>LouisAragon at 01:47, 11 June 2021

2021-06-11T01:47:07Z

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{{italic title}}
'''''Chach Nama''''' ({{lang-sd|چچ نامو}}; {{lang-ur|چچ نامہ}}; "Story of the Chach"), also known as the '''''Fateh nama Sindh''''' ({{lang-sd|فتح نامه سنڌ}}; "Story of the conquest of Sindh"), and as '''''Tareekh al-Hind wa a's-Sind''''' ({{lang-ar|تاريخ الهند والسند}}; "History of India and Sindh"), is one of the main historical sources for the [[history of Sindh]] in the seventh to eighth centuries CE, written in [[Persian language|Persian]].

The text, which purports to be a Persian translation by `Ali Kufi (13th-century) of an undated, original Arabic text, has long been considered to be the story of the early 8th-century conquests by the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] general [[Muhammad bin Qasim]].{{sfnp|Asif, A Book of Conquest|2016|p=8–15}}<ref name=cacnama>{{citation | title=ČAČ-NĀMA in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | author=Friedmann, Y |editor= P. Bearman|display-authors=et al| year= 1981 | doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_8436}}</ref>{{sfn|Friedmann, The origins and significance of the Chach Nāma|1984}} The text is significant because it has been a source of colonial understanding of the origins of Islam and the [[Islamic conquests]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It influenced the debate on the partition of [[British India]] and its narrative has been included in the state-sanctioned history textbooks of [[Pakistan]]. However, according to [[Manan Ahmed Asif]], the text is in reality original, "not a work of translation".<ref name="Asif2016p4">{{harvp|Asif, A Book of Conquest|2016|p=4–15, 20}}</ref> The ''Chach Nama'' is a romantic work influenced by the 13th-century history, not a historical text of the 8th-century, states Asif.<ref name="Asif2016p4" /> Some Islamic scholars and modern historians question the credibility of some of the Chach Nama's reports.<ref>Friedmann, Yohann (1984), "The origins and significance of the Chach Nāma", Islam in Asia: South Asia, Magnes Press/Westview Press, pp. 23–37, {{ISBN|978-965-223-521-3}}</ref>

==Contents==

The report contains an introductory chapter about the history of Sindh just before its conquest by the Arabs. The body of the work narrates the Arab inclusions into Sindh of the 7th-8th centuries AD.<ref name="friedmann"/> Thus it chronicles the Chacha Dynasty's period, following the demise of the [[Rai Dynasty]] and the ascent of [[Chach of Alor]] to the [[throne]], down to the [[Muslim conquests|Arab conquest]] by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] in early 8th century AD.<ref>''The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest''. (1900). Translated from the Persian by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. Karachi: Commissioners Press.</ref> The text concludes with 'an epilogue describing the tragic end of the Arab commander [[Muḥammad b. al-Ḳāsim al-Thaḳafī|Muḥammad b. al-Ḳāsim]] and of the two daughters of [[Raja Dahir|Dāhir]], the defeated king of Sind'.<ref>Y. Friedmann, “Muḥammad b. al- Ḳāsim”, in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition'', ed. by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W.P. Heinrichs (Leiden: Brill, 1981). Consulted online on 04 December 2016 DOI:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8436.</ref>

==Historical significance==

As one of the only written sources about the Arab conquest of Sindh, and therefore the origins of [[Islam in India]], the ''Chach Nama'' is a key historical text that has been co-opted by different interest groups for several centuries, and it has significant implications for modern imaginings about the place of Islam in South Asia. Accordingly, its implications are much disputed.<ref>E.g. Syed Nomanul Haq, 'Gujarati Sandals in Baghdad: Decolonising History' [review of Manan Ahmed Asif, ''A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016)], ''Herald'' (19 November 2016), http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153594/gujarati-sandals-in-baghdad-decolonising-history.</ref>

