>Kautilya3 at 09:28, 28 May 2021

2021-05-28T09:28:06Z

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{{short description|Small river on the border between China and India}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Charding Nullah
| name_native =
| name_native_lang =
| name_other = Lhari stream
| nickname = Demchok River

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =

| map = {{Location map|Kashmir|coordinates={{coord|32|42|N|79|28|E}}|alt=Charding Nullah relative to Kashmir|caption=}}
| map_size =
| map_caption = Charding Nullah relative to the [[Kashmir region]]
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map = Tibet
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption= Charding Nullah relative to the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]
| pushpin_map_alt = Charding Nullah relative to the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]
| pushpin_map_relief = 0

| subdivision_type1 = country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]], [[China]]
| subdivision_type2 = province
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ladakh]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = district
| subdivision_name3 = [[Leh district|Leh]], [[Ngari Prefecture]]
| subdivision_type4 = subdistrict
| subdivision_name4 = [[Nyoma]], [[Gar County|Gar]]

| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
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| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location = Charding La
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|32.5573|79.3838}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|5170|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Indus River]]
| mouth_location = [[Demchok, Ladakh]] and [[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|32|42|N|79|28|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|4200|m|abbr=on}}{{sfnp|Bhattacharji, Ladakh|2012|loc=Ch. 9}}{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|pp=374–375}}
| progression =
| river_system = [[Indus River]]
| basin_size =
| basin_landmarks =
| basin_population =
| tributaries_left = Nilu Nullah
| tributaries_right =
| waterbodies =
| waterfalls =
| bridges =
| ports =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|title= Demchok River
|pic=
|c = {{linktext|lang=zh|典角河}} 
|l=
|p = Diǎnjiǎo hé
|showflag = p
}}
The '''Charding Nullah''', traditionally known as the '''Lhari stream''' and called the '''Demchok River''' by China,{{efn|name="White Paper XII"}} is a small river that originates near the '''Charding La''' pass that is also on the border between the two countries and flows northeast to join the [[Indus River]] near a peak called "Lhari Karpo" (white holy peak). There are villages on both sides of the mouth of the river with the same Tibetan name but romanised as [[Demchok, Ladakh|Demchok]] (in India) and [[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture|Dêmqog]] (in Tibet). The river serves as the [[Line of Actual Control|''de facto'' border between China and India]] in the [[Demchok sector]].{{efn|name="White Paper XII"}}

== Etymology ==
The Indian government refers to the river as "Charding Nullah" after its place of origin, the Charding La pass, with [[nullah]] meaning a mountain stream.

The Chinese government uses the term "Demchok river" by the location of its mouth, near the Demchok village.{{efn|name="White Paper XII"|On 21 September 1965, the Indian Government wrote to the Chinese Government, complaining of Chinese troops who were said to have "moved forward in strength right up to the Charding Nullah and have assumed a threatening posture at the Indian civilian post on the western [northwestern] side of the Nullah on the Indian side of the 'line of actual control'." The Chinese Government responded on 24 September stating, "In fact, it was Indian troops who on September 18, intruded into the vicinity of the Demchok village on the Chinese side of the 'line of actual control' after crossing the Demchok River from Parigas (in Tibet, China)..."<ref>{{citation |editor=India. Ministry of External Affairs |title=Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: January 1965 - February 1966, White Paper No. XII |url=http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WhitePaper12NEW.pdf |via=claudearpi.net |year=1966 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs |ref={{sfnref|India, Ministry of External Affairs|1966}}}}</ref>}}

