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{{Short description|Medieval Indian Chand dynasty of Kumaon (700–1790 C.E.)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Chand dynasty
| common_name = Chand dynasty
| native_name = ''Kurmanchal''
| image_coat=
| status = [[Sovereign state]]
| status_text =
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| leader1 = Som Chand (legendary)
| leader2 = Garur Gyan Chand
| leader3 = Kirti Chand
| leader4 = Balo Kalyan Chand
| leader5 = Baz Bahadur Chand
| leader6 = Mahendra Chand
| year_leader1 = 700 CE – 721 CE (legendary){{sfn|Pandey|1993|pp=197–332}}
| year_leader2 = 1374–1419 CE{{sfn|Pandey|1993|pp=197–332}}
| year_leader3 = 1488–1503 CE{{sfn|Pandey|1993|pp=197–332}}
| year_leader4 = 1560–1568 CE{{sfn|Pandey|1993|pp=197–332}}
| year_leader5 = 1638–1678 CE{{sfn|Pandey|1993|pp=197–332}}
| year_leader6 = 1788–1790 CE{{sfn|Pandey|1993|pp=197–332}}
| title_leader = Raja (King)
| event_start =
| year_start = 11th century
| event_end =
| date_end =
| year_end = 1790 CE
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event2 =
| date_event2 =
| event3 =
| date_event3 =
| p1 = Khasas
| p2 = Kuninda kingdom
| p3 = Katyuri kingdom
| s1 = Khasa Malla Kingdom
| s2 = Kingdom of Nepal
| s3 =
| s4 =
| flag_s1 =
| coat_alt =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| capital = [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]] (600–1200) [[Champawat]] (1200–1563) [[Almora]] (1563–1791)
| national_anthem =
| common_languages = [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], [[Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| demonym =
| legislature =
| today = [[India]] [[Nepal]]
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}

[[File:Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, [[Champawat]], 1815.]]
The '''Chand dynasty''' was a kingdom that ruled the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] area in present-day [[Uttarakhand]] state of India, after the decline of the [[Katyuri kingdom]].<ref name="NT_1991"/> At times, their rule also extended to the western parts of present-day [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |title=King Prithvi Narayan Shah |year=1976 |journal=Regmi Research Series |pages=225 |url=https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_08.pdf }}</ref> Somchand established the dynasty, establishing his capital at Rajbunga in present-day [[Champawat]].<ref name="NT_1991">{{Cite book|last=Tyagi |first=Nutan |year=1991 |title= Hill Resorts of U.P. Himalaya |publisher=Indus |page=63 |isbn=9788185182629 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcrieQdY3Y0C&dq=Chand+dynasty+rajput&pg=PA63}}</ref>

The traditional genealogical lists of the Chand dynasty date their founder's ascension to as early as the 7th century, but historical evidence suggests that the Chand rule began only in the early 11th century.{{sfn|Krishna Pal Singh|1973|pp=88-90}} Their rule ended in 1790, when [[Prince Bahadur Shah of Nepal|Bahadur Shah of Nepal]] invaded the region, forcing the last king - Mahendra Chand - to flee.{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=103}}

== History ==
=== Origin ===
Several traditional genealogical lists (''vamshavali''s) of the Chand dynasty are available, but these are not completely reliable, having been compiled in the mid-19th century.{{sfn|Krishna Pal Singh|1973|pp=88, 90}} According to such traditional lists and chronicles, Som (or Soma) Chand established the Chand dynasty in the 7th century. Based on this, an 1849 [[British Raj]]-era report assigned the start of the Chand rule to 685 CE (742 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]). However, historians dispute this date, as it contradicts the chronology of the [[Katyuri kingdom]], who are known to have ruled Kumaon until the third quarter of the 10th century.{{sfn|Krishna Pal Singh|1973|p=88}} For example, the Pandukeshwar [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper-plate inscription]] attests that the Katyuri king Lalita Sura Deva was ruling Kumaon during the 9th century, and held the imperial title ''Parama-bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parmaeshvara''. It also attests that his descendants continued to rule the region in the 10th century.{{sfn|Krishna Pal Singh|1973|p=89}}

