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{{Short description|Saka Western Satraps ruler from 78 to 130}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Chashtana
| title = Mahakshatrapa Bhadramukha Swami{{sfn|Burgess|1880|p=189}}
| image = Coin of Chastana.jpg
| caption = Silver coin of Chashtana, with ruler profile and [[Greek script]] legend ''ΡΑΝΝΙ<big>ω</big> ΙΑΤΡΑΠΑϹ ϹΙΑϹΤΑΝϹΑ''.<ref name="Rapson72"/> [[British Museum]].
| reign = 78-130 CE
| coronation =
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| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Kardamaka]] ([[Western Satrap]])
| father =
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{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction =vertical
| header=Statue of Chastana Mathura Museum
| total_width=270
| image1 = Inscribed Image of Saka King Chstan - Kushan Period - Mat - ACCN 12-212 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 5904.JPG
| image2 = Shastana inscription.jpg
| footer=Inscribed statue of Saka King Chastana, with inscription "Shastana" ([[Brahmi script|Middle Brahmi script]]: [[File:Gupta ashoka ss.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta ashoka sta.jpg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka n.svg|10px]] ''Sha-sta-na'').<ref name="JBO"/> Kushan Period.
}}
[[File:Chastana coin found in Junagadh.jpg|thumb|Coin of Chastana, found in [[Junagadh]].]]
'''Chashtana''' ([[Greek script|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|[[wiktionary:Ϲιαϲτανϲας|Ϲιαϲτανϲας]]}} {{transl|grc|Siastansas}}, {{lang|grc|ϹΙΑϹΤΑΝϹΑ}} {{transl|grc|Siastansa}} (epigraphic),<ref name="Rapson72"/> {{lang|grc|[[wiktionary:Τιαστανης|Τιαστανης]]}} {{transl|grc|Tiastanēs}};<ref>{{cite book |author=Claudius Ptolemy |author-link=Claudius Ptolemy |date=c. 150 |title=Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις |trans-title=Geographical Guidance |location=Alexandria |language=Ancient Greek |volume=7 |chapter=1 }}</ref> [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]: [[File:Gupta ashoka c.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka sstt.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka n.svg|12px]] {{transl|pra|Ca-ṣṭa-na}} {{transl|pra|Caṣṭana}}; [[Kharosthi script|Kharosthi]]: '''{{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨖𐨛𐨞|𐨖𐨛𐨞]]}}''' {{transl|pgd|Cha-ṭha-ṇa}}, {{transl|pgd|Chaṭhaṇa}};<ref name="SCM">{{cite book |title=Seaby's Coin and Medal Bulletin: July 1980 |date=1980 |publisher=Seaby Publications Ltd. |page=[https://archive.org/details/seabyscoinmedalb1980base_r0l5/page/219 219] |url=https://archive.org/details/seabyscoinmedalb1980base_r0l5}}</ref> from [[Saka language|Saka]] {{lang|xsc|*Caṣṭana}} "master"<ref>{{cite book |last=Harmatta |first=János |author-link=János Harmatta |editor-last1=Harmatta |editor-first1=János |editor-link1=János Harmatta |editor-last2=Puri |editor-first2=B. N. |editor-link2=Baij Nath Puri |editor-last3=Etemadi |editor-first3=G. F. |date=1999 |chapter=Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka Kingdoms |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House]] |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&pg=PA413#v=onepage&q&f=false 413] |isbn=978-8-120-81408-0}}</ref>) was a ruler of the [[Saka]] [[Western Satraps]] in northwestern India during 78-130 CE.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2cuAQAAIAAJ |title=From Persepolis to the Punjab |editor=Elizabeth Errington, Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis |publisher=British Museum Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780714111650 }}</ref> He was satrap of [[Ujjain]] during that period. Among the modern scholars, the beginning of the [[Saka era]] is widely equated to the ascension of Chashtana (possibly to ''Mahakshatrapa'') in 78 CE.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA69 |title=Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |editor=Patrick Olivelle |chapter=Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta interlude in the Gangetic Plains |author=Shailendra Bhandare |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780199775071 |page=69 }}</ref>

A statue found in [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] together with statues of the [[Kushan]] king [[Kanishka]] and Vima Taktu, and bearing the name "Shastana" ([[Brahmi script|Middle Brahmi script]] of the Kushan period: [[File:Gupta ashoka ss.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta ashoka sta.jpg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka n.svg|10px]] ''{{IAST|Ṣa-sta-na}}'') is often attributed to Chashtana himself.<ref name="JBO">"The three letters give us a complete name, which I read as Ṣastana (vide facsimile and cast). Dr. Vogel read it as Mastana but that is incorrect for Ma was always written with a circular or triangular knob below with two slanting lines joining the knob" in {{cite book |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1920 |publisher=The Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKZEAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Chashtana is called Tisman by the bards, a spelling that matches the Greek rendition of his name more closely.

