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{{Short description|Conversion of population to Christianity}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
The indigenous population of the erstwhile Portuguese colony of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] was [[Christianisation|Christianised]] following the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] in 1510 and the subsequent establishment of the [[Goan Inquisition]]. The converts in the ''[[Velhas Conquistas]]'' (Old Conquests) to [[Catholic Christian]]ity were then granted full Portuguese citizenship.<ref>{{harvnb|Holm|1989|p=286}}</ref> Almost all of the present-day [[Goan Christians]] are descendants of these native converts;<ref>{{harvnb|de Mendonça|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA55 55]}}</ref> they constitute the largest [[Indian Christian]] community of [[Goa state]] and account for 25 percent of the population, as of [[2011 Census of India]].
[[File:Churcholdgoa (64).JPG|thumb|[[Chapel of St. Catherine]], built in [[Old Goa]] during Portuguese rule. It should not be confused with the [[Se Cathedral|Cathedral of Santa Catarina]], also in Old Goa.]]

Many [[Christianity in Maharashtra#Bardeskars|Kudali]], [[Mangalorean Christians|Mangalorean]] and [[Karwari Catholics]] in present-day [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]] share common origins with Goans, due to migration in the 16th and 17th centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=154}}</ref> [[Korlai Portuguese Creole|Korlai]] and [[Bombay East Indian Catholics]] of the [[Konkan division]], and the [[Damanese Portuguese|Damanese]] of [[Damaon, Diu & Silvassa]] have had Goan admixture and interactions in the [[Portuguese Bombay]] territory, which was ruled from the capital at [[Old Goa]]. Bombay East Indians were formerly Portuguese citizens until the [[Seven Islands of Bombay]] were taken over by the [[English East India Company]], via the [[marriage Treaty|dowry]] of [[Catherine de Braganza]], in marriage to [[Charles II of England]]. [[Salsette island]]ers and [[Basseinite]]s of the Bombay East Indian community were also Portuguese citizens, until the [[Mahratta Invasion of Bassein]] in 1739.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Machado | first1 = Dolcy M | title = History and military importance of medieval Bassein and its surroundings | publisher = [[University of Pune]] | date = 29 Apr 2011}}</ref>

==Pre-Portuguese Era==
{{Main|Pre-Portuguese Christianity in Goa}}
It has been said that prior to the en-masse Christianization, there were a few communities of [[Ancient Christianity in the Indian Subcontinent|Eastern Christians (Nestorians)]] present in the age-old ports of Konkan, that were caught up in the [[Spice trade]] and the [[Silk Route]]. The conversion of the [[Indo-Parthian]] (''Pahlavi'') King [[Gondophares]] (abbreviated Gaspar) into the [[Thomasine Church]], and the finding of a [[Persian Crosses in India|Persian Cross]] in Goa, are subjects of ongoing debate and research.<ref>{{cite book
|author= J. Cosme Costa
|title=Apostolic Christianity in Goa and in the West Coast
|location=Goa
|publisher=Xavierian Publication Society
|year=2009}}</ref>