By the first quarter of the thirteenth century, the Chand kings appear to have been ruling in Kumaon as feudatories. For example, the 1223 CE [[Baleshwar Temple]] inscription of [[Khasa Kingdom|Krachalla Deva]], a conqueror from present-day Nepal, lists his ten counsellors and feudatories. The names of three of these men suggest that they may have belonged to the Chand family: Chandra Deva, Vinaya Chand and Vidya Chand. Vina Chand, whom the three principal genealogical lists name as the 8th Chand king, was probably same as Vinaya Chand of the inscription.{{sfn|Krishna Pal Singh|1973|p=90}}

The tradition states that Som Chand was an immigrant from [[Jhusi]], a relative of the king of Kannauj, and a contemporary of the last Katyuri king Brahma Deva.{{sfn|Krishna Pal Singh|1973|p=89}} Based on this, historian Krishna Pal Singh theorizes that Som Chand may have migrated to Kumaon amid the political upheaval resulting from the [[Ghaznavid campaigns in India|Ghaznavid invasion]] of the Kannauj kingdom during 1018-1019 CE. Singh, therefore, dates the beginning of the Chand rule to 1019-1021 CE. This dates aligns with Katyuri chronology and with the placement of the eighth Chand king Vina (Vinaya) Chand in 1223 CE.{{sfn|Krishna Pal Singh|1973|pp=89-90}}

=== Early rule ===

Som Chand continued to call his state Kurmanchal, and established its capital in [[Champawat]] in Kali Kumaon, called so, due to its vicinity to [[Kali River (Uttarakhand)|river Kali]]. Many temples built in this former capital city, during the 11th and 12th century exist today, this include the Baleshwar and Nagnath temples.{{sfn|Handa|2002}}{{page needed|date=February 2024}} Later their capital was shifted to [[Almora]] by ''Raja Kalyan Chand'' in 1563, when he laid the foundation of a town name 'Alam Nagar', which was also called, 'Rajapur',<ref>[http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/indexcity.html?history.html History of Almora city] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425091847/http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/indexcity.html?history.html |date=25 April 2009 }}{{unreliable source inline|date=March 2026}}</ref><ref name=Champa>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019WDZ000004471U00000000 Champawat] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012129/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019WDZ000004471U00000000 |date=9 February 2012 }} British Library.</ref> a name that still used and has been found inscribed on a number of copper plates of the time.<ref>[http://almora.nic.in/kumaun.htm Kumaon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513183439/http://almora.nic.in/kumaun.htm |date=13 May 2008 }} Official website of [[Almora district]].</ref>

In 1581, the Chand King, Rudra Chand (1565–1597), son of Raja Kalyan Chand seized Sira defeating Raika king Hari Malla and attacked the [[Garhwal Kingdom]] for the first time, though this attack was repulsed by then king, Dularam Sah,{{cn|date=March 2026}} and so were his subsequent attacks. Rudra Chand was a contemporary of [[Akbar]], and even paid him a visit in [[Lahore]] in 1587, as a mark of his obeisance. [[Akbarnama]] mentions him as "one of the great landlords of India", and further talks about his initial hesitation in approaching the court of Akbar, it was only [[Raja Todar Mal]] himself, sent his son Kalyan Das to assure him, did his proceed to meet Akbar. Subsequently, the two met and agreed on a concord,<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701023%26ct%3D195%26rqs%3D410 Rudra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209041217/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile=00701023&ct=195&rqs=410 |date=9 February 2012 }} [[Akbarnama]] of Abu Fazl, Volume 3, chpt. 196.p807, "On 9 Āẓar he received the felcity..."1588</ref> and thus [[Ain-e-Akbari]], written during period of Akbar, also mentions the ''Sarkar of Kumaon'', containing 21 Mahals (a geographical unit of the times) and the revenue collected.<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702052%26ct%3D191 Sarkár of Kumáon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209041143/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile=00702052&ct=191 |date=9 February 2012 }} [[Ain-e-Akbari]] Vol II, pp. 289.</ref>

After death of Rudra Chand in 1597, his son, Lakshmi Chand, also continued attacks of Garhwal for many years, though he too was repulsed. He also constructed the '[[Bagnath Temple|Bagnath temple]]' at [[Bageshwar]] in 1602.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

=== Peak ===
One of the most powerful rulers of the Chand dynasty was [[Baz Bahadur Chand]] (1638–78), who met [[Shahjahan]] in Delhi, and in 1655 joined forces with him to attack Garhwal, which was under its king, Pirthi Sah, and subsequently captured the [[Terai]] region including [[Dehradun]], which was hence separated from the Garhwal kingdom. Baz Bahadur extended his territory east to Karnali river.