According to Manan Ahmed Asif, the ''Chach Nama'' has been historically significant. It was a source of colonial understanding of the origins of Islam in the [[Indian subcontinent]] through the Sindh region.<ref>{{harvp|Asif, A Book of Conquest|2016|p=5–6}}: "this thirteenth-century Persian text became, in colonial understanding, a history of Muslim origins".</ref> The text has been one of the sources of historiography and religious antagonism during the South Asian people's struggles to gain independence from the colonial British Empire.<ref>{{harvp|Asif, A Book of Conquest|2016|p=3–6}}</ref> The text, states Asif, has been a source of a colonial construction of a long history of religious antagonism between Hindus and Muslims, and one of narratives of Muslim origins in South Asia by various twentieth-century historians and writers.<ref>{{harvp|Asif, A Book of Conquest|2016|p=3–9}}</ref> It has been a part of state-sanctioned history textbooks of [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Asif2016p4"/> The story of the seventeen-year-old Muhammad bin Qasim's attack on "Pak-o-Hind" was mentioned by the [[Pakistani-American]] terrorist [[Faisal Shahzad]] prior to his [[2010 Times Square car bombing attempt]].<ref>{{harvp|Asif, A Book of Conquest|2016|p=8–9}}</ref>

==Origins, authorship, and preservation==

===Translation of Arabic original===
As we have it today, the ''Chach Nama'' is the work of ʿAlī b. Ḥāmid b. Abī Bakr Kūfī. He was writing in Persian, but claimed to be translating a book in Arabic, which he had discovered among the possessions of the [[Qadi|ḳāḍī]] of [[Aror|Alōr]], Ismāʿīl b. ʿAlī ... b. ʿUthmān al-Thaḳafī (who was appointed the first kādī of Alōr by Muhammad Kāsim after the conquest of the [[Sindh]].<ref>History of Sind. Vol. II. (In two parts) Part II—Giving the Reigns of the Kalhórahs and the Tálpurs down to the British Conquest. Translated from Persian by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, Chapter IV.</ref>)<ref name=friedmann>Y. Friedmann, “Čač-Nāma”, in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition'', ed. by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W.P. Heinrichs (Leiden: Brill, 1981). Consulted online on 04 December 2016 DOI:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8436.</ref> According to Y. Friedmann,

<blockquote>a comparison between the Čač-Nāma and Arab historians such as Balādhurī [...] bears out the Arab provenance of those parts of the book that describe the battles leading to the conquest of Sind; Kūfī might well have used Madāʾinī’s ''Kitāb Thaghr al-Hind'' and ''Kitāb ʿUmmāl'' (or ''Aʿmāl'') ''al-Hind'' [...] The Čač-Nāma seems to have preserved Madāʾinī’s tradition concerning India in a much fuller fashion than classical Arab histories. On the other hand, the book also comprises a considerable amount of material which probably reflects a local Indian historical tradition. The part dealing with the rise of the Čač dynasty (14-72), the story of Darōhar, Djaysinha and Djanki (229-234), and some traditions attributed to a Brahman called Rāmsiya (179) and to “some Brahman elders” (''baʿḍī mashāyikh-i barāhima'') (197; cf. also 20614) deserve to be mentioned in this context.<ref name="friedmann"/></blockquote>

The ''Chach Nama'' survived in the following key manuscripts: British Library Or. 1787; India Office, Ethé 435.<ref name=cacnama/>

===Original work===
According to [[Manan Ahmed Asif]], ''Chach Nama'' is not a work of translation nor is a book of conquest. ʿAlī states that he wrote it to gain favor in the court of Nasiruddin Qabacha ([[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]]). Asif adds that Qasim's campaign in ''Chach Nama'' is a deliberate shadowing of campaigns Chach undertook in "four corners of Sindh".<ref>{{harvp|Asif, A Book of Conquest|2016|p=14-15}}</ref> He states that the ''Chach Nama'' is centred on the historical figure of [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] found in extant Arabic manuscripts, but the 13th-century text is different, creatively extrapolating the alternative versions.{{sfn|Asif, A Book of Conquest|2016|pp=38–44, 59-65}} For example, the version of Qasim story found in the ''Kitab Futuh al-Buldan'' of [[Al-Baladhuri]] (9th-century) and the version found in memoirs of [[Al-Biruni]] (11th-century), are much simpler and "markedly different" in structure, circumstances and martial campaign than that elaborated in the ''Chach Nama''.{{sfn|Asif, A Book of Conquest|2016|pp=26, 38–44, 59-65, 110-112}} In the Baladhuri version, for example, Qasim does not enter or destroy ''budd'' (temples) or compare them to "the churches of the Christians and the Jews and the fire houses of the Magians".{{sfn|Asif, A Book of Conquest|2016|pp=38–44}} Further the Baladhuri version of the Qasim story repeatedly credits the monks and priestly mediators of Hind with negotiating peace with him, while ''Chach Nama'' presents a different, martial version. The ''Chach Nama'' drew upon Baladhuri's work, and others, as a template for the political history, but created a different and imaginative version of events. According to Asif, "there is little reason for us to consider the facticity" of verses in the Baladhuri's version either, an account written to glorify the martial conquest of courtly Abbasid times and composed over 200 years after Qasim's death. The ''Chach Nama'' is a romantic work influenced by the 13th-century history, not a historical text of the 8th-century, states Asif.{{sfn|Asif, A Book of Conquest|2016|pp=2-16, 40, 33–44}}

