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{{about|the Victoria Cross recipient and Pasha|other people|Charles Baker (disambiguation)}}

{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}

{{Infobox military person
|name= Charles George Baker
| honorific_suffix = VC
|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1830|12|8}}
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1906|2|19|1830|12|8}}
|birth_place= [[Noakhali|Noacolly]], {{flag|Bengal Presidency}}, [[British India]]
|death_place=[[Southbourne, Dorset]]
|placeofburial=Christchurch Cemetery, Dorset
|image= Charles Baker VC IWM Q 80469.jpg
|image_size=
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance= [[United Kingdom]]
|serviceyears=
|rank=[[Major General]]
|branch=
{{plainlist|
*[[Bengal Army]]
*[[Turkish Army]]
}}
|commands=
|unit=
|battles=
{{plainlist|
*[[Indian Mutiny]]
*1861 Sikkim Expedition
*[[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]
}}
|awards= [[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|30px]] [[Victoria Cross]] [[File:Indian_Mutiny_Medal_BAR.svg|30px]] [[Indian Mutiny Medal]]
|laterwork=Head of the Egyptian Police Force
}}

Major General and Lewa Pasha '''Charles George Baker''' {{post-nominals|VC}} (8 December 1830 – 19 February 1906) was a [[British people|British]] [[Merchant Navy]] officer, a [[Bengal Army]] officer, a [[Turkish Army]] officer, and head of the [[Egypt]]ian Police.

He was responsible for the rescue of the passengers and crew of the wrecked [[Steamship]] Douro. He was also a recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. He subsequently went on to serve in the Turkish Army, becoming a Major General and Lewa Pasha. Following this he became head of the Egyptian Police Force.

==Early life==
Charles George Baker was born in Noacolly ([[Noakhali]]), Bengal, British India on 8 December 1830<ref>{{cite journal|title=Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China and Australasia|date=1831|volume=5}}</ref> to John and Lydia Baker from [[Suffolk]]. John Baker was a Doctor in the [[East India Company]]'s Medical Service. The young Baker was sent to England to be educated, attending schools in [[Halesworth]] and [[Lowestoft]] in Suffolk.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Raban|first1=Elizabeth|title=Connected to Christchurch - Christchurch History Society|url=http://www.historychristchurch.org/connected-to-christchurch/|website=www.historychristchurch.org|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref>

==Wreck of the Douro==
[[File:SS Douro.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A black and white image showing a shipwreck in rough seas|Engraving of the wreck of the Steamship "Douro" on the Paracels in the China Sea, taken from the Illustrated London News, 5 August 1854]]
While an employee of the [[Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company]] in 1854, Baker was serving as [[Second Officer (nautical)|Second Officer]] aboard the Douro, a passenger vessel. As the ship was sailing near the [[Paracel Islands]] it struck the north shoal and was wrecked. On 26 May, accompanied by seven volunteers, Baker took a [[Jolly boat]] and set out for [[Hainan]] which he estimated was {{Convert | 123 | mi}} away. According to the [[Logbook|log]] he kept, on arrival at the island of Hainan they were unable to locate signs of habitation, so the decision was made by him to head for [[Hong Kong]]. The first vessels they encountered on their journey turned out to be pirates who refused food, water, and other assistance unless the crew allowed themselves to be stripped of all valuables. The boat was able to escape, facing adverse weather conditions and taking on water.

After a journey totalling over {{Convert | 500 | mi}}, the boat reached Hong Kong on the morning of 3 June. Baker reported the wreck, and was successful in securing rescue for the passengers and crew of the Douro, with the Steamships Malta, Tartar, and Pekin arriving at the site of the wreck on 5, 6 and 8 June respectively. The only loss of life from this incident was a member of the ship's crew who had fallen overboard.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1854|date=1854|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & Co.|location=London|page=505}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=P&O Heritage - Ship Fact Sheet - Douro (1853)|url=http://www.poheritage.com/Content/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/93068DOURO-1853pdf.pdf|website=P&O Heritage|accessdate=31 May 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625015503/http://www.poheritage.com/Content/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/93068DOURO-1853pdf.pdf|archivedate=25 June 2016}}</ref>