In 1672, Baz Bahadur started a poll tax, and its revenue was sent to Delhi as a tribute. Baz Bahadur also built the [[Golu Devata]] Temple, at Ghorakhal, near [[Bhimtal]],<ref name=Chand>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_330.gif History of Nainital District] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] 1909, v. 18, p. 324-325.</ref> after Lord Golu, a general in his army, who died valiantly at war.<ref>[http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/indexvisitor.html Chitai Temple] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413011854/http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/indexvisitor.html |date=13 April 2009 }}</ref> He also built the Bhimeshwara Mahadev Temple at Bhimtal.<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO000000883U00007000 Bhimtal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618174145/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO000000883U00007000 |date=18 June 2008 }} British Library.</ref>

Towards the end of 17th century, Chand Rajas again attacked the Garhwal kingdom, and in 1688 Udyot Chand erected several temples at Almora, including Tripur Sundari, Udyot Chandeshwer and Parbateshwer, to mark his victory over Garhwal and Doti. The Pabateshwar temple was renamed twice, to become the present Nanda Devi temple.<ref name=Temple>[http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/almoratemples.php Almora Temples] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225503/http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/almoratemples.php |date=4 March 2016 }} www.uttaranchal.org.</ref> Later, Jagat Chand (1708–20), defeated the Raja of Garhwal and pushed him away from [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]], and his kingdom was given to a Brahmin.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_171.gif History of Garhwal District] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] 1909, v. 12, p. 165-166.</ref> However, a subsequent king of Garhwal, Pradip Shah (1717–72), regained control over Garhwal and retained Doon till 1757, when [[Rohilla]] leader [[Najib-ul-Daula]] established himself there, though he was ousted soon by Pradip Shah.

The Chand kings also defeated the [[Rajbar|Rajwars]] of [[Askot]], though the latter were allowed to hold their land on the payment of a tribute.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_020.gif Askot] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] 1909, v. 6, p. 14.</ref>

The hill station of [[Binsar]], 30 km from Almora was a summer retreat of the Chand kings.<ref>[http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/indexvisitor.html Almora] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413011854/http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/indexvisitor.html |date=13 April 2009 }} [[Almora]] city official website.</ref>

In the coming years, Jagat Chand's successor, Debi Chand (1720-6) took part in the wars of [[Rohilla]]s of [[Rohilkhand]], and was defeated by the British troops.<ref name=Chand />

=== Decline ===
In 1744, [[Ali Mohammed Khan]], the Rohilla leader, sent a force into the Chand territory and penetrated through Bhimtal in the Nainital district to [[Almora]]; the resistance of Chand army, under its ruler, Kalyan Chand, was weak and ineffective, and Almora fell to the Rohillas, who stayed here for seven short months, though they were ultimately driven out, an exit made possible by paying them a sum of three lakh rupees, and hastened by the harsh terrain of the region.

This peace didn't last long as after just three months, unhappy over his lieutenants, Ali Mohammed Khan attacked again, though this time, he was stopped right at the entrance to the hills, at Barakheri, and defeated; and he made no further attempts to conquer the Kumaon kingdom, nor did the Muslim rulers of Delhi, and this remained the first and the last attack by Muslim rulers on the region. Reconciliation subsequently came into effected; troops from the hills, under Dip Chand, fought side by side with the Rohillas at [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761.<ref name=Chand />

In 1760, he renamed the old Parbateshwer temple as Dipchandeshwar temple.<ref name=Temple />

During British rule, then divisional commissioner of Kumaon, George William Trail, got the statue of the Nanda Devi, which had been relocated to the Udyot Chandeshwar temple, from the 'Malla Mahal' (Upper Court) of Chand kings, where the present collectorate exists, and in time, the temple started being called the 'Nanda Devi temple'. The 'Talla Mahal' (Lower Court) of Chand rulers now houses the District Hospital.<ref>. [http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/29worship.html#Nanda Devi Temple Nanda Devi Temple] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625030520/http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/29worship.html#Nanda |date=25 June 2008 }} website of Almora city.</ref>

Due to internal strife, in the coming thirty years the kings lost most of the land they had previously ruled in the plains, and retained only the [[Bhabar|Bhabhar]] region.

