https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Chakma_languageChakma language - Revision history2026-07-30T14:24:42ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Chakma_language&diff=111092&oldid=prev>FrescoBot at 22:59, 5 July 20212021-07-05T22:59:23Z<p></p>
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{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Chakma<br />
|altname=Changmha, Daingnet<br />
|nativename={{Script/Chakma|𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄞𑄌𑄴}}<br />
|image=Chakma.png<br />
|imagesize=250<br />
|imagecaption= 'Changmha Bhach' in Chakma script<br />
|states=[[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]<br />
|region=[[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]<br>[[Chakma Autonomous District Council|CADC]], [[Mizoram]]<br>[[Tripura]]<br>[[Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
|ethnicity=[[Chakma people|Chakma]], [[Daingnet people|Daingnet]]<br />
|speakers=326,000 in Bangladesh, 228,281 in India,<ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 |title=LANGUAGE |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |publisher=Government of India |page=12}}</ref> also in Myanmar<br />
|familycolor=Indo-European<br />
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]<br />
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]<br />
|fam4=[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]<br />
|fam5=[[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]<br />
|script=[[Chakma script]], [[Latin script]], [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ccp|title=Chakma|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref><br />
|nation = <br />
|ietf = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}}<br />
|iso2 = {{wikidata|property|references|P219}}<br />
|iso3 = {{wikidata|property|references|P220}}<br />
|glotto={{wikidata|property|P1394}}<br />
|glottorefname=Chakma<br />
|lingua = {{wikidata|property|references|P1396}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Chakma language''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|ɑː|k|m|ə|}}; autonym: {{Script/Chakma|𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄞𑄌𑄴}}, {{lang|ccp|Changmha Bhach|script=Latn}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language spoken by the [[Chakma people|Chakma]] and [[Daingnet people]]. The language has common features with other languages in the region like the [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian dialect]] of [[Bengali language]], [[Tanchangya language|Tanchangya]], [[Arakanese language|Arakanese]] and others. It is spoken by nearly 320,000 people in southeast Bangladesh in [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], and another 230,000 in [[India]], including 96,972 in Mizoram,<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK LAWNGTLAI |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1507_PART_B_DCHB_LAWNGTLAI.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General }}</ref> [[Tripura]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It is written using the [[Chakma script]], which is also called '''Ajhā Pāṭh''', sometimes romanised '''Ojhopath'''. Literacy in Chakma script is low.<br />
<br />
It is officially recognised by the Government of Tripura in India. However, the Bangladesh Govt. did not recognise the language yet. In India, it is also spoken primarily in the [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]] (CADC) which consists of the Tuichawng constituency of [[Lawngtlai district]] in [[Mizoram]] and many places in Tripura.<br />
<br />
Although there were no Chakma language radio or television stations as of 2011, the language has a presence in social media and on YouTube. The Hill Education Chakma Script website provides tutorials, videos, e-books, and Chakma language forums.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Languages: Online Activism To Save Chakma Language| work = Rising Voices| access-date = 2 September 2012<br />
| date = 29 November 2011| url = http://rising.globalvoicesonline.org/blog/2011/11/29/languages-online-activism-to-save-chakma-language/}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2012, the Government of Tripura announced the implementation of Chakma language in Chakma Script (or '''Ajhā Pāṭh''') in primary schools of [[Tripura]]. Imparting of education up to the elementary stage in the mother tongue is a national policy. To begin with, Chakma language subjects in its own scripts has been introduced in 87 primary schools in Chakma concentrated areas in Tripura."<ref>{{Cite web| last = Hueiyen News Service / Newmai News Network| title = Chakma script to be introduced in Tripura| work = E-Pao! Headlines | access-date = 2 September 2012| date = 31 August 2012| url = http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..010912.sep12<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/chakma|title=Chakma Language, The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages, Govt. of Tripura, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
"In preparation for the January 2014 education season, the national curriculum and textbook board has already started printing books in six languages ... Chakma, Kokborok (Tripura community), [[Arakanese language|Marma]], [[Santali language|Santal]], [[Sadri language|Sadri]] (Orao community) and [[Garo language|Achik]]."<ref>{{Cite web| last = Chowdhury| first = K. R.| title = Native tongue offers ethnic children a good start| work = khabarsouthasia.com| access-date = 2 June 2013| date = 21 May 2013| url = http://khabarsouthasia.com/en_GB/articles/apwi/articles/features/2013/05/21/feature-01| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130625042339/http://khabarsouthasia.com/en_GB/articles/apwi/articles/features/2013/05/21/feature-01| archive-date = 25 June 2013| url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Mor Thengari]]'' (My Bicycle) was Bangladesh's first Chakma-language movie. However, it was banned in Bangladesh due to its controversial plot.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 December 2015|title=Bangladesh's Censor Board Blocks the Country's First Chakma-Language Film|url=https://globalvoices.org/2015/12/11/bangladeshs-censor-board-blocks-the-countrys-first-chakma-language-film/|access-date=21 June 2020|website=Global Voices|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
| {{IPA link|i}} || || {{IPA link|u}}<br />
|-<br />
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]<br />
| {{IPA link|e}} || || {{IPA link|o}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]<br />
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} || || {{IPA link|ɔ}}<br />
|-<br />
![[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| {{IPA link|æ}} ||{{IPA link|a}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]<br />
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]<br />