==Conversion to Christianity==
{{Main|Primate of the East Indies}}
The first converts to Christianity in Goa were native Goan women who married Portuguese men that arrived with Afonso de Albuquerque during the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] in 1510.<ref>{{cite book
|first=Roger
|last=Crowley
|year=2015
|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire
|publisher=Faber & Faber
|location=London}}</ref>
[[File:Codice Casanatense Portuguese Nobleman and Christian Indian.jpg|thumb|Christian maidens of Goa meeting a Portuguese nobleman seeking a wife, from the [[Códice Casanatense]] (c. 1540)]]
During the mid-16th century, the city of [[Velha Goa|Goa]], was the center of [[Christianization]] in the East.<ref>{{harvnb|de Mendonça|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA67 67]}}</ref> Christianization in Goa was largely limited to the four ''[[concelho]]s'' (districts) of [[Bardez]], [[Mormugao]], [[Salcette]], and [[Tiswadi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Borges|Stubbe|2000|p=304}}</ref> Furthermore, evangelization activities were divided in 1555 by the Portuguese viceroy of Goa, [[Pedro Mascarenhas]].<ref name="Meersman"/> He allotted [[Bardez]] to the [[Franciscans]], [[Tiswadi]] to the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], and [[Salcette]], together with fifteen southeastern villages of Tiswadi, including [[Chorão (Island)|Chorão]] and [[Divar]], to the [[Jesuits]].<ref name="Meersman"/> The city of [[Old Goa]] was shared among all, since all the religious orders had their headquarters there.<ref name="Meersman">{{harvnb|Meersman|1971|p=107}}</ref> Prior to that, the Franciscans alone christianized Goa till 1542.<ref>{{harvnb|de Mendonça|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC 80]}}</ref> Other less active orders that maintained a presence in Goa were the [[Augustines]], [[Carmelites]], and [[Theatines]].<ref>{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=111}}</ref>
[[File:Saint Francis Xavier taking leave of King John III (1635) - José Avelar Rebelo.png|thumb|right|250px|Jesuit missionary [[Francis Xavier]] taking leave of [[John III of Portugal]] before his departure to Goa in 1541, by [[José de Avelar Rebelo|Avelar Rebelo]] (1635)]]
The first mass conversions took place among the [[Brahmin]]s of Divar, and the [[Kshatriya]]s of [[Karmali|Carambolim]].<ref name="Divar">{{harvnb|Gomes|1987|p=64}}</ref> In Bardez, Mangappa Shenoy of [[Pilerne]] converted to Christianity in 1555, adopting the name Pero Ribeiro and thus becoming the first native Christian male convert of Bardez.<ref name="rib">{{harvnb|Mascarenhas|2008|loc=|Ref=cun}}</ref> His conversion was followed by that of his brother Panduranga and his uncle Balkrishna Shenoy, who is the direct patrilineal ancestor of Goan historian [[José Gerson da Cunha]].<ref name="rib"/> In Salcette, [[Raia (village)|Raia]] was the first village to have been Christianized, when its populace converted ''en masse'' to Christianity in 1560.<ref>{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=101}}</ref>
[[File:India - Goa - 006 - The Se Cathedral (342066113).jpg|thumb|left|A view of the [[Se Cathedral]]]]
In 1534, Goa was made a [[diocese]] and in 1557 an [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|archdiocese]]. The Archbishop of Goa was the most important ecclesiastic of the East, and was from 1572 called the "Primate of the East".<ref>{{harvnb|Padinjarekutt|2005|p=99}}</ref> The Portuguese rulers implemented state policies encouraging and even rewarding conversions among [[Hindu]] subjects. Conversion was aided by the Portuguese economic and political control over the Hindus, who were vassals of the [[Portuguese crown]].<ref>{{harvnb|de Mendonça|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA397 397]}}</ref>

===Name changes===
The process of Christianization was simultaneously accompanied by Lusitanization, as the Christian converts typically assumed a Portuguese veneer.<ref name="ChandrappaNaik"/> The most visible aspect was the discarding of old Konkani Hindu names for new Portuguese Catholic names at the time of [[Baptism]].<ref name="ChandrappaNaik"/> The 1567 Provincial Council of Goa — under the presidency of the first Archbishop of Goa [[Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira]], and then under the presidency of his successor [[Jorge Temudo]] — passed over 115 decrees.<ref name="VittuPrabhu"/> One of them declared that the Goan Catholics would henceforth not be permitted to use their former Hindu names.<ref name="VittuPrabhu">{{harvnb|de Sousa|2011|p=69}}</ref>

The converts typically adopted the surnames of the Portuguese priest, governor, soldier or layman who stood as godfather for their [[baptism]] ceremony.<ref name="ChandrappaNaik">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=133}}</ref> For instance, the ''Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama'' lists the new names of some of the prominent ''ganvkars'' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]: Freeholders). Rama Prabhu, son of Dado Vithal Prabhu from [[Benaulim]], [[Salcette]], became Francisco Fernandes; Mahabal Pai, son of Nara Pai, became Manuel Fernandes in 1596. Mahabal Kamat of [[Curtorim]] became Aleisco Menezes in 1607, while Chandrappa Naik of Gandaulim became António Dias in 1632. In 1595 Vittu Prabhu became Irmão de Diogo Soares and the son of Raulu Kamat became Manuel Pinto in [[Aldona]], [[Bardez]]. Ram Kamat of Punola became Duarte Lobo in 1601, while Tados Irmaose of [[Anjuna]] became João de Souza in 1658.<ref>{{harvnb|Kudva|1972|p=359}}</ref>