In early 1790, the [[Gurkhas]] invaded the Kumaon hills and Almora, they advanced by crossing [[Kali River (Uttarakhand)|River Kali]], through Gangoli; and the Chands, under the titular Chand Raja, were driven to the Bhabhar and finally expelled.

The [[Terai]] and [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] were ceded to the [[United Kingdom|British]] by the [[Nawab of Awadh]] in 1801, along with the rest of [[Rohilkhand]].

Nepalese rule lasted for<ref>[http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/coinhistory.php Cruel Gurkha Regime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907185020/http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/coinhistory.php |date=7 September 2017 }} www.uttaranchal.org.</ref> twenty-four years. The end came because of their repeated intrusion into British territories in the [[Terai]] from 1800 onwards. [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Moira]], the [[Governor-General of India]], decided to attack Almora in December 1814, marking the beginning of the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]].<ref name=Champa /> After the war, the old Lal Mandi fort, near Almora (present cantonment), was renamed ‘Fort Moira’.<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019WDZ000004473U00000000 Almora] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012135/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019WDZ000004473U00000000 |date=9 February 2012 }} British Library.</ref>

Harak Deo Joshi, the minister of the last Chand Raja,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kashipur.in/content/ancestors|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416052727/http://kashipur.in/content/ancestors|url-status=dead|title=Chand Rajas in Kashipur|archivedate=16 April 2009}}</ref> took the side of the British, a force of 4500 men marched from [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] in February, 1815. Champawat was first taken in March from [[Pilibhit]], through the Kali River. Within two months, a strong British army under Colonel Nichols attacked and captured Almora, on 26 April 1815.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_253.gif History of Almora District] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] 1909, v. 5, p. 245-246.</ref> A truce was called the same day, and with the ratification of [[Sugauli Treaty|Treaty of Sugauli]] on 4 March 1816, Kumaon and Garhwal became a part of the [[British Raj]].

== Titles ==
Chand princes used Maharajkumar, Kunwar or Gusain as title. Maharajkumar was at the start of the name, while Kunwar or Gusain was used at the end. [[Doti]] princes used Rainka. [[Katyuri kings|Katyuris]] and Chands also used Rajwar as titles.(Chand's are also referred to as (६ पल्ल्या रजबार). A Rajbar who wears a "Janev" made of 6 threads (Maximum allowed for a Hindu)).

The Kings used titles such as Sri Raja, Sri Rajadhiraj or Rajadhiraja Maharaj and sometimes Maharajadhiraj Sri Raja etc. and name ended with Deo . This Deo was used by Katyuris as well.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Pawan |title=A Concise History of Uttarakhand |publisher=Aflatoon Publishing |year=2022 |isbn=978-81-955862-0-2 |edition=2nd |location=Dehradun |pages=109}}</ref>

