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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = Chitradurga Fort
|location = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
|image = 1 of 7 concentric walled layers of Chitradurga fort.jpg
|caption = One of the seven layers of Chitradurga fort
|map_type = India #India Karnataka
|map_size = 300
|map_caption =
|type = [[Fort]]
|coordinates = {{coord|14.2152|76.3953|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|built = 13-16th century
|builder = [[Chalukyas]]
|materials = [[Granite]] [[rock (geology)|stones]]
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlledby = [[Government of Karnataka]]
|battles = [[Nayak (ethnic group)|Nayakas]] against [[Hyder Ali]] in 1760s, 1770s and 1799
}}
'''Chitradurga Fort''', or as the British called it '''Chitaldoorg''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Chitradurga Fort |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/chitradurga-fort |website=Atlas Obscura |access-date=6 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[fortification]] that straddles several hills and a peak overlooking a flat valley in the [[Chitradurga District]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. The fort's name ''Chitrakaldurga'', which means 'picturesque fort' in [[Kannada language|Kannada]], is the namesake of the town [[Chitradurga]] and its administrative district.<ref name=govt>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitradurgacity.gov.in|title=Chitradurga|access-date=2009-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218182334/http://www.chitradurgacity.gov.in/|archive-date=2006-02-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=home>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitradurgacity.gov.in/home.html|title=Chitraudurg city|access-date=2009-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206080959/http://chitradurgacity.gov.in/home.html|archive-date=2009-02-06|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=lewis>{{Cite web|url=https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/blewis/www/chitradurga.htm|title=An Informal History of the Chitradurga Nayakas|access-date=2009-06-15|author=Barry Lewis|publisher=UIUC Department of Anthropology|location=Urbana, IL 61801|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515154647/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/blewis/www/chitradurga.htm|archive-date=2011-05-15}}</ref>

The fort was built in stages between the 11th and 13th centuries by the dynastic rulers of the region, including the [[Chalukyas]] and [[Hoysalas]], later the [[Nayakas of Chitradurga]] of the [[Vijayanagar Empire]].<ref name="Michell2013p237"/> The Nayakas of Chitradurga, or Palegar Nayakas, were most responsible for the expansion of the fort between the 15th and 18th centuries. The fort was taken over for a short while by [[Hyder Ali]] at Chitradurga in 1779. The fort was captured by the British forces twenty years later, when they defeated his son Tipu Sultan.<ref name="Michell2013p237">{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT237|year=2013|publisher=Roli Books |isbn=978-81-7436-903-1|page=237}}</ref> The fort is built in a series of seven concentric fortification walls with various passages, a [[citadel]], [[masjid]], warehouses for grains and oil, water reservoirs and ancient temples. There are 18 [[Hindu temple|temples]] in the upper fort and one huge temple in the lower fort. Among these temples, the oldest and most interesting is the Hidimbeshwara temple. The masjid was an addition during Hyder Ali's rule.<ref name=govt/><ref name=home/><ref name=lewis/> The fort's many interconnecting [[Irrigation tank|tanks]] were used to [[Rainwater harvesting|harvest rainwater]], and the fort was said to never suffer from a [[water scarcity|water shortage]].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

==Etymology==
Chitradurga is formed of two words in the [[Kannada|Kannada language]]: ‘Chitra’ means "picture" and ‘Durga’ means "fort" and is tagged with the English word ‘fort’ to form the name "Chitradurga Fort." It is also locally known as "Kallina Kote" or Stone Fortress, which is also formed of two Kannada words ‘Kallina’: "Stone" and Kote: "Fort." Other names used in Kannada are ‘Ukkina Kote": "Steel Fort" (metaphorically used to mean an impregnable fort) and ‘Yelusuttina Kote’: "Seven Circles Fort." {{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