The historical documents name the river as "Lhari stream".{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=107}} Lhari,{{efn|Alternative spellings of Lahri include "Lahri", "Lari" or "Lairi"}} meaning "holy mountain" in Tibetan, is the name used for the white rocky peak (4,865 m) behind the village of [[Demchok (historical village)|Demchok]].<ref>{{harvp|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya|2001|p=160}}; {{harvp|Bhattacharji, Ladakh|2012|loc=Chapter 9: "Changthang: The High Plateau"}}</ref><ref name=Arpi>
Claude Arpi, [http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/the-case-of-demchok/ The Case of Demchok], Indian Defence Review, 19 May 2017.
</ref> It has also been referred to as "Lari Karpo" ("white lhari") and "Demchok Lari Karpo" in Tibetan documents.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=106–107}}{{efn|Scholars translate the Tibetan term ''lha-ri'' as "soul mountain". Many peaks in Tibet are named ''lhari'' including a "Demchok lhari" in the northern suburbs of Lhasa.<ref name="McKay2015">
{{citation |last=McKay |first=Alex |title=Kailas Histories: Renunciate Traditions and the Construction of Himalayan Sacred Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3HsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA520 |year=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-30618-9 |page=520}}
</ref><ref>
[https://texts.shanti.virginia.edu/content/khardo-hermitage-khardo-ritr%C3%B6 Khardo Hermitage (Khardo Ritrö)], Mandala web site, University of Virginia, retrieved 21 October 2019.
</ref> "Karpo", meaning "white", serves to distinguish the Ladakh's mountain peak from the others.}} "Lhari stream at Demchok" is the phrase used in the 1684 [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]],{{sfnp|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965|p=38}} forming the basis for the Indian government's identification of the stream with Charding Nullah.<ref>{{harvp|Indian Report, Part 2|1962|pp=47–48}}: "There was only one Lhari in the area, and that was the stream joining the Indus near Demchok at Longitude 79° 28' E and Latitude 32° 42' N."</ref>{{efn|Fisher et al. states that the Lhari stream flows "five miles southeast of Demchok".{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=39}} This seems incorrect. Rather the Indian alignment of the border is five miles southeast of Demchok. It follows the ''watershed'' of the Lhari stream/Charding Nullah. See {{harvp|Indian Report, Part 1|1962|loc=Q21 (p. 38)}}}}

== Description ==
{{OSM Location map
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| width = 270
| height = 200
| caption = <center>Charding Nullah</center>
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| mark-coord3 = {{coord|32.9357151|79.2139546}}
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| mark-coord4 = {{coord|33.0759128|79.1688123}}
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| mark-coord5 = {{coord|32.672861|79.168857}}
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| mark-coord6 = {{coord|33.1984|78.9525}}
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| mark-title6 = Dungti
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| mark-description6 =

| mark-coord7 = {{coord| 32.7715|78.9832}}
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| label7 = Hanle
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| mark-title7 = Hanle
| mark-image7 =
| mark-description7 =

| mark-coord8 = {{coord|32.6949|79.4593}}
| mark8 = Red pog.svg
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| label8 = Dêmqog
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| mark-title8 = Dêmqog
| mark-image8 =
| mark-description8 = Chinese-administered village

| mark-coord9 = {{coord|32.5098|79.6762}}
| mark9 = Black pog.svg
| mark-size9 = 8
| label9 = Tashigang |labela9 = (Zhaxigang)
| label-size9 = 11
| label-color9 = gray
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| mark-title9 = Tashigang
| mark-image9 =
| mark-description9 = Zhaxigang

| mark-coord19 = {{coord|33.1969|79.8210}}
| mark19 = Black pog.svg
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| label19 = Risong
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| mark-title19 = Risong
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| mark-coord10 = {{coord|32.80737|79.38093}}
| mark10 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size10 = 12
| label10 = Indus River
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| label-color10 = hard blue
| label-pos10 = right |label-offset-x10 = 0 |label-offset-y10 = 0
| mark-title10 = Indus River
| mark-image10 =
| mark-description10 = Sengge Zangbo

| mark-coord11 = {{coord|32.5993|79.3999}} 
| mark11 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size11 = 14
| label11 = Charding | labela11 = Nullah
| label-size11 = 10
| label-color11 = hard blue
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| mark-title11 = Charding Nullah
| mark-image11 =
| mark-description11 = Tributary of the Indus river

| mark-coord12 = {{coord|32.6103|79.3498}}
| mark12 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size12 = 12
| label12 = Nilu 
| label-size12 = 10
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| label-pos12 = top |label-offset-x12 = 0 |label-offset-y12 = 0
| mark-title12 = Nilu Nullah
| mark-image12 =
| mark-description12 = Tributary of the Charding Nullah

| mark-coord13 = {{coord|32.5818|79.202}}
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| label13 = Koyul |labela13 = Lungpa
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| mark-title13 = Koyul Lungpa river
| mark-image13 =
| mark-description13 = Tributary of the Indus river


| mark-coord21 = {{coord|32.5242|79.4019}}
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| label21 = Charding La
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| mark-title21 = Charding La
| mark-image21 =
| mark-description21 =

| mark-coord22 = {{coord|32.7758|79.5344}}
| mark22 = Mountain pass 12x12 ne.svg
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| label22 = Jara La
| label-size22 = 10
| label-color22 = hard red
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| mark-title22 = Jara La
| mark-image22 =
| mark-description22 = Mountain pass on the Indian claim line

| mark-coord23 = {{coord|33.0167|79.3667}}
| mark23 = Mountain pass 12x12 ne.svg
| mark-size23 = 10
| label23 = Chang La
| label-size23 = 10
| label-color23 = hard red
| label-pos23 = right | label-offset-x23 = 0 | label-offset-y23 = 0
| mark-title23 = Chang La
| mark-image23 =
| mark-description23 = Mountain pass on the Indian claim line

| mark-coord24 = {{coord|32.696355|79.284238}}
| mark24 = Mountain pass 12x12 e.svg
| mark-size24 = 10
| label24 = Umling La 
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| label-pos24 = top | label-offset-x24 = -10 | label-offset-y24 = 0
| mark-title24 = Umling La
| mark-image24 =
| mark-description24 = Mountain pass on the Chinese claim line