== List of rulers ==

[[Badri Datt Pandey]], in his book ''Kumaun Ka Itihaas'' lists the Chand kings as following.{{sfn|Pandey|1993|pp=197–332}} Pandey, relying on Pandit Rudra Datta Pant, places Som Chand's ascension to 700 CE (757 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]). However, this date does not tally with the [[Katyuri dynasty|Katyuri]] chronology, and historical evidence suggests that Som Chand's rule began much later, probably around 1019-1021 CE.{{sfn|Krishna Pal Singh|1973|p=88-90}}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!width="150" rowspan="1"| King
!rowspan="1"|Reign
!rowspan="1"|Notes
|-
| Som Chand
| 700–721
|
|-
| Atm Chand
| 721–740
|
|-
| Purn Chand
| 740–758
|
|-
| Indra Chand
| 758–778
| Opened Silk Factories
|-
| Sansar Chand
| 778–813
|
|-
| Sudha Chand
| 813–833
|
|-
| Hamir Chand
| 833–856
|
|-
| Vina Chand
| 856–869
| Lost to Khas Kings
|-
| Vir Chand
| 1065–1080
|
|-
| Rup Chand
| 1080–1093
|
|-
| Laxmi Chand
| 1093–1113
|
|-
| Dharm Chand
| 1113–1121
|
|-
| Karm Chand
| 1121–1140
|
|-
| Ballal Chand
| 1140–1149
|
|-
| Nami Chand
| 1149–1170
|
|-
| Nar Chand
| 1170–1177
|
|-
| Nanaki Chand
| 1177–1195
|
|-
| Ram Chand
| 1195–1205
|
|-
| Bhishm Chand
| 1205–1226
|
|-
| Megh Chand
| 1226–1233
|
|-
| Dhyan Chand
| 1233–1251
|
|-
| Parvat Chand
| 1251–1261
|
|-
| Thor Chand
| 1261–1275
|
|-
| Kalyan Chand II
| 1275–1296
|
|-
| Trilok Chand
| 1296–1303
| Conquered Chhakhata Built a fort at [[Bhimtal]]
|-
| Damaru Chand
| 1303–1321
|
|-
| Dharm Chand
| 1321–1344
| Defeated One Lakh Army of [[Delhi]] Sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad Bin Tughluq]] under Khusrau Malik in his [[Qarachil Expedition]]
|-
| Abhay Chand
| 1344–1374
|
|-
| Garur Gyan Chand
| 1374–1419
| Established authority over [[Bhabar]] and [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Terai]]; later lost them to nawab of [[Sambhal]], Recaptured it by defeating Turkish Nawab of [[Sambhal]] under General Nilu Kathait
|-
| Harihar Chand
| 1419–1420
|
|-
| Udyan Chand
| 1420–1421
| built [[Baleshwar Temple]] at [[Champawat]] Captured Chaugarkha
|-
| Atma Chand II
| 1421–1422
|
|-
| Hari Chand II
| 1422–1423
|
|-
| Vikram Chand
| 1423–1437
| Completed [[Baleshwar Temple]]
|-
| Bharati Chand
| 1437–1450
| Defeated [[Doti]]
|-
| Ratna Chand
| 1450–1488
| Defeated Bams of [[Pithoragarh|Sor]], defeated [[Doti]] again
|-
| Kirti Chand
| 1488–1503
| annexed [[Almora district|Barahmandal]], [[Dwarahat|Pali]] and Faldakot, Conquered [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] by defeating Ajaypal and made it vassal state of Kumaon
|-
| Pratap Chand
| 1503–1517
|
|-
| Tara Chand
| 1517–1533
|
|-
| Manik Chand
| 1533–1542
|
|-
| Kalyan Chand III
| 1542–1551
|
|-
| Purna Chand
| 1551–1555
|
|-
| Bhishm Chand
| 1555–1560
| laid foundation stone of [[Almora|Alamnagar]] lost [[Almora district|Barahmandal]] to Khas Sardar ''Gajuwathinga''
|-
| Balo Kalyan Chand
| 1560–1568
| recaptured [[Almora district|Barahmandal]] moved capital to Alamnagar and renamed it [[Almora]] Annexed [[Mankot]] and [[Bageshwar district|Danpur]]
|-
| Rudra Chand
| 1568–1597
| Successfully defended [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Terai]] from nawab of [[Shahjahanpur|Kath and Gola]] founded the city of [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]] Annexed [[Didihat|Sira]]- Battle of Basantpur
|-
| Laxmi Chand
| 1597–1621
| built Laxmeswar and [[Bagnath Temple]] at [[Almora]] and [[Bageshwar]] respectively
|-
| Dilip Chand
| 1621–1624
|
|-
| Vijay Chand
| 1624–1625
|
|-
| Trimal Chand
| 1625–1638
|
|-
| [[Baz Bahadur Chand]]
| 1638–1678
| Captured [[Dehradun]] and Hindu Pilgrimage [[Kailash Mansarovar]] defeated [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] and [[Tibet]], has his kingdom from ton river till karnali
|-
| Udyot Chand
| 1678–1698
| Defeated combined armies of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] and Doti [[Kumaon invasion of Garhwal (1678)]]
[[Kumaon invasion of Chandpur garh (1679)]]
|-
| Gyan Chand
| 1698–1708
| Defeated [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] and expelled fateh shah from Srinagar
|-
| [[Jagat Chand]]
| 1708–1720
| Invaded [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] and captured its capital [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]], defeated army of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]]
|-
| Devi Chand
| 1720–1726
| Made Afghani Daud Khan General of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]], looted [[Moradabad]], [[Mughal Empire]] and captured villages of Mughals
|-
| Ajit Chand
| 1726–1729
|
|-
| Kalyan Chand V
| 1729–1747
| Defeated [[Rohilla]]s
|-
| Deep Chand
| 1747–1777
| Defeated [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] King Pradip Shah left him embarrassed; joined with the Afghans and Rohillas and against the Marathas in the Third battle of Panipat.
|-
| Mohan Chand
| 1777–1779
| Defeated by King Lalit Shah of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] due to treason of Joshis
|-
| Pradyumn Chand
| 1779–1786
| Son of king Lalit Shah of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]]
|-
| Mohan Chand
| 1786–1788
| Overthrew Pradyumn Shah; Became king for second time
|-
| Shiv Chand
| 1788
|
|-
| Mahendra Chand
| 1788–1790
| Defeated by [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkhas]]
|}

