DessieIqj504 at 14:09, 1 May 2026

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{{Short description|Indian lunar sample-return mission}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| image = File:Chandrayaan-4 Integrated Module, Computer-Aided Design (CAD) 2024.jpg
| image_caption = ''Chandrayaan-4 Integrated Module''' The [[Liquid apogee engine|LAM]] of transfer module seen on top and its [[Reentry capsule|re-entry cone]] is shown in golden brown. The ascender-lander-propulsion modules are seen beneath it in downward succession
| name = Chandrayaan-4
| mission_type = Lunar [[Sample-return mission|sample return]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| spacecraft_bus = Chandrayaan
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
| launch_mass = 9,200 kg (combined)<ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-to-get-two-new-launchpads-in-two-states-chandrayaan-4-getting-ready-2691114-2025-03-09</ref>
| launch_date = 2028 (planned)
| launch_rocket = 2 × [[LVM3|LVM3 SC]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| launch_contractor = [[ISRO]]
| landing_date = 2028 (planned)
| landing_site =
| programme = [[Chandrayaan programme]]
| previous_mission = [[Chandrayaan-3]]
| next_mission = [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission|LUPEX]] (Chandrayaan-5)
}}

'''Chandrayaan-4''' ({{audio|Chandrayaan.ogg|pronunciation}}; from [[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|[[Chandra]]}}, "Moon" and {{lang|sa|yāna}}, "craft, vehicle") is an upcoming [[Moon|lunar]] [[Sample-return mission|sample return]] mission of [[ISRO]] underdevelopment now and the fourth iteration in its [[Chandrayaan programme]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":1" /> As of January 2025, the conceptualisation phase has been completed, and the design phase is nearing completion.<ref name="The Indian Express-2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-23 |title=New ISRO chief interview: 'We will have 3 uncrewed missions (before humans can go to space), of which first may be this year' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-chief-interview-dr-v-narayanan-space-missions-9794888/lite/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The mission is expected to launch around 2028.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2024-05-14 |title=India plans Chandrayaan-4 moon sample return, will involve private sector |url=https://spacenews.com/india-plans-chandrayaan-4-moon-sample-return-will-involve-private-sector/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> It is planned to return up to {{cvt|3|kg}} of lunar regolith.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-4 to bring back 2-3 kg moon samples - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/science/chandrayaan-4-to-bring-back-2-3-kg-moon-samples/articleshow/113868562.cms |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref>

== Mission Objectives ==
The aim of the mission is to collect samples from the lunar surface and bring the samples safely to Earth for scientific studies. The objectives of this mission are<ref name=":0" />:
# To perform a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface.
# To demonstrate lunar sample collection and containerization.
# To demonstrate ascent from the Moon's surface.
# To demonstrate docking and undocking in lunar orbit.
# To demonstrate the transfer of samples from one module to another.
# To demonstrate return and re-entry to Earth for sample delivery.