==Geography==
Chitradurga Fort lies in the midst of a valley formed by the [[Vedavati River]]. The [[Tungabhadra River]] flows to the northwest of the fort. Seven hills constitute the Chinmuladri range. The seven circles of the fort enclose these hills. Features of massive rock hills and scenic valleys, huge towering boulders are seen in the fort precincts. The hills on which the major part of the fort and the city rest belong to the oldest rock of granitic formation in the country. The highest hill peak of the area is located at Jogi Matti, {{convert|5|km|mi}} to the south of [[Chitradurga]].<ref name=home/> The highest elevation of the hills at the fort is {{convert|976|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ttmi2.com/karnataka.html|title=Karnataka Jungle Lodges & Resorts|access-date=2009-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218225008/http://ttmi2.com/karnataka.html|archive-date=2009-02-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> The area covered by the fort is reported to be {{convert|1500|acre|ha|abbr=on|1}}.

The fort is located {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from [[Hampi]], the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] and {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from [[Bangalore]]. Chitradurga railway line is connected to main line at Chikkajajur[[Bangalore]]/[[Mysore]] – [[Arasikere]] [[broad gauge]] [[railway line]].<ref name="wherein"/>

==History==
{{Further|Nayakas of Chitradurga}}
A number of inscriptions of the [[Chalukyas]], the [[Hoysalas]] and the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] kings have been found in and around the fort. These inscriptions traces the history of the fort to the [[Edicts of Ashoka|Ashokan period rock edicts]] found near [[Brahmagiri archaeological site|Brahmagiri]] also link Chitradurga to the [[Mauryan Empire]] during the reign of the royal dynasties of [[Rashtrakutas]], [[Chalukyas]] and Hoysalas. However, the area where the fort now exists achieved prominence only under the dynastic rule of the [[Nayak (ethnic group)|Nayakas of Chitradurga]] or "Paleygars" (called "little kings") as a feudatory of the Vijayanagar Empire.<ref name=govt/>

Between 1500 AD and 1800 AD, Chitradurga Fort witnessed a turbulent history starting with the Vijayanagar Empire; the empire had gained control of this region from the Hoysalas. Vijayanagar rulers brought the Nayakas, the traditional local chieftains of the area, under their control as their feudatory until their dynastic reign ended in 1565 A.D. Thereafter, the Nayakas of Chitradurga took independent control of the region, and their clan ruled for more than 200 years until the last of their rulers, Madakari Nayaka V, was defeated by Hyder Ali of [[Mysore Kingdom]], in 1779. During all these years, Chitradurga Fort was central to the reign, particularly of the Nayakas.<ref name=lewis/>

Timmana Nayaka or Thimmappa Nayaka, a chieftain from Matti during the rule of Saluva Narasimha, was the first ruler in the hierarchy of the Nayakas of Chitradurga. Initially, he was a chieftain under the [[Vijayanagar Empire]]. Still, he was soon elevated to the rank of [[Governor]] of [[Chitradurga]] by the Vijayanagar ruler in recognition of his excellent military service to the empire. He controlled areas of the [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga District]] including Davangere, Jaglur and Harihar in the present Davangere District. His rule lasted for a brief period and ended with his incarceration and death as a prisoner of the Vijaynagar Empire. His son Obana Nayaka or Madakari Nayaka (1588–1602) succeeded him. Followed by a series of hierarchical or other adopted forms of successions of the same clan. Bharamappa Nayaka, who ruled from 1689 until 1722, is regarded as the greatest of the Nayaka rulers famed for building forts, palaces, tanks, and temples, including several gateways and bastions. He fought several battles against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].<ref name = lewis/><ref name=visit>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visitchitradurga.com/linkfiles/historyfiles/madakari.php|title=Chitradurga Paleyagar family|access-date=2009-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206154953/http://www.visitchitradurga.com/linkfiles/historyfiles/madakari.php|archive-date=2007-02-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Madakari Nayaka]] V was the final ruler of the clan from 1758 to 1779. During his reign, the city of Chitradurga and the fort were besieged by the troops of [[Hyder Ali]]. Madakari Nayaka used the fort effectively for defense during three battles against Hyder Ali,<ref name=govt/> at times allying himself with Hyder Ali of [[Mysore Kingdom]] and at others with the [[Marathas]]. Hyder Ali attacked the Chitradurga Fort the first time in 1760, the second time in 1770, and the third time successfully in 1779 when he defeated Madakari Nayaka. Nayaka was taken prisoner and killed. Nayaka's gamble of playing with Hyder Ali and the Marathas was unsuccessful; he was betrayed by the Marathas and some local [[Muhammadan]] officers in his service. Subsequent to his death, the treasury at the fort is said to have yielded a rich bounty. During one such war, the heroics of [[Onake Obavva]], the wife of a soldier guarding the fort, became a legendary event.<ref name = lewis/><ref name =visit/>

