OrvilleBurgos99 at 22:10, 27 February 2024

2024-02-27T22:10:50Z

New page

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{distinguish|Chandwara}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandwar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Chandwar.png
| map_caption = Map showing Chandwar in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1069|N|78.37033|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 17.288
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12004
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chandwar''' ({{IAST|Chandwār}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. Although now a humble village, it was historically the main town in the region during the Middle Ages. As of 2011, it had a population of 12,004, in 2,101 households.

== Geography ==
Chandwar is located on the left bank of the [[Yamuna]] river, about 5 km southwest of Firozabad. The village lands cover a large area, much of which is cut up by bluffs and ravines.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |editor1-last=Nevill |editor1-first=H. R. |title=Agra: A Gazetteer, Being Volume VIII of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.07292 |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref>{{rp|238–9}} There are also 474 [[hectare]]s of forest cover on the village lands.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|125}}

== History ==
Before Firozabad was founded {{circa}} 1566, Chandwar was the main town in the area. It was supposedly a stronghold of the [[Chauhan Dynasty]] in the early medieval period; according to their dynastic traditions, the place was founded by a ruler named Chandrasen.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>{{rp|138, 279–80}} According to Zahoor Ali Khan, based on the distribution of contemporary [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate inscriptions]], Chandwar was probably under indirect [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gahadavala]] control by the late 1100s: although nominally under their suzerainty, the late Gahadavala rulers seem to have "ceased exercising effective authority" over the region.<ref name="Ali Khan 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Ali Khan |first1=Zahoor |title=Geography of the Gahadavala Kingdom |journal=[[Proceedings of the Indian History Congress]] |date=2002 |volume=63 |pages=243–6 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158091 |access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref>{{rp|244}}

Indirect Gahadavala rule came to an end with the [[Battle of Chandwar]] in 1194. The Gahadavala ruler [[Jayachandra]] was killed in the battle, which helped "lay the foundation" for [[Muhammad of Ghor]]'s subsequent conquest of much of northern India.<ref name="Chandra 2007">{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India:800-1700|url=https://archive.org/download/satishchandrahistoryofmedievalindia/Satish%20Chandra%20History%20of%20Medieval%20India.pdf |year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7}}</ref>{{rp|71}} ([[Minhaj-i Siraj]] is the one who identifies Chandwar as the site of the battle. [[Ibn Asir]] only says that the battle took place near the Yamuna.<ref name="Ali Khan 2002"/>{{rp|244}}

According to [[Bhadauria]] dynastic traditions, the presumed Chauhan local rulers of Chandwar stayed in power until 1246, when they were finally conquered. This may be corroborated by the Sultanate's own records, which mention the capture of an unnamed Hindu stronghold in that same year. Much later, shortly after [[Khizr Khan]] came to power in Delhi, his general [[Taj ul-Mulk]] was recorded receiving submission from "the infidels of Chandwar"; then in 1420, Taj ul-Mulk sacked and looted Chandwar as punishment of some sort. In 1452, Chandwar was the site of [[Battle of Chandwar (1452)|a major battle]] between the Delhi and [[Jaunpur Sultanate]]s, which led to a three-year truce between the two empires.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>{{rp|138–41}}

Chandwar was listed in the ''[[Ain-i Akbari]]'' ({{circa}} 1595) as a ''[[mahallah|mahal]]'' under ''[[sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]'' [[Agra]]. It was listed with an assessed revenue of 11,442,250''[[dam (Indian coin)|dam]]''s and was expected to supply 7,000 infantry and 200 cavalry to the Mughal army. It was described as having a brick fort on the Yamuna, and the Chauhans were listed as a prominent local group.<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari">{{cite book |last1=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |author1-link=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |translator-last1=Jarrett |translator-first1=Henry Sullivan |title=The Ain-i-Akbari |date=1891 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/ainiakbarivolum00mubgoog |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>{{rp|183}}

Chandwar seems to have remained the seat of a ''[[pargana]]'' until administrative reforms in the mid-1700s under [[Suraj Mal]], the [[Jat]] maharaja of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]]. It was then split between the new ''pargana''s of [[Khandauli]] and Firozabad.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>{{rp|163}}

== Monuments ==
There are many old monuments at Chandwar, mostly now in ruins. The old fort overlooking the Yamuna was once the political centre of the town, and there are also various ruined temples, mosques, and tombs. To the north of the village, on a bluff overlooking the river, is the tomb of the 16th-century Muslim holy man Shah Sufi (after whom the neighbouring village of [[Sufipur]] is named). This tomb is still in good condition and hosts an annual fair on the anniversary of Shah Sufi's death.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>{{rp|239}}

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Chandwar had a population of 12,004, in 2,101 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|120}} This population was 53.2% male (6,391) and 46.8% female (5,613). The 0-6 age group numbered 2,490 (1,319 male and 1,171 female), making up 20.7% of the total population. 40 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 0.3% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Chandwar as having a population of 5,433 people (2,876 male and 2,557 female), in 815 households and 811 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|192–3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Chandwar as comprising nine hamlets, with a total population of 3,393 people (1,760 male and 1,633 female), in 605 households and 418 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 4,269 acres and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Economy ==
As of 2011, Chandwar did not have a bank or [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit society]], and it did not host a weekly [[haat]] or permanent market. The primary agricultural crops grown at Chandwar are wheat, barley, and mustard.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|123–5}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Chandwar had two primary schools and one primary health sub centre. Drinking water was provided by well, hand pump, and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a sub post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]
[[Category:Parganas of sarkar Agra listed in the Ain-i-Akbari]]

Chandwar - Revision history

OrvilleBurgos99 at 22:10, 27 February 2024