== History ==

=== Conceptual Phase ===
The plan for a lunar sample return mission was revealed by the director of the [[Space Applications Centre|Space Application Centre]] (SAC), [[Nilesh M Desai]] on 17 November, 2023 during the 62nd foundation ceremony of the [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] (IITM) in [[Pune]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nivAGxeDaSc |title=IITM Foundation Day 17th Nov 2023 |language=en |access-date=2024-07-09 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> This was confirmed by [[S. Somanath]], the then chairman of ISRO, during the [[National Space Science Symposium]] held in [[Goa]] on 26 February 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDdrxlsEyck |title=National Space Science Symposium (NSSS) 2024 {{!}} GU {{!}} ISRO {{!}} Live {{!}} Prudent Network {{!}} 260224 |language=en |access-date=2024-07-09 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> He said that the mission is extremely challenging as it incorporates multiple launches, [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|docking]] capability and [[Robotic arm|robotic]] capability. He expressed the confidence buildup over the success of 'hop' operation of the lander and [[Trans-Earth injection|Earth return operation]] performed by the propulsion module of Chandrayaan-3.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 - eoPortal |url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/chandrayaan-3#chandrayaan-3experimentsandbeyond |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=www.eoportal.org |language=en}}</ref> After the launch of [[INSAT-3DS]], the chairman stated the insufficiency of the rocket capability leading to a 'novel design' for this mission and the secretary of the [[Department of Space]] (DoS) said that the mission incorporates 'high-end technology' and it is pending government approval for him to have a final word.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=Isro 'internally' working on Chandrayaan-4, mission to be more 'complex' this time |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/isro-internally-working-on-chandrayaan-4-mission-to-be-more-complex-this-time-417954-2024-02-18 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=ISRO holding discussions 'internally' on Chandrayaan-4 mission: Chairman |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-discussions-chandrayaan-4-mission-chairman-9167396/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Somanath stated that the mission demands docking capability both in Earth and lunar orbits and the agency is planning to demonstrate this capability through [[SPADEX|Space Docking Experiment]] (SPADEX) which is slated for launch by year end.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-27 |title=Chandrayaan-4 parts to be sent in 2 launches, assembled in space: ISRO chief |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-4-parts-to-be-sent-in-2-launches-assembled-in-space-isro-chief-9417421/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |title=First step for Chandrayaan-4 to be taken by year end: ISRO |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/first-step-for-chandrayaan-4-to-be-taken-by-year-end-isro-3082088 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

On 20 August 2024, S. Somanath announced that the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) had completed the design of both Chandrayaan-4 and [[LUPEX]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutt |first=Anonna |date=2024-08-24 |title=ISRO: Chandrayaan-4 design final, samples from Moon by 2027 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-chandrayaan-4-design-final-samples-from-moon-by-2027-9530162/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=Indian likely to fly to ISS by April next year under Nasa-Isro program |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/indian-likely-to-fly-to-iss-by-april-next-year-under-nasa-isro-program-124082100747_1.html |website=Business Standard |language=en-IN}}</ref> and is now requesting approval from the government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=2024-08-20 |title=Designs for Chandrayaan-4 & 5 ready, 1st 'Gaganyatri' flight by mid-2025, says ISRO chief Somanath |url=https://theprint.in/science/designs-for-chandrayaan-4-5-ready-1-gaganyatri-flight-by-mid-2025-says-isro-chief-somanath/2230760/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 13 February 2025, the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]], [[Jitendra Singh Rana]], stated in the [[Rajya Sabha]] that Chandrayaan-4 will be a foundational mission that will validate key technologies needed for a crewed lunar landing in 2040.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sridhar |first=Vivan |date=16 February 2025 |title=Gaganyaan now in 2028: Trip to space will have to wait |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/gaganyaan-now-in-2028-trip-to-space-will-have-to-wait/articleshow/118284951.cms |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2023-10-17 |title=PM Modi "directs" ISRO to land man on moon by 2040 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pm-modi-directs-isro-to-land-man-on-moon-by-2040/article67431169.ece |access-date=2025-02-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of February 2025, ISRO is developing a number of subsystems, such as robotic arms for sample collection, specialized payloads, and a high-capacity propulsion system.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2025-02-19 |title=Chandrayaan-4 will have 5 modules, need multiple dockings; work on Lupex Marches on |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-4-will-have-5-modules-need-multiple-dockings-work-on-lupex-marches-on/articleshow/118367218.cms |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ISRO organised a research meet in April 2025 to deliberate on the scientific research that can be conducted with the lunar regolith within India.<ref name="The Indian Express-2025" />

