in the [[Nicobar Islands]] of [[India]].<br />
<br />
Although related distantly to [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] and [[Khmer language|Khmer]], it is typologically much more akin to nearby [[Austronesian languages]] such as [[Nias language|Nias]] and [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], with which it forms a [[linguistic area]].<ref>Cysouw, Michael; [http://email.eva.mpg.de/~cysouw/pdf/cysouwDGFS2005.pdf Quantitative explorations of the world-wide distribution of rare characteristics, or: the exceptionality of north-western European languages] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514195944/http://email.eva.mpg.de/~cysouw/pdf/cysouwDGFS2005.pdf |date=2009-05-14 }}; pp. 11-12</ref><br />
<br />
Car is a [[Verb–object–subject|VOS]] language and somewhat [[agglutinative language|agglutinative]].<ref>[http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_nca WALS: Nicobarese]</ref> There is a quite complicated verbal [[suffix]] system with some [[infix]]es, as well as distinct genitive and "interrogative" cases for nouns and pronouns.<ref>Whitehead, Rev. G.; ''Dictionary of the Car (Nicobarese) language''; published 1925 by American Baptist Mission Press; pp. ''xxvi''-''xxxii''</ref><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center<br />
!<br />
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]/<br>[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br />
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Stop consonant|Plosive]]<br />
|p<br />
|t<br />
|c<br />
|k<br />
|ʔ<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
|m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|ŋ<br />
|<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
|f v<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|h<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Tap consonant|Tap]]<br />
|<br />
|ɾ ɽ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* The alveolar flap can typically be pre-stopped. Before a voiceless consonant, its pre-articulation is voiceless as {{IPA|[ᵗɾ]}}, and elsewhere it is voiced {{IPA|[ᵈɾ]}}.<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center<br />
!<br />
![[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
![[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
![[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
|i<br />
|ɨ<br />
|u<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]<br />
|e<br />
|ɤ<br />
|o<br />
|-<br />
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]<br />
|ɛ<br />
|ə<br />
|ɔ<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
|(æ)<br />
|a<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* /æ/ only occurs because of the occurrence of English loanwords.<br />
* Vowel sounds are also typically short when occurring before an /h/.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sidwell|first=Paul|title=Car Nicobarese|publisher=Leiden: Brill|year=2015|location=The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages|pages=1231–1240}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
[[Paul Sidwell]] (2017)<ref name="Sidwell2017">Sidwell, Paul. 2017. "[https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B1vtRZF3p8awSmxCRkZ5RjNSbWs Proto-Nicobarese Phonology, Morphology, Syntax: work in progress]". International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics 7, Kiel, Sept 29-Oct 1, 2017.</ref> published in ICAAL 2017 conference on Nicobarese languages.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! Word !! Car !! proto-Nicobarese<br />
|-<br />
| hot || taɲ || *taɲ<br />
|-<br />
| four || fɛːn || *foan<br />
|-<br />
| child || kuːn || *kuːn<br />
|-<br />
| lip || (minuh) || *manuːɲ<br />
|-<br />
| dog || ʔam || *ʔam<br />
|-<br />
| night || hatəːm || *hatəːm<br />
|-<br />
| male || koːɲ || *koːɲ<br />
|-<br />
| ear || naŋ || *naŋ<br />
|-<br />
| one || heŋ || *hiaŋ<br />
|-<br />
| belly || (ʔac) || *ʔac<br />
|-<br />
| sun || (tavuːj) || -<br />
|-<br />
| sweet || (pacaːka) || -<br />
|-<br />
| overflow || tareːci || *roac<br />
|-<br />
| nose || mɛh || *moah<br />
|-<br />
| breast || tɛh || *toah<br />
|-<br />
| to cough || ʔɛhɛ || *ʔoah<br />
|-<br />
| arm || kɛl || *koal<br />
|-<br />
| in, inside || ʔɛl || *ʔoal<br />
|-<br />
| four || feːn || *foan<br />
|-<br />
| elbow || sikɔŋ || *keaŋ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<br />
Shared morphological alternations: the old AA causative has two allomorphs, prefix ha- with monosyllabic stems, infix -um- in disyllabic stems (note: *p > h onset in unstressed σ).<br />
<br />
* ɲa - 'to eat' / haɲaː 'to feed'<br />
* pɯɲ - 'to cry' / hapɯɲ-ɲɔː 'to make cry'<br />
* kucik - 'be palatable' / kumcik 'to taste'<br />
* kale - 'brave' / kumle 'bravery'<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Austro-Asiatic languages}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Car Language}}<br />
[[Category:Languages of India]]<br />
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]<br />
[[Category:Nicobarese languages]]<br />
[[Category:Verb–object–subject languages]]</div>
imported>Beland