>ताज at 21:54, 26 June 2021

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{{short description|Central Indo-Aryan}}
{{Redirect-distinguish2|Hindi languages|the [[Hindi]] language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Central Indo-Aryan
|altname=Hindi
|region=[[South Asia]]
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|child1=Western Hindi
|child2=Eastern Hindi
|glotto=none
|glotto2=west2812
|glottoname2=Western Hindi
|glotto3=east2726
|glottoname3=Eastern Hindi
|map=Hindi Indoarisch.png
|mapcaption=
}}

The '''Central Indo-Aryan languages''' or '''Hindi languages''' are a group of related language [[variety (linguistics)|varieties]] spoken across [[North India]] and [[Central India]]. These language varieties form the central part of the [[Indo-Aryan language]] family, itself a part of the [[Indo-European language]] family. They historically form a [[dialect continuum]] that descends from the Madhya [[Prakrit]]s. Located in the [[Hindi Belt]], the Central Zone includes the [[Dehlavi dialect|Dehlavi]] (Delhi) dialect (one of several called 'Khariboli') of the [[Hindustani language]], the [[lingua franca]] of Northern India that is the basis of the [[Modern Standard Hindi]] and [[Modern Standard Urdu]] literary standards. In regards to the Indo-Aryan language family, the coherence of this language group depends on the classification being used; here only Eastern and Western Hindi will be considered.

==Languages==
If there can be considered a consensus within the dialectology of Hindi proper, it is that it can be split into two sets of dialects: ''Western'' and ''Eastern Hindi''.{{sfnp|Shapiro|2003|p=276}} ''Western Hindi'' evolved from the [[Apabhramsa]] form of [[Shauraseni language|Shauraseni Prakrit]], ''Eastern Hindi'' from ''[[Ardhamagadhi]]''.{{sfnp|Shapiro|2003|p=305}}

[[File:Western Hindi.png|thumb|'''Western Hindi''' languages. Clockwise from the top: Hindustani, Kannauji, Bundeli, Braj, Haryanvi.<br/>The '''Eastern Hindi''' languages are not shown individually. They are Awadhi in the north, east of Hindustani and Kannauji; Bagheli in the center, to the east of Bundeli, and Chhattisgarhi to the southeast of Bundeli.]]
# '''Western Hindi'''<ref>{{Linguistic Survey of India|9|1|chapter=Western Hindi|chapter-url=https://archive.org/download/rosettaproject_hin_detail-2/rosettaproject_hin_detail-2.pdf}}</ref>
#*[[Braj Bhasha|Braj]] (21 m), spoken in western [[Uttar Pradesh]] and adjacent districts of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Haryana]].
#* [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] (8 m), spoken in [[Chandigarh]], [[Haryana]], and as a minority in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Delhi]].
#* [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]] (3 m), spoken in south-western [[Uttar Pradesh]] and west-central [[Madhya Pradesh]].
#* [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]] (9.5 m), spoken in west-central [[Uttar Pradesh]].
#* [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (312 m), with its standardised forms [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], spoken in western [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], and after partition in [[Pakistan]].
# '''Eastern Hindi'''
#* [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] (38 m), spoken in north and north-central Uttar Pradesh as well as the [[Caribbean]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]] and [[South Africa]].
#**[[Caribbean Hindustani]] {{small|(mostly based on Bhojpuri but has major Awadhi influence)}}
#**[[Fiji Hindi]] {{small|(mostly based on Awadhi with Bhojpuri influence)}}
#* [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] (8 m), spoken in north-central Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Uttar Pradesh.
#* [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] (13 m), spoken in southeast Madhya Pradesh and northern and central [[Chhattisgarh]].{{sfnp|Shapiro|2003|p=277}}

This analysis excludes varieties sometimes claimed for Hindi for cultural reasons, such as [[Bihari languages|Bihari]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], and [[Pahari languages|Pahari]].{{sfnp|Shapiro|2003|p=277}} [[Bhojpuri]] is classified under the Bihari languages though it has long been considered a Hindi language.

[[Romani language|Romani]], [[Domari language|Domari]], [[Lomavren language|Lomavren]], and [[Seb Seliyer language|Seb Seliyer]] (or at least their ancestors) appear to be Central Zone languages that migrated to the [[Middle East]] and [[Europe]] ca. 500–1000 CE in three distinct waves. [[Parya language|Parya]] is a Central Zone language of Central Asia.

To Western Hindi ''[[Ethnologue]]'' adds [[Sansi language|Sansi]], [[Bagheli language|Powari]], Chamari (a [[spurious languages|spurious language]]), [[Bhaya language|Bhaya]], [[Gowari|Gowli]] (not a separate language), and [[Ghera language|Ghera]].

==Use in culturally non-Hindi regions==

* [[Urdu]] is the official language of [[Pakistan]]. Although only the native language of 7% of the population, it is nearly universal as a second language among the literate.
* [[Bombay Hindi]] ("Bombay Baat"), the dialect of the city of [[Mumbai]] (Bombay); it is based on [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] but heavily influenced by [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Technically it is a [[pidgin]], i.e. neither is it a native language of any people nor is it used in formal settings by the educated and upper social strata. However, it is often used in the films of [[Hindi cinema]] ([[Bollywood]]) because Mumbai is the base of the Bollywood film industry.
* [[Dakhini]], including [[Hyderabadi Urdu]], and [[Dakhini|Bangalori Urdu]], a dialect of Urdu spoken in the present areas of the erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]], and the historical [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]]. There is a small but distinct difference between Dakhini and standard [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]], which is bigger the further south it is spoken.
* [[Andaman Creole Hindi]] is a trade language of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].
* Arunachali Hindi is a trade language of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Haflong Hindi]] is a trade language of the areas adjacent to [[Haflong]] in [[Assam]]
* [[Fiji Hindi]] is an [[Eastern Hindi]] [[Lingua franca|lingua-franca]] that developed among [[Indo-Fijians]].
* [[Caribbean Hindustani]] are [[Eastern Hindi]] [[Lingua franca|lingua-franca]] that developed among many [[Indo-Caribbean]]s and are very similar to the [[Bhojpuri]] and [[Awadhi]] dialect of Hindi and to [[Fiji Hindi]].
* Mauritian Bhojpuri Hindi is spoken in [[Mauritius]]. It is based on [[Bhojpuri]] with influence from Awadhi and other Eastern Hindi dialects and [[Mauritian Creole]].
* South African Hindi, based on Bhojpuri, Awadhi, and Standard Hindi, is spoken by [[Indian South Africans]].

==Comparison==
The Delhi Hindustani pronunciations {{IPA|[ɛː, ɔː]}} commonly have [[diphthong]]al realizations, ranging from {{IPA|[əɪ]}} to {{IPA|[ɑɪ]}} and from {{IPA|[əu]}} to {{IPA|[ɑu]}}, respectively, in [[Hindi languages#Eastern Hindi|Eastern Hindi]] varieties and many non-standard [[Hindi languages#Western Hindi|Western]] varieties.{{sfnp|Shapiro|2003|p=283}} There are also vowel clusters {{IPA|/əiː/}} and {{IPA|/əuː/}}.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation
|last=Shapiro
|first=Michael C.
|year=2003
|chapter=Hindi
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan&pg=PA250
|editor1-last= Cardona
|editor1-first= George
|editor2-last= Jain
|editor2-first= Dhanesh
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5
|pages=276–314
}}

{{Central Indo-Aryan languages}}
[[Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages| ]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:North India]]

Central Indo-Aryan languages - Revision history

>ताज at 21:54, 26 June 2021