The dynastic reign of the Nayakas lasted for over 200 years, and the Chitradurga fort was their stronghold and the very heart of their province.<ref name=govt/><ref name = lewis/>

In the [[Fourth Mysore War]], Tippu Sultan was killed by the [[United Kingdom|British]] in 1799, and the [[Mysore Kingdom]] was reordered under the [[Wodeyar]]s. Chitradurga became a part of [[Mysore]] [[province]]. The British considered Chitradurga Fort a potentially useful base for providing a strong line of defense to Mysore's northern border. Between 1799 and 1809, the British garrisoned their troops in the fort. Later, the control of the fort was restored to the [[Government of Mysore]].<ref name = lewis/>

==Legend==
{{Further|Hidimbi}}
Folk legend links the hills surrounding the fort to the [[Indian epic poetry|epic]] [[Mahabharata]]. It is said that a man-eating giant named [[Hidimbasura]] lived on the Chitradurga hill and had terrorized everyone around. When the [[Pandava]]s came with their mother [[Kunti]] in the course of their exile, [[Bhima]] had a duel with [[Hidimba]]. Hidimba was slain by Bhima, and peace returned to the area. Legend further states that the boulders were part of the arsenal used during that duel.

==Fort precincts==
{|class="wikitable" align="right" width="40%" style="font-size:90%; border:2px solid orange;"
|+ Formidable Chitradurg Fort – views from the north and the east
|width="40%" align="center" valign="center"|[[File:N. view of the hill-fort of Chitaldrug (Mysore)..JPG|250px]]
|width="40%" align="center" valign="center"|[[File:E. view of the hill fort of Chitaldrug (Mysore).JPG|250px]]
|-
|valign="top"| North view of the hill fort of Chitradurga
|valign="top"| East view of the hill fort of Chitradurga
|-
|}
The Nayak Palegars built the fort as an impregnable fortification for defense purposes with 19 gateways, 38 posterior entrances, 35 [[secret passage|secret entrances]], four invisible passages, water tanks and 2000 watch towers to guard and keep a vigil on the enemy incursions. The storage warehouses, pits, and reservoirs were primarily designed to ensure the food, water and military supplies required to endure a long siege. Uniquely, all these facilities are still well conserved.<ref name=lewis/> Seven walls (called ''Yelusuttinakote'' in local language) form the fort. Each wall has a gate with ascending access through winding narrow corridors, which would make it difficult to use elephants for attacking the fort or to use "battering rams" to break down the gates. Small [[embrasure]]s in the fort walls were provided for use by [[Archery|archers]] to shoot arrows at the enemy. Four gates were provided in the outermost walls. The four gates (called ''Bagilu'' in Kannada) are Rangayyana Bagilu, Siddayyana Bagilu, Ucchangi Bagilu, and Lalkote Bagilu. Among the elaborate gateways, the gateway to the east of the fort has architectural features typical of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]. Depending on the topography and the geological strata of the land, the fort walls were built with the height ranging from {{convert|5|-|13|m|ft}}. Initially, it was built in mud but was subsequently strengthened in stretches with granite stone slabs in the 18th century. An outstanding feature noticed in several stretches of the fort walls is that no cementing material was used in joining the large granite cubes that have been neatly sized, cut, trimmed and placed in position. The total length of the fort walls is about {{convert|8|km|mi}} and covers an area of about {{convert|1500|acre|ha}}. It is also said that when the upper fort was strengthened for military purposes with gun positions, the services of French mercenaries were used.<ref name=home/><ref name= lewis/><ref name=wherein>{{Cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/photo-gallery/forts/chitradurga-fort-246.htm|title= Chitradurga Fort – Bangalore|access-date=2009-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho001000s26u02578000.html|title= Ramparts of the fort, Chitradurga|access-date=2009-06-14}}</ref> The massive 'Palace of Stones' fort contained many buildings and many temples set in the rocky surroundings on the hill. Madakari Nayaka V, the last ruler of the [[Nayakas of Chitradurga]], utilized the fort successfully for defense until he was defeated by [[Hyder Ali]] in 1779. The fort thus stands as a tribute to the Nayakas who ruled this part of Karnataka.<ref name= lewis/>

