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{{About|the municipality in India|its namesake district|Chitradurga district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More footnotes|date=May 2011}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2011}}
}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chitradurga
| native_name = ಚಿತ್ರದುರ್ಗ
| other_name =
| nickname = Fort City (Kote Nadu)
| settlement_type = City Municipal Council
| image_skyline = GALIMANTAPA.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Historic temple in Chitradurga
| pushpin_map = Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|14.23|N|76.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bayaluseeme]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1465
| founder = Thimmanna Nayaka
| named_for =
| government_type = City Municipal Council
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Member of Parliament
| leader_name = [[A Narayanaswamy]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Chitradurga MP|url=http://www.chitradurga.nic.in/mp.html|publisher=NIC|access-date=13 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026225620/http://www.chitradurga.nic.in/mp.html|archive-date=26 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 64.11
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 732
| population_total = 330234
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym = Durgan, Durgans, Durgadavaru
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 577501, 577502, 577524
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08194
| registration_plate = KA-16
| website = https://chitradurga.nic.in
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chitradurga''' is a city and the headquarters of [[Chitradurga district]], which is located on the valley of the Vedavati river in the central part of the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Chitaldrug|volume=6|page=247}}</ref> Chitradurga is a place with historical significance which is located to the North West about 200 km from the state capital [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].
Chitradurga is a major tourist hub in Karnataka.

The city is famous for its 15th-century fort, which is locally known as [[Chitradurga Fort|Kallina Kote]] or Stone Fortress. This is formed of two Kannada words: ‘Kallina’ means "Stone's" and Kote means "Fort". Other names used in Kannada are ‘Ukkina Kote": "Steel Fort" (metaphorically used to mean an impregnable fort) and ‘Yelusuttina Kote’: "Seven Circles Fort".<ref>{{cite web |title=Chitradurga Fort {{!}} Historical Town of Chitradurga {{!}} Kallin Kote |url=https://www.karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/chitradurga-fort/ |website=Karnataka Tourism}}</ref>

==Etymology==
'''Chitradurga''' gets its name from ''Chitrakaldurga (meaning picturesque fort)'', an umbrella-shaped lofty hill found here. Chitradurga was also known by the names Chitradurg, Chitrakaladurga, and Chittaldurg. Chittaldrug (or Chitaldrug<ref name="EB1911"/> or Chittledroog) was the official name used during the period of British rule. It was also known as Farkhabad during Tippu sultan rule.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Chitradurga|url=http://www.chitradurgacity.gov.in/|publisher=Chitradurga City Municipal Council|access-date=2014-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218182334/http://www.chitradurgacity.gov.in/|archive-date=18 February 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
Chitradurga features bold rock hills and picturesque valleys, with huge towering boulders in numerous shapes. It is known as the "stone fortress" (''Kallina Kote''). According to the epic ''[[Mahabharatha]]'', a man-eating [[Rakshasa]] named [[Hidimba]] and his sister [[Hidimbi]] lived on the hill. Hidimba was a source of terror to everyone around, while Hidimbi was a peace-loving rakshasa. When the [[Pandava]]s came with their mother [[Kunti]] in the course of their exile, [[Bhima]] had a duel with Hidimba in which Hidimba was killed. Bhima married [[Hidimbi]] and they had a son named [[Ghatotkacha]], who had magical powers. Legend has it the boulders were part of the arsenal used by Bhima during that duel. The boulders on which a major part of the city was developed belong to the oldest rock formation in the country.

Timmana Nayaka, a chieftain under the [[Vijayanagar Empire]], was appointed as governor of Chitradurga as a reward from the Vijayanagara ruler for his excellence in military services. This was the beginning of the rule of the [[Nayak dynasty|Nayakas of Chitradurga]]. His son Obana Nayaka is known by the name Madakari Nayaka (1588 CE). (He was the last ruler of Chitradurga. His name comes from his ability to have suppressed the arrogance- "Mada" of a particular troublesome elephant- "Kari"). Madakari Nayaka's son Kasturi Rangappa (1602) succeeded him and consolidated the kingdom to rule peacefully. As he had no heirs to succeed him, his adopted son, the apparent heir, was enthroned. But he was killed a few months later by the Dalavayis.