==== Cabinet approval ====
On 18 September 2024, Chandrayaan-4 received approval from the [[Union Cabinet]], chaired by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] for {{INRConvert|2104.06|c|lk=on|year=2024}} and is expected to be completed within 36 months.<ref>{{cite news |title=India goes to Moon again: This time to come back to Earth after landing on the Moon |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2055983 |access-date=18 September 2024 |agency=Union Cabinet, Government of India |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=18 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=2024-09-18 |title=Cabinet approves Chandrayaan-4 mission, first module of Bharatiya Antariksh Station, Venus mission, next-gen launcher |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cabinet-approves-chandrayaan-4-mission-first-module-of-bharatiya-antariksh-station-venus-mission-next-gen-launcher/articleshow/113461522.cms |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The mission will have five modules that will be carried to space on two different launches. The mission is designed to land on the lunar surface, collect samples, store them in a vacuum-sealed container, and return them to Earth. The mission will also see docking and undocking — two spacecraft aligning and coming together in orbit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutt |first=Anonna |date=2024-09-18 |title=Union Cabinet approves Venus mission, Indian space station among 4 key Isro projects |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/union-cabinet-approves-venus-mission-indian-space-station-isro-projects-9574515/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Chandrayaan-4, Venus mission get Cabinet nod; big fund boost for Gaganyaan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/chandrayaan-4-isro-gets-cabinet-nod-to-go-to-moon-and-return-with-lunar-soil-rocks-2602026-2024-09-18 |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
== Spacecraft ==
The mission will be launched in two phases onboard two [[LVM3]] rockets developed by ISRO. The spacecraft will include five modules packed into two composites, which will be launched separately, using two separate [[LVM 3]] launch vehicles.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-01 |title=Chandrayaan-4 mission will be assembled in space before it goes to Moon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-4-mission/story/chandrayaan-4-mission-isro-will-be-stacked-in-space-before-it-goes-to-moon-2609457-2024-10-01 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> As an Individual LVM3 rocket has a payload capacity of only 8,000 kilograms,exceeding the combined fuel mass and size of the spacecraft. Hence the flight was optimised for a dual-launch strategy.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Kabir |first=Radifah |date=2026-04-11 |title=Chandrayaan-4: Why India's next Moon mission is changing rockets mid-way |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-4-mission/story/chandrayaan-4-rocket-change-semi-cryogenic-engine-lvm3-launch-2027-lunar-sample-return-moon-mission-2894808-2026-04-11 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The spacecraft elements include:

*'''Propulsion Module''' is similar to the propulsion module on Chandrayaan-3. It will ferry the combined modular spacecraft to the moon.<ref name=":2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hd5L5cvDXB8 |title=Celebration of National Technology Day at Space Applications Centre |language=en |access-date=2024-07-10 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Chandrayaan-4's landing site on the Moon revealed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-4-mission/story/chandrayaan-4-to-land-close-to-shiva-shakti-point-on-the-moon-2538432-2024-05-13 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
*'''Lander''' '''Module''' will land on the Moon with instrumentation. It supports the ascent stage along with the soil sampling instrumentation. It is designed to last 1 [[lunar day]] or 14 Earth days on the moon.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The Lander module will be equipped with a scoop and a drill to obtain lunar samples.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Madanapalle |first=Aditya |date=2025-12-11 |title=ISRO’s Chandrayaan 4 to land closer to Lunar South Pole than Chandrayaan 3 |url=https://www.news9live.com/science/isros-chandrayaan-4-to-land-closer-to-lunar-south-pole-than-chandrayaan-3-2911185 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>
*'''Ascender''' '''Module''' will eject from the lander and launch from the Moon using the lander as a launch pad after the samples from the Moon are collected and stored. It will then enter low-lunar orbit.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
*'''Transfer Module''' will collect the samples from the ascent stage, transfer them to the re-entry module, fire its engine to set both itself and the re-entry module towards Earth, release the payload and loop back around the Earth.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
*'''Re-entry Module''' will hold the sample from lunar orbit. It is designed to survive [[Atmospheric entry|atmospheric re-entry]] and land with the [[Lunar soil|lunar regoliths]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

The first launch is planned to carry the ascender module and descender module. The second launch would carry the transfer module, re-entry module, and propulsion module.<ref name=":10" />The final spacecraft will be assembled into an integrated module by docking in Earth orbit before proceeding to the Moon.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-27 |title=ISRO to launch Chandrayaan-4 in two parts, assemble modules in space while in orbit: Chief Somanath |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/isro-to-launch-chandrayaan-4-in-two-parts-assemble-modules-in-space-while-in-orbit-chief-somanath-13786627.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> This will be done via Earth-orbit docking maneuvers.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":15" />