Subsequent additions to the forts were built with burnt bricks, set in mortar, plastered by a thin layer of cement or lime, and painted. However, the fort now shows deterioration. The mud-brick walls of the storehouses and granaries at the fort are getting eroded due to monsoon rains.<ref name= lewis/>

===Temples in the fort===
[[File:Chitradurga Fort Siddeshwara Temple.jpg|thumb|Chitradurga Fort Siddeshwara Temple]]
Eighteen temples were built in the upper fort. The presiding family deity of the Nayakas of Chitradurga was Goddess Ekanatheswari, an incarnation of [[Adi Parashakti]]. Ekanatheswari's footprints are sculpted into a block of stones at the entrance of the fort.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chowdhary |first1=Charu |title=If You Want to Explore Something New in Karnataka, Chitradurga is Your Answer |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/chitradurga-is-a-hidden-gem-of-compelling-beauty-in-karnataka-3508233/ |access-date=6 January 2021 |work=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com |date=3 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Some of the well-known temples were the Hidimbeswara (an ancient legend is linked to it), Sampige Siddeshwara, Ekanathamma, Phalguneshwara, [[Gopala Krishna]], [[Anjaneya|Lord Hanuman]], Subbaraya and [[Basava|Nandi]].<ref name="GoK">{{Cite web|url=https://www.karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/chitradurga-fort/|title= Chitradurga Fort|publisher=Government of Karnataka}}</ref><ref name="ASIBangalore">{{Cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/fortress-temples-hill-chitradurga|title= Fortress & Temples on the Hill - Chitradurga|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Bangalore Circle}}</ref>

Hidimbeswara temple displays the tooth of [[Hidimba]], the giant ([[Rakshasa]] in [[Sanskrit]]).<ref name="GoK"/> It is said that Hidimba and his sister [[Hidimbi]], a giantess, used to live in this temple. Hidimbi, who fell in love with Bhima (the second of the Pandava brothers of Mahabharata), married him and had a child named [[Ghatotkacha]]. A large cylinder about {{convert|3|m|ft}} in circumference and {{convert|2|m|ft}} high made of iron plates known as ''Bheri'' or [[Drum]] of Bheema is also located here.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} A monolithic pillar and two swing frames are also seen at the gate to this temple. Sampige Siddheshvara temple is at the foot of the hill. In the Gopalakrishna Temple, inscriptions date the [[Cult image|idol]] to the early 14th century.<ref name= lewis/>

In the lower fort, a temple dedicated to the tutelary deity of the Nayaka Palegars, the Uchchangiamma or Uthsavamba, was built amidst the rocks of the fort complex on the hill.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

The Murugarajendra Matha, a famous religious institution of the [[Lingayats]], which was originally located within the fort, is now situated about {{convert|2|km|mi}} to the northwest of Chitradurga.<ref name=jassi>{{cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Anwiksha|title=Chitradurga Fort|url=http://www.junctionindia.com/chitradurga-fort.html|publisher=Junction India|access-date=12 September 2012}}</ref>