==Military service==
Shortly afterwards Baker found employment in the East India Company's Bengal Army, eventually joining the [[45th Rattray's Sikhs|Bengal Military Police Battalion]] under then-Captain Thomas [[Clan Rattray|Rattray]]. He was appointed as Second in Command of the Bengal Military Police Battalion on its formation, on 15 April 1856, while simultaneously holding the positions within the unit of Commandant of Cavalry and Officiating Commandant.<ref>{{cite book|title=Quarterly Army List of Her Majesty's British Forces on the Bengal Establishment|date=1859|publisher=R C Lepage & Co.|location=Calcutta|page=196}}</ref> Baker served with them through the [[Indian Mutiny]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wills|first1=Walter|title=The Anglo-African Who's Who and Biographical Sketchbook|date=1907|publisher=L. Upcott Gill|location=London|page=403|edition=1907}}</ref>

===Victoria Cross===

He was 27 years old, and a [[lieutenant]] during September 1858 when the [[cavalry]] portion of the Bengal Military Police Battalion was assigned to the Field Force commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel William West Turner {{post-nominals|CB}}, then responsible for the security of the [[Grand Trunk Road]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The London Gazette, Issue 22224 p.377|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22224/page/377|accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref>

====Baker's report====
On 27 September Lt. Baker sent the following despatch to Lt. Col. Turner, detailing action at Suhejnee (Sahejani), near Peroo ([[Piro, Bhojpur|Piro]]), [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur]]:

<blockquote>''Lieutenant C. G. Baker, Commandant of Cavalry, 1st Bengal Police Battalion, to Captain Gordon, Field Adjutant, Lieutenant-Colonel Turner's Field Force. Camp Munjhaen, September 27, 1858.'' 

SIR,
FOR the information of Lieutenant-Colonel
Turner, C.B., Commanding Field Force, I have
the honour to report the details of a successful
attack by the cavalry detachments under my command,
upon the rebel force at Suhejnee, near
Peroo, which resulted in the total rout of the
enemy, whose loss is estimated at from 80 to 90
killed and many wounded, with but a comparatively
small list of casualties on our side.

In compliance with the orders of the officer
commanding the field force, the detachments of
cavalry noted in the margin [''3rd Seikh Irregular Cavalry.—Ressaldar 1, Duffadars 3, Trumpeter 1, Troopers 49; Total 54. Under Lieutenant Broughton.—Volunteer doing duty; G. C. Blake, Esq. 1st Bengal Police Cavalry.—Resseldar 1, Jemadars 2, Duffadars 6, Trumpeter I, Troopers 58; Total 63. Under Lieutenant C. G. Baker.—Volunteers doing duty ; Lieutenant and Adjutant Nolan, 2nd Bengal Police Battalion, and George B. Chicken, Esq., Master Indian Navy''] marched at about
1 P.M. yesterday, with the view of intercepting
the retreat of the rebel force posted in the village
of Suhejnee, distant five miles.

On nearing the village above mentioned, I
discovered the enemy in possession of it, as well
as in occupation of all the neighbouring topes of
trees, sugar-cane khets, &c., from which positions
a heavy fire was at once opened. An irregular
fire at intervals from the adjacent village of Nonar
proved that place to be also held by the mutineer
force.

Requesting Lieutenant Broughton, with the
3rd Seikh Irregular Cavalry, to take up a position
to the north-west of Suhejnee, clear of the
enemy's fire, which was now very hot, I halted
my troop, and despatched a note to Lieutenant Colonel
Turner, C.B., reporting the position of
the enemy and the very difficult nature of the
ground for cavalry to act upon, being a succession
of muddy rice khets, intersected by water-courses.

The enemy observing us stationary, and
seeing no infantry or guns advancing in support,
became bold, threw out skirmishers, and emerging
from their cover drew up in line, their right resting
on Suhejnee, and their left on the village of
Russowlee [Rasauli]. At this moment the rebel force must
have mustered from 900 to 1000 strong in infantry,
with 50 cavalry.