Once the spacecraft reaches lunar orbit, the lander/ascender stack will descent to the lunar surface. It is planned that after touchdown, a robotic arm, mounted on the Lander Module, will scoop about 2-3 kg of samples from around the landing site and transfer them to a container on the Ascent Module. In addition, a drilling mechanism will collect sub-surface samples and transfer them to another container in the Ascent Module. The Ascent module would lift-off just prior to the end of a lunar day for a lunar orbit rendezvous with the Transfer module, which will transfer the payload to a Re-entry module before departing from the moon and landing on earth.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":15" />

Apart from the propulsion module, the transfer module is also equipped with an onboard [[Liquid apogee engine|Liquid Apogee Motor]] (LAM) for return operation manoeuvres, including the [[trans-Earth injection]]. As per earlier reports, the lander module will have six [[throttleable]] landing thrusters capable of producing 800 [[Newton (unit)|newtons]] of thrust each, while the ascender module will have two lift off thrusters capable of producing 800 [[Newton (unit)|newtons]] of fixed thrust each.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Imgur |title=(Part-2) Advances in Propulsion Systems for Launch Vehicles, Satellites and Landing Missions |url=https://imgur.com/a/1I1499F |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Imgur |language=en}}</ref> The integrated assembly of all modules after docking in Earth orbit is expected to weigh at least {{Convert|9200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":11" />

== Landing site ==
The landing site was initially planned near to Station Shiv Shakti, the landing site of Chandrayaan-3 which is located between the [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus P]] and [[Boguslawsky (crater)|Boguslawsky M]] lunar craters near to the [[Lunar south pole|south pole]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Chandrayaan-4's landing site on the Moon revealed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-4-mission/story/chandrayaan-4-to-land-close-to-shiva-shakti-point-on-the-moon-2538432-2024-05-13 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-01 |title=Chandrayaan-3's Pragyan rover makes big discovery at Moon's Shiv Shakti Point |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-pragyan-rover-vikram-lander-isro-moon-rocks-soil-evolution-2560856-2024-07-01 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> ISRO had conducted comprehensive study of this landing site region regarding morphology, hydration and gravity anomalies using data obtained from payloads of [[Chandrayaan-2]] orbiter, [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] (LRO), [[Lunar Prospector]] and [[GRAIL]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rajasekhar |first=R. P. |last2=Dagar |first2=Aditya K. |last3=Nagori |first3=Rohit |last4=Bhiravarasu |first4=Sriram Saran |last5=Ojha |first5=Satya P. |last6=Bhattacharya |first6=Satadru |date=2024-06-01 |title=Comprehensive analysis of Chandrayaan-3 landing site region focusing on morphology, hydration and gravity anomalies |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Icar..41516074R |journal=Icarus |volume=415 |article-number=116074 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116074 |issn=0019-1035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rajasekhar |first=R. P. |last2=Dagar |first2=Aditya K. |last3=Nagori |first3=Rohit |last4=Bhiravarasu |first4=Sriram Saran |last5=Ojha |first5=Satya P. |last6=Bhattacharya |first6=Satadru |date=2024-06-01 |title=Comprehensive analysis of Chandrayaan-3 landing site region focusing on morphology, hydration and gravity anomalies |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103524001349 |journal=Icarus |volume=415 |article-number=116074 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116074 |issn=0019-1035|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ISRO also evaluated landing the spacecraft at Chandrayaan-3's and Chandrayaan-2's alternate landing sites.<ref name=":16" />

