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{{short description|Era of Neo-romanticism in Hindi literature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
'''Chhayavad''' ({{lang-hi|छायावाद}}) (approximated in English as "Romanticism", literally "Shaded") refers to the era of [[Neo-romanticism]] in [[Hindi literature]], particularly Hindi poetry, 1922–1938,<ref name=language/> and was marked by an upsurge of romantic and humanist content. ''Chhayavad'' was marked by a renewed sense of the self and personal expression, visible in the writings of time. It is known for its leaning towards themes of love and nature, as well as an individualistic reappropriation of the Indian tradition in a new form of mysticism, expressed through a subjective voice.

==Period==
In, Chhayavad Yug is 1918 to 1937, and is preceded by ''[[Bharatendu Harishchandra|Bharatendu]] Yug'' (1868–1900), and ''[[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi|Dwivedi]] Yug'' (1900–1918), and is in turn, followed by the Contemporary Period, 1937 onwards.<ref name=language>[http://languages.iloveindia.com/hindi.html Hindi Language]</ref><ref>[http://charm.cs.uiuc.edu/~bhatele/hindi/devel.htm Historical Development of Hindi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014011411/http://charm.cs.uiuc.edu/~bhatele/hindi/devel.htm |date=14 October 2007 }} [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]</ref>

Chhayavad continued till later half of the 1930s, when the golden era of modern Hindi poetry was gradually replaced by social didacticism inspired by the uprising nationalist fervour, when some of the later poets of this era, like Dinkar, Mahadevi and Bachchan took nationalist and social critiquing within their poetry.

== Notable authors ==
[[Jaishankar Prasad]], [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']], [[Sumitranandan Pant]] and [[Mahadevi Varma]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindilanguage.org/hindi/literature.asp |title=Chhayavaadi Movement |access-date=29 April 2008 |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702143421/http://www.hindilanguage.org/hindi/literature.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> are considered as the four pillars of ''Chhayavaadi'' school of Hindi literature. Other important figures of this literary movement were [[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar']], [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]], [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi]] and [[Pandit Narendra Sharma]].

Though Harivansh Rai Bachchan became excessively critical of Chhayavaad later in his career and was associated with other genres like [[Rahasyavaad]], [[Pragativaad]] and [[Haalaavaad]].

== Notable works ==
[[Jaishankar Prasad]]'s [[Kamayani]] (1936) is considered an important magnum opus of this school, followed by [[Mahadevi Varma]]'s, Nihar (Mist, 1930), [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]]'s, [[Madhushala]] (1935).

== Criticism of Chhayavaad ==
When it arrived, Chhayavaad was very well received by readers and critics alike. However, subsequent scholars have criticized Chhayavaad for excessive use of decorative language, romanticism aloof from contemporary social and economic malaise and setting stricter rules on meter, rhyme etc.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [http://sar.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/25/1/13 Romantic Poetry in the Era of Convention]
* [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27150229_ITM Chhayavad study in The Journal of the American Oriental Society, Jul 1, 2001]
*1 Now available in Vani Prakashan, New Delhi

{{Schools of poetry}}

[[Category:Hindi literary movements]]
[[Category:Neo-romanticism]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian literature]]

{{India-lit-stub}}

Chhayavaad - Revision history

>InternetArchiveBot at 13:00, 4 July 2021