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| mark-description28 = Point on the Chinese claim line

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| mark-image29 =
| mark-description29 = Point on the Chinese claim line

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| label-size30 = 10
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| mark-title30 = Indus river bed
| mark-image30 =
| mark-description30 = Point on the Chinese claim line
}}

===Sources===
The Charding Nullah originates below the Charding La pass, which is on a large spur that divides the [[Sutlej]] river basin from the [[Indus]] river basin. In this area, the Sutlej river tributaries flow southeast into West Tibet and the Indus river and its tributaries flow northwest, parallel to the Himalayan ranges.

===Charding–Nilu Nullah Junction===
The Charding Nullah flows northeast along a narrow mountain valley. Halfway down the valley it is joined by another nullah from the left, called Nilu Nullah (or Nilung/Ninglung). The '''Charding–Nilu Nullah Junction''' (CNNJ, 4900 m) is recognised by both the Indian and Chinese border troops as a strategic point.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/chinese-troops-cross-lac-in-ladakh-again-200559-2014-07-16 Chinese troops cross LAC in Ladakh again], India Today, 16 July 2014.</ref>

===Changthang plateau===
{{Main|Changthang plateau}}
The entire area surrounding the Charding Nullah is referred to as the [[Changthang]] plateau. It consists of rocky mountain heights of [[Ladakh Range|Ladakh]] and [[Kailas Range|Kailas]] ranges and sandy river valleys which are only good for grazing yaks, sheep and goats (the famous [[pashmina]] goats) reared by Changpa nomads.<ref>{{citation |title=The Politics of Pashmina: The Changpas of Eastern Ladakh |first=Monisha |last=Ahmed |journal=Nomadic Peoples |series=New Series |volume=8 |number=2 |year=2004 |pages=89–106 |publisher=White Horse Press |doi=10.3167/082279404780446041 |jstor=43123726}}</ref> The Indian-controlled northern side of the nullah is close to [[Hanle (village)|Hanle]], the site of the [[Hanle Monastery]]. The Chinese-controlled southern side has the village of [[Zhaxigang|Tashigang]] (Zhaxigang) which also has a monastery, both having been built by the Ladakhi ruler [[Sengge Namgyal]] ({{reign|1616|1642}}).<ref>
* {{harvp|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya|2001|p=143}}: "Magnificent monasteries were built at Hemis, Theg-mchog (Chemrey), Anle [Hanle] and Tashigong [Tashigang]."
* {{citation |last=Jina |first=Prem Singh |title=Ladakh: The Land and the People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjhcZgDy-WMC |year=1996 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-057-6 |page=88}}: "He [Sengge Namgyal] built many monasteries such as Hemis, Chemde, Wanla [Hanle] and Tashigang. He also built the castle of Leh palace."
* {{citation |first=Nawang Tsering |last=Shakspo |chapter=The Foremost Teachers of the Kings of Ladakh |editor1=Martijn van Beek |editor2=Kristoffer Brix Bertelsen |editor3=Poul Pedersen |title=Recent Research on Ladakh 8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Aarhus University Press |isbn=978-87-7288-791-3 |page=286}}: "They founded the renowned Hemis Gonpa, Chemre Gonpa and Wanla Gonpa [Hanle]. Sengge Namgyal also had a monastery built at Tashigang in western Tibet."
</ref> At the end of [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]], the Tibetan troops retreated to Tashigang where they fortified themselves.<ref>
* {{harvp|Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|2007|p=98}}
* {{harvp|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya|2001|p=156}}
* {{harvp|Lange, Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps of the Border Area|2017}}: According to Hedin, "Right in front of us the monastery Tashi-gang gradually grows larger. Its walls are erected on the top of an isolated rock of solid porphyrite, which crops up from the bottom of the Indus valley like an island drawn out from north to south. (…) on the short side stand two round free-standing towers, (…). The whole is surrounded by a moat 10 feet deep (…)".
</ref>
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|32.6988|79.4562}} 
| float = right
| zoom = 12
| width = 270
| height = 200
| caption = <center>The two villages</center>
| nolabels = 1
| map-data =

| mark-coord1 = {{coord|32.7040811|79.4467432}}
| mark1 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size1 = 6
| label1 = Demchok
| label-size1 = 10
| label-color1 = hard red
| label-pos1 = right | label-offset-x1 = 0 | label-offset-y1 = -7
| mark-title1 = Demchok
| mark-image1 =
| mark-description1 = Indian-administered village