'''Panchpurviya'''

Five Rajput Clans namely: ''Deopa'' (Village Roba, [[Garkha]] Paspa), ''Serari'' (Village Sangor, Sorari Talli Malli), ''Puruchuda'' (Village Rundakot, Garkha Puruchudi), ''Chiral'' (Village Chhawati Chiral) and ''Paderu'' (Garkha Paderu) were known as Panch-purviyas. They were introduced in Doti and settled in Kumaon by King Ratan Chand (1450–1488) after granting them jagirs. These Five kind of Rajputs were relatives of the Chand kings and had matrimonial relations amongst each other. They are considered to be subcastes/clans of the Chands. After some time the Chiral family went back to Doti but other clans stayed.{{sfn|Pandey|1993}}{{page needed|date=February 2024}}

== Legacy ==
The first capital of Chand rulers, [[Champawat]], in the stronghold popularly known as Kali Kumaon, is now a district headquarters town, and hold many remnants of once powerful Chand reign, including a medieval fort, [[Baleshwar temple]], [[Nagnath Temple]], etc. Other temples of their reign are [[Golu Devata]] Temple, at [[Ghorakhal]], near Bhimtal, and Bhimeshwara Mahadev Temple at Bhimtal.

== See also ==
*[[Kumauni people]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Krishna Pal Singh |title=The Chand Epoch |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=34 |issue=1 |year=1973 |pages=88–92 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44138597 }}
* {{cite book |title=History of Kumaun |last=Pandey |first=B. D. |author-link=Badri Datt Pandey |year=1993 |location=Almora, India |publisher=Shyam Prakashan : Shree Almora Book Depot}} English version of "Kumaun ka itihas".
* {{cite book |title=History of Uttaranchal |first=Umachand |last=Handa |publisher=Indus |year=2002 |isbn=81-7387-134-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC&dq=Chand+Kings&pg=PA45 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Source Materials of Kumauni History |first=Nityananda |last=Misra |publisher=Shree Almora Book Depot |year=1994 |isbn=81-85865-24-8}}
* {{cite book |title=Administrative History of Uttarakhand (Kumaon and Garhwal), During the Rule of the East India Company, 1815–1857 |first=Ajay |last=Arora |publisher=Eastern Book Linkers |year=1996 |isbn=81-86339-33-7}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:History of Kumaon]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian monarchies]]
[[Category:Champawat]]
[[Category:Almora]]
[[Category:11th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:17th-century disestablishments in India]]

Chand dynasty - Revision history

ElenaEbersbacher at 20:17, 15 March 2026