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]<br />
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small><br />
|{{IPA link|p}}<br />
|{{IPA link|t}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|k}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small><br />
|{{IPA link|b}}<br />
|{{IPA link|d}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<small>[[Breathy voice|breathy]]</small><br />
|{{IPA link|bʱ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|dʱ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]<br />
![[Voicelessness|<small>voiceless</small>]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|dʒ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
![[Voicelessness|<small>voiceless</small>]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|s}}<br />
|({{IPA link|ʃ}})<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|h}}<br />
|-<br />
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|z}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
|{{IPA link|m}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|n}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]/[[Tap consonant|Tap]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|r}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br />
|{{IPA link|w}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|l}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|j}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* {{IPA|/p/}} can be heard as {{IPA|[ɸ]}} in intervocalic and word-final positions.<br />
* {{IPA|/t k/}} can be heard as {{IPA|[t̪ʰ x]}} in word-initial and intervocalic positions.<br />
* A {{IPA|/ʃ/}} sound is rare, and in some cases, is a free variant sound of {{IPA|/s/}}.<ref name="Tanchangya-2013">{{cite thesis|last=Tanchangya|first=Shanta Rakshit|date=December 2013|type=BA|title=A comparative study of vowels in Chakma and English|publisher=BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh|url=http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10361/3173/09203010.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Sumana|title=A Linguistic study of Chakma|publisher=University of Calcutta|year=2004}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Medieval Chakma==<br />
The [[Chakma people|Chakma]] and [[Daingnet people]] now speak what may be considered divergent dialects of Magadhi Prakrit. However, this is due to [[language shift]] from a [[Tibeto-Burman language]]; that medieval language may have been related to [[Sak language|Sak]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |date=2002 |title=Medieval Oxomiya Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyX-Nug1rD8C |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-12424-0}}</ref> or [[Chairel language|Chairel]]<ref>[[Charles F. Voegelin|Voegelin, Charles Frederick]] & [[Florence M. Voegelin|Florence Marie Robinett Voegelin]]. 1977. Classification and Index of the World's Languages. New York: Elsevier. {{ISBN|0-444-00155-7}}</ref> (and therefore of the [[Sal languages|Brahmaputran]] branch).<br />
<br />
==Writing system==<br />
{{main|Chakma script}}<br />
The Chakma script is an [[abugida]] that belongs to the [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic family of scripts]]. Chakma evolved from the [[Burmese script]], which was ultimately derived from [[Pallava script|Pallava]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGHfVGV5A5wC&q=chakma+script+burmese%2Cp214&pg=PA214|title=Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide|isbn=9788178357584|last1=Talukdar|first1=S. P.|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWP0BwAAQBAJ&q=chakma+script+burmese&pg=PA28|title = Mru: Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh|date = 11 November 2013|isbn = 9783034856942}}</ref><ref>http://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09187r-n3645r-chakma.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Educational Institutions==<br />
The Chakma language is being taught in many Government and private schools in India (Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh) and Bangladesh. The Chakma language was officially introduced in primary schools by the Govt. of Tripura under The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages in 2004 through Bengali Script and since 2013 through [[Chakma script]] (also known as '''Ajhā Pāṭh'''). Presently, the Chakma language is being taught in 87 schools.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/chakma|title=Chakma Language, The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages, Govt. of Tripura, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
*Cāṅmā, Cirajyoti and Maṅgal Cāṅgmā. 1982. ''Cāṅmār āg pudhi'' (Chakma primer). Rāṅamāṭi:Cāṅmābhāṣā Prakāśanā Pariṣad.<br />
*Khisa, Bhagadatta. 2001. ''Cāṅmā pattham pāt'' (Chakma primer.) Rāṅamāṭi: Tribal Cultural Institute(TCI).<br />
*Singā. 2004. ''Phagadāṅ''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{incubator|code=ccp}}<br />
{{Commons category-inline|Chakma language}}<br />
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ccp Ethnologue report]<br />
*[http://uni.hilledu.com/download-ribenguni/ Unicode Font for the language]<br />
*[http://hilledu.com Chakma Script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115054019/https://hilledu.com/ |date=15 January 2020 }}<br />
*[http://hillbd.com Chakma Bangla Blog]<br />
*[https://languagetools-153419.appspot.com/ccp/ Chakma Prototype Keyboard]<br />
*[https://languagetools-153419.appspot.com/ccp/convertUI/ Chakma Unicode Converter]<br />
*[https://languagetools-153419.appspot.com/ccp/downloads/ Available Chakma Unicode Font]<br />
*{{Cite web<br />
| title = Chakma alphabet, pronunciation and language<br />
| work = Omniglot<br />
| access-date = 2 September 2012<br />
| url = http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chakma.htm<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Ali |year=2012 |chapter=Tribal Languages |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tribal_Languages |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}<br />
*{{Cite news<br />
| title = Honour for writers<br />
| work = The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata)<br />
| access-date = 2 September 2012<br />
| date = 7 January 2009<br />
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090108/jsp/jharkhand/story_10359861.jsp<br />
}}<br />
{{Subject bar |d=Q32952 |commons= y |commons-search= Category:Chakma language |n= y |wikt= y |wikt-search= Chakma language |b= y |s= y |v= y |voy-search= Chakma language }}<br />
<br />
{{Languages of Bangladesh}}<br />
{{Languages of India}}<br />
{{Languages of Burma}}<br />
{{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chakma language| ]]<br />
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Chakma]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Mizoram]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh]]</div>>FrescoBot