The enemy advanced. Without exchanging
a shot I at once retired slowly, followed up steadily
by the rebel line for a hundred yards clear of village
or jungle, when suddenly wheeling about my
divisions into line with a hearty cheer, we charged
into and through the centre of the enemy's line,
Lieutenant Broughton with his detachment immediately
following up the movement, with excellent
effect from his position upon the enemy's
left. The rebel right wing, of about 300 men,
broke at once, but the centre and left, observing
the great labour of the horses in crossing the
heavy ground, stood, and, receiving the charge with
repeated volleys, were cut down or broke only a
few yards ahead of the cavalry. From this moment
the pursuit was limited to the strongest and
best horses of the force, numbering some 60 of
all ranks, who, dashing into and swimming a deep and wide nullah, followed the flying enemy
through the village of Russowlee and its sugarcane
khets, over two miles of swamp, and five
hundred yards into the thick jungles near Peroo,
when, both men and horses being completely exhausted,
I sounded the halt and assembly, and,
collecting my wounded returned to Camp at Munjhaen
about 6 P.M. ''<ref>{{cite web|title=The London Gazette, Issue 22224 p.379|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22224/page/379}}</ref>
</blockquote>

====Further Information====
Only one man under Lt. Baker's command was killed during this action and 17 wounded<ref>{{cite web|title=The London Gazette, Issue 22224 p.380|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22224/page/380|accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref> including [[George Bell Chicken]], a civilian Master Mariner who was serving as a volunteer with the [[Naval Brigade]].

When the report of Lt. Baker's actions reached the Commander-in-Chief of the Army in India ([[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|General Campbell]]) he directed his Adjutant-General to write the following to the Governor-General, [[Lord Canning]]:
<blockquote>"I have the honour to request, on the part of his lordship, that you will have the goodness to direct the attention of the Right Honourable the Governor-General to the brilliancy of the exploit performed by Lieutenant G. C. Baker, of the Bengal Police Battalion, which is deserving of the highest encomium, on account both of conception and execution. His lordship is of opinion that the Victoria Cross should be awarded to Lieutenant Baker, and to Mr. Chicken, of the Indian Navy, and he will take immediate measures for the execution of his intention in this respect."<ref>{{cite web|title=The London Gazette, Issue 22224 p.377|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22224/page/377|accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref>
</blockquote>

===Citation===
For his actions on that day Lieutenant Baker was awarded the Victoria Cross. His citation reads:

<blockquote>For gallant conduct on the occasion of an attack on the rebels at Suhejnee, near Peroo, on the 27th September, 1858<ref name=London>{{London Gazette|issue=22601|page=956|date=25 February 1862}}</ref></blockquote>

====Date of action====
In the despatch sent by Lieutenant Baker to his superiors, the action is stated as taking place on 26 September 1858. The date noted in reports from his commanders, and the date noted in the London Gazette however, is 27 September 1858. The reason for this discrepancy is not known.

===Later career===
After the Mutiny, Baker continued to serve with the Bengal Military Police Battalion, and took part in an 1861 Expedition to [[Sikkim]].{{sfn|Wills|1907}} In 1863 he was appointed as Officiating Deputy Inspector-General of Military Police for the Dacca Circle of Bengal.{{sfn|Wills|1907}}

After leaving India, he served in the forces of Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]] under [[Valentine Baker]] in the Balkan theatre during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]], and was taken prisoner by the Russians. As a reward from the Sultan for his service in Turkey, Baker was given the rank of [[Major General]] and appointed [[Liwa (Arabic)|Lewa]] [[Pasha]]. Baker then went with Valentine Baker to [[Egypt]], working under him and eventually succeeding him as head of the Egyptian police force. He went on to become Chief of the Public Security Department of the Egyptian Ministry of the Interior, holding that post until his retirement in 1895.{{sfn|Wills|1907}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Otago Witness - Issue 2729|date=4 July 1906|location=Dunedin, New Zealand|page=406}}</ref>

==Retirement==

After retiring from service with the Egyptian government, Major General Baker moved to [[Southbourne, Dorset|Southbourne]] with his wife Charlotte, residing in the South Cliff Hotel on Belle Vue Road.<ref>{{cite book|title=United Kingdom Census|date=1901}}</ref> He died on 19 February 1906 in Southbourne, and was laid to rest in Christchurch Cemetery in Dorset.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baker, Charles George}}
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1906 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:British police officers in India]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:Pashas]]
[[Category:People from Noakhali District]]
[[Category:British Merchant Navy personnel]]
[[Category:British expatriates in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Egypt]]

Charles George Baker - Revision history

Bot at 11:37, 15 December 2022