Chashtana was mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] as {{transl|grc|Tiastanēs}}, ruling a large area of Western India into the 2nd century CE, especially the area of [[Ujjain]] ("Ozene"), during the reign of the [[Satavahana]] king [[Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi]]. According to Ptolemy, Chashtana directly ruled Ujjain, while [[Paithan]] (Pratisthana) continued to be ruled by Siristolemaios (identified with [[Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi|Sri Pulumayi]], son of [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]]).<ref>[[Alain Danielou]], ''A Brief History of India'' ([[Inner Traditions]], 2003), mentioned [http://www.rambles.net/danielou_briefind03.html here]</ref> Ptolemy in his "Geographia", where he classifies the Western Satraps as "Indo-Scythians", describes Chashtana's territory as starting from [[Patalene]] in the West, to his capital [[Ujjain]] in the east ("Ozena-Regia Tiastani", "Ozene, capital of king Chashtana"), and beyond [[Barigaza]] in the south:

{{quote|Moreover the region which is next to the western part of India, is called Indoscythia. A part of this region around the (Indus) river mouth is Patalena, above which is [[Abiria]]. That which is about the mouth of the Indus and the Canthicolpus bay is called [[Saurashtra (region)|Syrastrena]]. (...) In the island formed by this river are the cities Pantala, [[Barbaricum|Barbaria]]. (...) The Larica region of Indoscythia is located eastward from the swamp near the sea, in which on the west of the [[Narmada river|Namadus river]] is the interior city of [[Barygaza]] emporium. On the east side of the river (...) [[Ujjain|Ozena]]-Regia Tiastani (...) [[Minagara]]".|Ptolemy Geographia, Book Seven, Chapter I}}

Chashtana was the grandfather of the great Western Satrap conqueror [[Rudradaman I]]. Chashtana was founder of one of the two major Saka Satrap dynasties in north-western India, the ''Bhadramukhas''; the other, short-lived dynasty, the ''Kshaharatas'' ("[[Satraps]]"), included [[Bhumaka]] and [[Nahapana]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&pg=PA375 |title=Students' Britannica India |volume=4 |year=2000 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |page=375 |isbn=9780852297605 }}</ref>

==Coinage==
The coinage of Chastana combines a corrupted Greek legend on the obverse, around his portrait, and a [[Brahmi script]] legend on the reverse around a "Three hills and river" symbol together with the sun and two moons.<ref name="Rapson72">{{cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=E. J. (Edward James) |title=Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka dynasty, and the "Bodhi" dynasty |date=1908 |publisher=London : Printed by order of the Trustees |pages=[https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcoins00brit/page/72 72]–75 |url=https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcoins00brit}}</ref>

'''Obverse:''' The obverse in Greek corrupted script typically reads "ΡΑΝΝΙ<big>ω</big> ΙΑΤΡΑΠAC CIASTANCA", transliteration of the Prakrit ''Raño Kshatrapasa Chashtana'': "King and Satrap Chashtana".<ref name="Rapson72"/> 
'''Reverse:''' The reverse in Early/Middle [[Brahmi script]] reads: RAJNO MAHAKSHATRAPASA YSAMOTIKAPUTRASA CHASHTANASA “Of the Rajah, the Great Satrap, son of Ysamotika, Chashtana".<ref>{{cite book |title=Seaby's Coin and Medal Bulletin: July 1980 |date=1980 |publisher=Seaby Publications Ltd. |page=[https://archive.org/details/seabyscoinmedalb1980base_r0l5/page/219 219] |url=https://archive.org/details/seabyscoinmedalb1980base_r0l5}}</ref> This legend is sometimes followed by the name "Chatḥaṇasa" in [[Kharosthi]] script.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |date=1890 |publisher=Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society|page=[https://archive.org/details/journalofroyalas2218roya/page/n680 643] |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofroyalas2218roya}}</ref>

[[File:Coinage of Chastana with reverse Brahmi legend.jpg|thumb|center|Coinage of Chastana with complete reverse legend: “Of the Rajah, the Great Satrap, son of Ysamotika, Chashtana"<ref>{{cite book |title=Seaby's Coin and Medal Bulletin: July 1980 |date=1980 |publisher=Seaby Publications Ltd. |page=[https://archive.org/details/seabyscoinmedalb1980base_r0l5/page/219 219] |url=https://archive.org/details/seabyscoinmedalb1980base_r0l5}}</ref>]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* "The dynastic art of the Kushans", Rosenfield
* {{cite book |last=Burgess |first=James |title=The Cave Temples of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVXa9JyxOw4C&pg=PA189 |year=1880 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-05552-9 }}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Western Satrap]]
| years = 130 CE
| before = [[Nahapana]]
| after = [[Jayadaman]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Indo-Scythians}}
{{Western Satraps}}
[[Category:Western Satraps]]
[[Category:2nd-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Ujjain]]

Chashtana - Revision history

>WikiCleanerBot at 20:42, 4 October 2021