It was proposed in 2026 to land the spacecraft in the Mountainous plains near [[Mons Mouton]] of the moon, based on data from the OHRC instrument on the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter and SIS datasets, located even closer to the lunar south pole.Five sites were evaluated of which four were selected, after it was discovered that one of them was in a shadowed region,impeding solar power generation. Of the other given sites, MM4 was suggested as the landing site.<ref name=":12">[https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2026/pdf/1198.pdf 1198.PDF]</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Science Desk |first=India Today |date=2026-02-07 |title=We finally know where Chandrayaan-4 will land on the Moon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-4-mission/story/chandrayaan-4-mission-launch-lupex-japan-isro-moon-landing-mons-muton-2864572-2026-02-07 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-02-09 |title=ISRO identifies site for Chandrayaan-4 lander |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-identifies-site-for-chandrayaan-4-lander/article70611017.ece |access-date=2026-02-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Researchers from [[IIT Kharagpur]] and [[Physical Research Laboratory|PRL]] surveyed the sites for [[iron]] and [[titanium]]-rich rocks known as ''ilmenite-bearing cumulates'' (IBC), about 4.3-4.4 billion years old that may have preserved records of the moon's early history. There is also potential for samples to have lunar water content within them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu |date=2026-03-23 |title=IIT team uncovers 4.4-billion-year-old Moon mystery, set to boost Chandrayaan-4 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/iit-isro-prl-team-uncovers-44-billion-year-old-moon-mystery-set-to-boost-chandrayaan-4-2885751-2026-03-23 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> All the newly proposed sites are expected to be near Permenently Shadowed regions on the moon.<ref name=":16" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparision of survey data of the newly proposed landing sites for Chandrayaan-4
! Site !! Orbital Survey pass !! Date of pass !! Orbiter Orientation (Pitch,Yaw,Roll) !! Observation elevation !! Observation Azimuth !! Lattitude !! Longitude !! Hazard% !! Safe areas (24m x 24m grid) !! Mean Slope !! Height range !! Mean height
|-
| rowspan="2" | MM1 || 23366 || rowspan="2" | 18-11 2025 || 12.00, 0.00 ,-1.5 || 3.4 || 300.9 || rowspan="2" | -84.944 || rowspan="2" | 25.11 || rowspan="2" | 12.24 || rowspan="2" | 502 || rowspan="2" | 5.2° || rowspan="2" | 4477 – 4891 || rowspan="2" | 4857
|-
| 23367 || -11.90, 0.01, 3.2 || 4.5 || 306.3
|-
| rowspan="2" | MM3 || 23356 || rowspan="2" | 17-11 2025 || 14.50, 0.01, 9.9 || 3.5 || 300.2 || rowspan="2" | -84.745 || rowspan="2" | 29.297 || rowspan="2" | 12.23 || rowspan="2" | 126 || rowspan="2" | 6.3° || rowspan="2" | 5084 – 5322 || rowspan="2" | 5204
|-
| 23357 || -14.6, 0.01, 8.2 || 4.9 || 306.1
|-
| rowspan="2" | MM4 || 23353 || rowspan="2" | 17-11 2025 || 17.2, 0.02, 7.9 || 3.7 || 301.1 || rowspan="2" | -84.289 || rowspan="2" | 32.808 || rowspan="2" | 9.89 || rowspan="2" | 568 || rowspan="2" | 5.0° || rowspan="2" | 5274 – 5386 || rowspan="2" | 5334
|-
| 23354 || -17.1, 0.01, 6.3 || 5.2 || 307
|-
| rowspan="2" | MM5 || 23344 || rowspan="2" | 16-11 2025 || 19.4, 0.03, 16.3 || 3.4 || 301.5 || rowspan="2" | -84.641 || rowspan="2" | 36.17 || rowspan="2" | 12.75 || rowspan="2" | 72 || rowspan="2" | 5.38° || rowspan="2" | 6074– 6223 || rowspan="2" | 6162
|-
| 23345 || -19.8,0.03, 15.2 || 5.2 || 307.8
|}

Factors affecting landing site selection include<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" />
* Slope less than or up to 10 degrees
* Boulders less than 0.32 meter
* Low Crater and boulder distribution in local topography
* Sunlit for at least 11-12 days.
* Local terrain features don’t shadow the site for long
* Distribution of safe grid of 24m x 24m inside 1km x 1 km landing area

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Space|Science}}
* [[Chandrayaan programme]]
* [[List of missions to the Moon]]
* [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]]

=== Similar missions ===
* [[Chang'e 5]]
* [[Chang'e 6]]
* [[Luna 16]]
* [[Luna 20]]
* [[Luna 24]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Solar System probes}}

[[Category:Proposed missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Indian lunar exploration programme]]
[[Category:ISRO space probes]]
[[Category:2028 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:2028 in India]]
[[Category:Indian missions to the Moon]]

Chandrayaan-4 - Revision history

DessieIqj504 at 14:09, 1 May 2026