===Other structures===
[[File:Chitradurga Fort, Karnataka.jpg|thumb|right|200px|One of the tanks in the fort]]
Rainwater-harvesting structures were built in a cascade development, which ensured large storage of water in interconnected reservoirs. It is said that the fort precincts never faced any water shortage.<ref name="ToI">{{cite news |last= R|first= Santhosh|date=17 April 2017|title=In times of drought, history shows us the scientific way to conserve water|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/in-times-of-drought-history-shows-us-the-scientific-way-to-conserve-water/articleshow/58214396.cms|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref>

Historical linkage has been established by an archeological inscription dated 1284 AD found in the Panchalinga (Five [[Linga]]s) cave in the Ankhi Matha area, to the west of Chitradurga. The inscription attributes the establishment of the Five Lingas ([[aniconic]] symbols of [[Lord Shiva]]) to the Pandavas. At Ankhi Matha, approached by stone steps, a series of ancient subterranean chambers cut out at different levels are seen, in addition to several places of worship and platforms.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

In the lower fort, a ''Cutcherry'' (administrative office) was added during Tippu Sultan's rule. Another interesting find in the arsenal is a quadruple mill made of masonry of {{convert|3|m|ft}} depth and about {{convert|7|m|ft}} diameter, which is inferred to be a device used for preparing gunpowder during Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan's rule.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} In Kannada language, it is called 'Maddu Bisuva Kallu,' which means "gunpowder grinding stone." The quadruple mill has four massive grinders with teeth or slots. These were rotated either by elephants or bullocks (in a central circular space) with an independent collection point for each of the four slots to collect the explosive gunpowder.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

==Feature films==
Several Kannada language feature films have been produced, keeping the historicity of this fort in view. ''Nagara Havu'' (''[[Cobra]]'') and ''Hamse Geete'' (''Swan Song'') are the most famous films produced in the locale of the fort. Another film reportedly under production is ''Veera Madakari Nayaka'', about the last ruler of the Nayaka kingdom.

== Tourism ==
The fort is managed by [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archeological Survey of India]]. It is open from dawn to dusk. Visitors are required to buy entrance tickets at the ticket counter and then explore the fort.

Few guides are available at the entrance of the fort. Exploring the fort requires climbing. The fort is not disabled-friendly. The best time to explore the fort is in the morning when the temperature is comfortable.

A hotel managed by [[Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation]] is located near the main entrance. The fort is located at a distance of about 180 kilometers from Bengaluru.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Inner Citadel of the Chitradurga Fort.JPG|Inner citadel of the Chitradurga Fort
File:General view inside Fort, with Europeans and party posed in foreground, Chitradurga.JPG|General view inside Fort, with Europeans and party posed in the foreground, Chitradurga
File:Hidambeswara Temple - Chitradurga Fort, Karnataka - India.jpg|A temple ruin, Chitradurga.
File:Chittuldroog. Temple of Chamondee. -Chamundi Temple, Chitradurga.-.JPG|Temples of Chamondee and Hidambeswara
File:Chittuldroog. Temple of Chamondee. -Pillar and swing in the court of the Chamundi Temple, Chitradurga.-.JPG|Pillar, and swing in the court of the Hidambeshwara and Chamundi Temples, Chitradurga
Image:Entrance wall.jpg|Wall of the fort, near the entrance
Image:Chitradurga fort complex.jpg|Ruins of temples and mandapa within the fort
Image:Obavvana Kindi.JPG|Onake Obavvana Kindi
Image:Bandikhane.jpg|Bandikhane (jail)
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chitradurga Fort}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110515154647/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/blewis/www/chitradurga.htm History of Nayakas of Chitradurga, Barry Lewis, Dept of Anthropology, University of Illinois]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222214810/http://indiantraveller.org/karnataka/chitradurga-fort.html Chitradurga Fort - A Travel Guide]
*Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002)
* B.L.Lewis, Epigraphic Carnatica, Gazetter of Mysore- Volume XI, Chitaldroog (Chitradurga) district 1903. CD-Rom Published by the Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR), Southern Regional Office, Bangalore

{{Forts in Karnataka}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:18th-century forts in India]]

Chitradurga Fort - Revision history

Bot at 08:57, 25 December 2022