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|32.6835043|79.4354181}}
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| label2 = Hot Spring
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| mark-title2 = Hot Spring
| mark-image2 =
| mark-description2 = Indian-administered village

| mark-coord8 = {{coord|32.6949|79.4593}}
| mark8 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size8 = 6
| label8 = Dêmqog
| label-size8 = 10
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| label-pos8 = right |label-offset-x8 = 0 |label-offset-y8 = 3
| mark-title8 = Dêmqog
| mark-image8 =
| mark-description8 = Chinese-administered village


| mark-coord10 = {{coord|32.80737|79.38093}}
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| mark-size10 = 12
| label10 = Indus River
| label-size10 = 11
| label-color10 = hard blue
| label-pos10 = right |label-offset-x10 = 0 |label-offset-y10 = 0
| mark-title10 = Indus River
| mark-image10 =
| mark-description10 = Sengge Zangbo

| mark-coord11 = {{coord|32.5993|79.3999}} 
| mark11 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size11 = 14
| label11 = Charding | labela11 = Nullah
| label-size11 = 10
| label-color11 = hard blue
| label-pos11 = right |label-offset-x11 = 0 |label-offset-y11 = 0
| mark-title11 = Charding Nullah
| mark-image11 =
| mark-description11 = Tributary of the Indus river
}}

===Mouth===
At the bottom of the valley, the Charding Nullah branches into a 2 km-wide delta as it joins the Indus river.<ref>Claude Arpi, [http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/demchok-and-the-new-silk-road-chinas-double-standard/ Demchok and the New Silk Road: China's double standard], Indian Defence Review, 4 April 2015. "View of the nalla" image.</ref> During the [[British Raj|British colonial period]], there were villages on both the sides of the delta, going by the name "Demchok". The southern village appears to have been the main one, frequently referred to by travelers.<ref>{{harvp|Lange, Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps of the Border Area|2017|p=353}}: 'At present officially located in India, the village of Demchok marked the border between Tibet and Ladakh for a long time. Abdul Wahid Radhu, a former representative of the Lopchak caravan, described Demchok in his travel account as "the first location on the Tibetan side of the border".'</ref><ref name="Demchok Lhasa">{{harvp|Indian Report, Part 3|1962|pp=3–4}}: According to a report by the governor of Ladakh in 1904–05, "I visited Demchok on the boundary with Lhasa. ... A nullah falls into the Indus river from the south-west and it (Demchok) is situated at the junction of the river. Across is the boundary of Lhasa, where there are 8 to 9 huts of the Lhasa zamindars. On this side there are only two zamindars."</ref> Prior to the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, India had established a border post to the south of the delta (the "New Demchok post"). As the war progressed, the post was evacuated and the Chinese forces occupied it.{{sfnp|Cheema, Crimson Chinar|2015|p=190}}<ref name=Arpi/> The Chinese spelt the name of the village as [[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture|Dêmqog]]. Travel writer Romesh Bhattacharji states they expected to set up a trading village, but India never renewed trade after the war. He states that the southern Dêmqog village has only commercial buildings whereas the northern village has security-related buildings.{{sfnp|Bhattacharji, Ladakh|2012|loc=Chapter 9: "Changthang: The High Plateau"}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7 |year=1890 |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}
* {{citation |editor=India, Ministry of External Affairs |title=Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP4ruQEACAAJ |year=1962 |publisher=Government of India Press}}
** Indian Report: {{citation |title=Part 1 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_1.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Indian Report, Part 1|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 2 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_2.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Indian Report, Part 2|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 3 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_3.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Indian Report, Part 3|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 4 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_4.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Indian Report, Part 4|1962}}}}
** Chinese report: {{citation |title=Part 1 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part1.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Chinese Report, Part 1|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 2 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part2.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Chinese Report, Part 2|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 3 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part3.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Chinese Report, Part 3|1962}}}};
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{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/7935425#map=9/32.8898/79.3515 Demchok Eastern Sector] on OpenStreetMap (Chinese-controlled)
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/9823095 Demchok Western Sector] on OpenStreetMap (Indian-controlled)

[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:Indus basin]]
[[Category:Rivers of China]]
[[Category:Rivers of India]]
[[Category:Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tibet]]
[[Category:Geography of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Geography of Tibet]]
[[Category:History of Ladakh]]
[[Category:History of Tibet]]

Charding Nullah - Revision history

>Kautilya3 at 09:28, 28 May 2021