Since in many cases, family members were not necessarily baptized at the same time, this would lead to them having different surnames.<ref name="Rangel"/> For instance in 1594, the son of Pero Parras, a ''ganvkar'' from Raia acquired at baptism the new name of Sebastião Barbosa. Later in 1609, another of his sons converted and took the name of João Rangel.<ref name="Rangel"/> As a result, members of the same ''vangodd'' (clan) who initially all shared a common Hindu surname ended up adopting divergent Lusitanian ones.<ref name="Rangel">{{harvnb|do Carmo Costa|2003|p=12}} ''"Um fenómeno curioso aconteceu neste processo de conversão: por vezes, irmãos e pais convertidos, ou em momentos diferentes, ou por terem padrinhos diferentes, acabaram por adoptar apelidos diferentes. A título de exemplo, encontra-se numa escritura de 1594, como gancar da aldeia da Raia, Sebastião Barbosa, filho de Pero Parras; e num outro documento, de 1609, João Rangel, também gancar, filho do mesmo Pero Parras. Dois irmãos, um Rangel e um Barbosa, ambos filhos de um Parras."'' ("A curious thing happened in this process of conversion: sometimes siblings and parents converted, or at different times, or having different sponsors, and ended up adopting different last names. For example, there is a deed of 1594, when a ''ganvkar'' (villager) of Raia, Sebastião Barbosa, shows up as the son of Pero Parras. In another document, in 1609, João Rangel, also a ''ganvkar'' (villager), turns out to be the son of the same Pero Parras. Two brothers, one a Rangel and one a Barbosa, both sons of a Parras!")</ref>

===New laws===
Various orders issued by the Goa Inquisition included:
*All [[qadis]] were ordered out of Portuguese territory in 1567<ref name="benton123">{{cite book|author=Lauren Benton|title=Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400-1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=PA121|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00926-3|pages=120–123|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-date=1 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801082726/https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=PA121|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Non-Christians were forbidden from occupying any public office, and only a [[Christians|Christian]] could hold such an office;<ref name=souza2829>{{cite book | title=The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais | year=2016 | author=Teotonio R. De Souza | url=http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf | pages=28–29 | publisher=Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona | access-date=15 September 2017 | archive-date=5 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=benton123/>
*Hindus were forbidden from producing any Christian devotional objects or symbols;<ref name=souza2829/>
*Hindu children whose father had died were required to be handed over to the [[Jesuits]] for conversion to Christianity;<ref name=souza2829/>
*Hindu women who converted to Christianity could inherit all of the property of their parents;<ref name=souza2829/>
*Hindu clerks in all village councils were replaced with Christians;<ref name=souza2829/>
*Christian ''ganvkars'' ([[freehold (law)|freeholders]]) could make village decisions without any Hindu ''ganvkars'' present, however Hindu ''ganvkars'' could not make any village decisions unless all Christian ''ganvkars'' were present; in Goan villages with Christian majorities, Hindus were forbidden from attending village assemblies.<ref name=benton123/>
*Christian members were to sign first on any proceedings, Hindus later;<ref name="souza304">{{cite book |author=Teotonio R. De Souza |url=http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf |title=The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais |publisher=Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona |year=2016 |pages=28–30 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*In legal proceedings, Hindus were unacceptable as witnesses, only statements from Christian witnesses were admissible.<ref name=benton123/>
*[[Hindu temple|Hindu temples]] were demolished in Portuguese Goa, and Hindus were forbidden from building new temples or repairing old ones. A temple demolition squad of Jesuits was formed which actively demolished pre-16th century temples, with a 1569 royal letter recording that all Hindu temples in Portuguese colonies in India have been demolished and burnt down (''desfeitos e queimados'');<ref name="souza303">{{cite book |author=Teotonio R. De Souza |url=http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf |title=The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais |publisher=Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona |year=2016 |pages=28–30 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Hindu priest|Hindu priests]] were forbidden from entering Portuguese Goa to officiate Hindu weddings.<ref name="souza302">{{cite book |author=Teotonio R. De Souza |url=http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf |title=The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais |publisher=Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona |year=2016 |pages=28–30 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Impact of Christianity on the caste system==
However,{{clarification needed|date=June 2025}} the converted Hindus retained [[Konkani language|Konkani]] as their mother tongue and their [[Caste system in India|caste status]] even after becoming Christian. Based on their previous caste affiliations, the new converts were usually lumped into new Catholic castes. All Brahmin subcastes ([[Goud Saraswat Brahmins]], [[Padye]]s, [[Daivadnya]]s), goldsmiths and even some rich merchants, were lumped into the Christian caste of ''[[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonns]]'' (Konkani: Brahmins).<ref name="Bamonn">{{harvnb|Gune|Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept|1979|p=238}}</ref> The converts from the [[Kshatriya]] and [[Vaishya Vani]] castes became lumped together as ''[[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Chardos]]'' (Kshatriyas)<ref name="Bamonn"/> and those [[Vaishyas]] who didn't become ''Chardos'' formed a new caste ''Gauddos''.<ref>{{harvnb|Gomes|1987|p=78}}</ref> The converts from all the lower castes were grouped together as ''Sudirs'', equivalent to [[Shudra]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|e Sá|1997|p=255}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Muthukumaraswamy|University of Madras. Dept. of Anthropology|National Folklore Support Centre (India)|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lC6FCZ9VcaAC&pg=PA63 63]}}</ref> The ''Bamonns'' and ''Chardos'' have been traditionally seen as the high castes in the Goan Catholic caste hierarchy.<ref>{{harvnb|Gomes|1987|p=79}}</ref>