Chikkanna Nayaka (1676), the brother of Madakari Nayaka II, served on the throne. His brother succeeded him in 1686 with the title Madakari Nayaka III. The Dalawayis overthrow of Madakari Nayaka III's rule gave an opportunity to one of their distant relatives, Bharamappa Nayaka, to ascend the throne in 1689. He is known as the greatest of the Nayaka rulers. The subjects of Chitradurga suffered through the brief reigns of the successive rulers, which resulted in volatile conditions. The Hiri Madakari Nayaka IV (1721), Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka II (1748), Madakari Nayaka V (1758) ruled this area, but there is not much documentation of their rule.<ref>Suryanath U. Kamath, ''A Concise History of Karnataka'', Bangalore, 2001</ref>

===Legend of Onake Obavva===
{{See|Onake Obavva}}
[[File:Onake Obavva kindi.JPG|thumb|An opening in the rocks of Chitradurga fort that was used by Hyder Ali for an attempted invasion by his soldiers. This was defeated by Obavva.]]
During the reign of [[Madakari Nayaka]], the town of Chitradurga was besieged by troops of [[Hyder Ali]]. A chance sighting of a woman entering the Chitradurga fort through an opening in the rocks led to a clever plan by [[Hyder Ali]] to send his soldiers through the hole. The guard on duty near that hole had gone home for lunch. [[Onake Obavva|Obavva]], the wife of that guard, was passing by the hole to collect water, when she noticed soldiers emerging into the fort. Obavva was carrying an ''Onake'' (a long wooden club meant for pounding paddy grains).

She killed Hyder Ali's soldiers one by one as they attempted to enter the fort through the opening and moved the dead. Over a short period of time, hundreds of soldiers entered and fell, without raising any suspicion.
After returning from lunch, Obavva's husband was shocked to see Obavva standing with a blood-stained Onake and hundreds of dead enemy bodies around her. Together both wife and husband beat up most of the soldiers. But as both were about to finish off the soldiers, Obavva died.

The opening in the rocks remains as a historical marker for this account. The Tanniru doni, the well that Obavva was going to when she saw the invading soldiers, has also survived. Though Obavva saved the fort on that occasion, [[Madakari Nayaka]] could not repel another attack in 1779 by Hyder Ali. In the ensuing battle, the fort of Chitradurga fell to the invader. Obavva, like [[Kittur Chennamma|Kittur Rani Chennamma]], remains a legend, especially to the women of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tourism in Chitradurga|url=http://www.chitradurgacity.gov.in/node/113|publisher=Chitradurga city municipal council|access-date=2014-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225233614/http://www.chitradurgacity.gov.in/node/113|archive-date=25 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bharat: An Untold Story - Chitradurga|url=http://bharatuntoldstory.tumblr.com/post/72225591204/chitradurga-karnataka-legendary-fort-built-by|publisher=Tumbler.com|access-date=2014-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chitradurga Fort|url=http://www.chitradurga.nic.in/fort.html|publisher=Chitradurga District|access-date=2014-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Synthetic track at Obavva stadium ready|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubli/Synthetic-track-at-Obavva-stadium-ready/articleshow/8136936.cms?referral=PM|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Geography==
Chitradurga is located at {{Coord|14.23|N|76.4|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Chitradurga.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Chitradurga]</ref> It has an average elevation of 732 metres (2401 ft).

Chitradurga city is well connected to Bengaluru, Mysuru, Mangaluru, Davanagere, Hubballi, Hospet, Bellary, Shivamogga, Tumakuru, Vijayapura, Belagavi by road and through railways.
Both NH-4 & NH-13 meets at Chitradurga City.