==Accuracy==

The Táríkh Maasúmí, and the Tuhfatulkirám are two other Muslim histories of the same period and, on occasion, give differing accounts of some details. Later Muslim chronicles like those by [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]], Nurul Hakk, [[Firishta]], and [[Masum Shah]] draw their account of the Arab conquest from the Chach Nama.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Some western scholars such as Peter Hardy, André Wink and Yohanan Friedmann, question the historical authenticity and political theory embedded in the ''Chachnama'' because of its supposed geographical errors, glaring inconsistencies with alternate Persian and Arabic accounts of the Qasim story, and the missing Arabic tradition in it even though the text alleges to be a Persian translation of an Arabic original.<ref>Peter Hardy (1982), ''Is the Chach Nama intelligible as Political Theory?'', in Sind through the Centuries, Ed: Hamida Khuro, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195772500}}, pages 111-117</ref>{{sfn|Friedmann, The origins and significance of the Chach Nāma|1984}}<ref>Andre Wink (2002), Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-0391041738}}, pages 192-196</ref>

==Editions and Translations==
{{portal|Books|History}}

* Elliot, H. M. and Dowson, John. (1867). [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024066593#page/n167/mode/2up Chach-Nama]. In ''The History of India: As Told by its Own Historians - The Muhammadan Period'', Volume 1, pp. 131–211. London: Trubner. (Description and partial translation.)
* [http://persian.packhum.org/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D12701030%26ct%3D0 ''The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest'']. (1900). Translated from the Persian by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. Karachi: Commissioners Press. (Online at: [http://persian.packhum.org Persian Packhum])
* Makhdūm Amīr Aḥmad and Nabī Bakhsh Ḵhān Balōč, ''Fatḥ-Nāmayi Sind'', Ḥaydarābād (Sind) 1966. (Sindī translation and commentary.)
* [[Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch]], ''Chachnama'' (Islamabad, 1983). (Annotated critical edition.)
* [[Harish Chandra Talreja]], ''Chachnamah Sindh Par Arabo Ke Hamale Ka Vritant'' (Udaipur, 2015). (Translated into Hindi from Sindhi and Persian)

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |first=Manan Ahmed |last=Asif |title=A Book of Conquest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4oxDQAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-97243-8 |ref={{sfnref|Asif, A Book of Conquest|2016}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Friedmann |first=Yohann |chapter=The origins and significance of the Chach Nāma |title=Islam in Asia: South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbjXAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Magnes Press/Westview Press |isbn=978-965-223-521-3 |pages=23–37 |ref={{sfnref|Friedmann, The origins and significance of the Chach Nāma|1984}}}}

==Further reading==
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=MacLean|first=D. N.|title=ČAČ-NĀMA|volume=4|fascicle=6|pages=605-606|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cac-nama}}
* {{cite book|last=Siddiqi|first=Iqtidar Husain|title=Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DJbmTL8svpwC&pg=PA30|year=2010|publisher= Primus Books|isbn=978-81-908918-0-6|pages=30–}}

{{Karachi}}

[[Category:Chach Nama| ]]
[[Category:8th-century Arabic books]]
[[Category:Medieval Hinduism]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]
[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:Persian literature]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:8th-century history books]]
[[Category:Military history of the Umayyad Caliphate]]
[[Category:Sindhology]]

Chach Nama - Revision history

>LouisAragon at 01:47, 11 June 2021