=== Geology: National Geological Monument ===
What is known as "Pillow Lava" near the village of Maradihalli, Chitradurga District, Karnataka, has been designated as a [[List_of_National_Geological_Monuments_in_India|National Geological Monument of India]] by the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI). They are protected and maintained to promote [[geotourism]].<ref name=gsi1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712055947/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=12 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gsi2">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573|title=Geo-Heritage Sites|date=2016-03-09|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref><ref name=gsi3>[http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf national geo-heritage of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111120428/http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf |date=11 January 2017 }}, [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]]</ref> The Maradihalli group is considered one of the best examples of this phenomenon in the world. They formed within the Chitradurga schist belt of Dharwar Group, when hot molten lava erupted under water and solidified quickly while cooling as forms of roughly spherical or rounded pillow-shapes. These rounded forms are a few feet or less in size. This pillow lava has been dated to 2500 million years.

Maradihalli is 16 km southeast of Chitradurga town and 4 km north of Ayamangala village, on the NH-4 (Bangalore –Pune). The area can be accessed by metalled road via Ayamangala, which is about 180 km from Bangalore.

==Climate==
The climate here is considered to be a local steppe climate. During the year, there is little rainfall in Chitradurga. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is BSh. The temperature here averages 25.3 °C. The rainfall here averages 576 mm.

{{Weather box
| location = Chitradurga (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 33.9
| Feb record high C = 37.1
| Mar record high C = 38.9
| Apr record high C = 39.8
| May record high C = 41.7
| Jun record high C = 39.2
| Jul record high C = 34.4
| Aug record high C = 32.8
| Sep record high C = 35.0
| Oct record high C = 35.0
| Nov record high C = 33.0
| Dec record high C = 33.5
| year record high C = 41.7
| Jan high C = 29.4
| Feb high C = 32.3
| Mar high C = 35.0
| Apr high C = 36.1
| May high C = 34.9
| Jun high C = 30.6
| Jul high C = 28.5
| Aug high C = 27.9
| Sep high C = 29.3
| Oct high C = 29.4
| Nov high C = 28.5
| Dec high C = 28.0
| year high C = 30.8
| Jan low C = 16.9
| Feb low C = 19.1
| Mar low C = 21.7
| Apr low C = 22.9
| May low C = 22.6
| Jun low C = 21.7
| Jul low C = 21.1
| Aug low C = 20.7
| Sep low C = 20.6
| Oct low C = 20.3
| Nov low C = 18.3
| Dec low C = 16.7
| year low C = 20.2
| Jan record low C = 9.4
| Feb record low C = 12.2
| Mar record low C = 14.6
| Apr record low C = 16.4
| May record low C = 12.6
| Jun record low C = 17.2
| Jul record low C = 17.8
| Aug record low C = 17.8
| Sep record low C = 15.0
| Oct record low C = 13.9
| Nov record low C = 8.3
| Dec record low C = 8.3
| year record low C = 8.3
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 2.2
| Feb rain mm = 3.6
| Mar rain mm = 6.1
| Apr rain mm = 38.1
| May rain mm = 65.3
| Jun rain mm = 67.8
| Jul rain mm = 69.4
| Aug rain mm = 99.5
| Sep rain mm = 113.9
| Oct rain mm = 128.2
| Nov rain mm = 54.3
| Dec rain mm = 12.5
| year rain mm = 660.9
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| Feb rain days = 0.4
| Mar rain days = 0.7
| Apr rain days = 2.5
| May rain days = 4.1
| Jun rain days = 5.5
| Jul rain days = 7.8
| Aug rain days = 8.5
| Sep rain days = 6.7
| Oct rain days = 6.8
| Nov rain days = 2.8
| Dec rain days = 0.9
| year rain days = 47.1
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 34
| Feb humidity = 26
| Mar humidity = 25
| Apr humidity = 30
| May humidity = 41
| Jun humidity = 64
| Jul humidity = 71
| Aug humidity = 74
| Sep humidity = 64
| Oct humidity = 59
| Nov humidity = 53
| Dec humidity = 74
|year humidity = 49
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Chitradurga Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 193–194
| access-date = 18 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M94
| access-date = 18 April 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} [[2011 India census|India census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=7275&category=U.A.|archive-date=2004-06-16|url-status=dead|title= Census of India 2011: Population details|access-date=2015-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616010101/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid%3D7275%26category%3DU.A.|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Chitradurga had a population of 1,25,170. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Chitradurga has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 80% and female literacy of 72%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Administration==
'''Chitradurga''' city is administered by the ''Chitradurga city municipal council''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home of Chitradurga City Municipal Council|url=http://www.chitradurgacity.gov.in/|publisher=Chitradurga City Municipal Council|access-date=2014-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218182334/http://www.chitradurgacity.gov.in/|archive-date=18 February 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Renewable Energy==
Chitradurga situated in a hilly region is also known to experience wind currents throughout the year making it a suitable place to set up wind mills and wind farms. There are several Wind-Power based power plants located around Chitradurga and most of the hills are embellished with wind mills which can be seen while entering the city. These wind farms have a total installed capacity of 49.7 MW.

==Historical Places==

===[[Chitradurga Fort]]===
[[Chitradurga Fort]] was built between the 10th and 18th centuries by the kings various dynasties during that period which are Rashtrakutas, Kalyana Chalukyas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagar and [[Nayakas of Chitradurga]]. After Hyder Ali illegally Captured the fort from the last ruler of Chitradurga [[Madakari Nayaka]] in the year 1779. It comprises a series of seven enclosure walls in Kannada. On the upper part of the fort Eighteen ancient temples can be found and in the lower part of the fort there is one huge temple. Among these temples the oldest and most interesting is the Hidambeshwara temple. The masjid was an addition during Hyder Ali's rule. The fort's many interconnecting tanks were used to harvest rainwater, and the fort was said to never suffer from a water shortage. This seemingly impregnable fort has 19 gateways, 38 posterior entrances, a palace, a mosque, granaries, oil pits, four secret entrances and water tanks.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/bastion-on-the-hill/article4484550.ece|title=Bastion on the hill - Chitradurga Fort |date=7 March 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

===[[Chandravalli]]===
'''Chandravalli caves''' is located amidst three hills namely Chitradurga, Cholagudda and Kirubanakallu. These caves are a never-ending maze of steep steps that lead into passageways, rooms and ante-rooms where kings from the Kadamba, Satavahana and Hoysala dynasties resided. And saints of the Ankali Math of Belgaum meditated in the temples. These caves are well ventilated but there is no light as its pitch dark inside the secret rooms that's why the kings used these rooms in case there was a threat of an intrusion.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Cta.JPG|Gaali mantapa
Image:Madakarinayaka statue.jpg|Madakari Nayaka statue
Image:Nandi, Chitradurga.jpg|Nandi
Image:Fort, Chitradurga.jpg|Fort
Image:Pond view, Chitradurga.jpg|Pond View
Image:Inside the fort, Chitradurga.jpg|Inside View of Fort
Image:Inside view, Chitradurga.jpg|Another view of Fort
Image:Gopura, Chitradurga.jpg|Gopura
Image:Temples inside the fort, Chitradurga.jpg|Temples inside the fort
Image:Stone Pillars, Chitradurga.jpg|Stone Pillars
Image:Siddalingeshwara Temple, Chitradurga.jpg|Sampige Siddalingeshwara Temple
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Ajjappanahalli, Chitradurga]]
{{commons category|Chitradurga}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]
[https://www.yatragenie.com/cabs/cabs-in-Chitradurga.jsp]

Chitradurga - Revision history

UpdateBot at 04:56, 30 April 2022