===Persistence of the caste system===
[[File:Christian shrine outside Sarzora Village, Goa, India.jpg|thumb|left|A typical white ''Sant Khuris'' (''[[Christian cross|Holy Cross]]''), of a Goan Catholic family, constructed in the style of [[Portuguese architecture]]]]

The Portuguese attempted to abolish caste discrimination among the local converts and homogenize them into a single entity.<ref>{{harvnb|Boxer|1963|p=75}}</ref> Caste consciousness among the native converts was so intense that they even maintained separate Church [[Confraternity|confraternities]]. In church circles, the ''Bamonn'' and ''Chardo'' converts were rivals and frequently discriminated against each other.<ref>{{harvnb|de Souza|1994|p=144}}</ref> Caste discrimination even extended to the clergy. However, some non-''Bamonn'' priests did achieve distinction. The Portuguese church authorities decided to recruit ''Gauddo'' and ''Sudir'' converts into the priesthood, to offset the increasing hostilities of the ''Bamonn'' and ''Chardo'' clerics.<ref name="Gauddo">{{harvnb|de Souza|1989|p=71}}</ref> The church authorities initially used these native priests as Konkani interpreters in their parishes and missions.<ref name="Gauddo"/>

==Discrimination against native Christians==
Since the 1510 conquest, the Portuguese had been intermarrying with the natives and created a ''Mestiço'' class in Goa that followed Portuguese culture. The Portuguese also desired a similar complete integration of the native Christians into Portuguese culture.<ref name="Fernandes"/> The retention of the caste system and Hindu customs by the converts was contemptuously looked down upon by the Portuguese, who desired complete assimilation of the native Christians into their own culture.<ref name="Fernandes">{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|pp=141–144}}</ref>

Some Portuguese clergy bore racial prejudices against their Goan counterparts.<ref name="Colvale"/> In their letters, they made frequent references to the fact that the native clergy were dark skinned, and that the parishioners had no respect for them as a result.<ref name="Colvale"/> The Franciscan parish priest of Colvale Church, Frei António de Encarnação, excommunicated for striking a Goan assistant, wrote a bitter and virulent essay against the native clergy wherein he called them ' ''negros chamados curas'' ' ({{langx|pt|blacks called curates}}) and termed them as 'perverse' and 'insolent'.<ref name="Colvale"/> The Franciscans further expanded on the viceregal decree of 1606 regarding making the natives literate in Portuguese to qualify for the priesthood.<ref name="Colvale">{{harvnb|de Souza|1989|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ruTu9oaUgUgC&pg=PA77 77]}}</ref> However, the Archbishop of Goa Ignacio de Santa Theresa is known to have respected the native Goan clerics more than the Portuguese ones, whom he considered to be insolent and overbearing.<ref name="Colvale"/>

==Re-conversion of Gaudas==
{{Further|Ghar Wapsi}}In the late 1920s in what was [[Portuguese Goa and Daman]], some prominent Hindu Goan Brahmins requested the Vinayak Maharaj Masurkar, a [[guru]] of an [[ashram]] in [[Masur, India|Masur]], [[Satara district]] of [[British Bombay]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]]); to actively campaign for the 're-conversion' of Catholic [[Gauda and Kunbi]]s to [[Vaishnavite]] Hinduism.<ref name="Masurkar"/> Masurkar accepted, and together with his disciples, subsequently toured Gauda villages singing devotional ''[[bhakti]]'' songs and performing ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s''.<ref name="Masurkar"/> These means led a considerable number of Catholic Gaudas to declare willingness to come into the Hindu fold, and a ''[[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|Shuddhi]]'' ceremony was carefully prepared.<ref name="Masurkar">{{harvnb|Kreinath|Hartung|Deschner|2004|p=163}}</ref> Their efforts was met with success when on 23 February 1928, many Catholic [[Gauda and Kunbi|Gauda]]s were converted ''en masse'' to Hinduism in a ''Shuddhi'' ceremony, notwithstanding the vehement opposition of the Roman Catholic Church and the Portuguese authorities.<ref name="shuddhi">{{harvnb|Ghai|1990|p=103}}</ref> As part of their new religious identity, the converts were given Hindu names. However, the Portuguese government refused to grant them legal permission to change their names.<ref name="opo">{{harvnb|Ralhan|1998|pp=304–305}}</ref> Around 4,851 Catholic Gaudas from [[Tiswadi]], 2,174 from [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], 250 from [[Bicholim]] and 329 from [[Sattari]] became Hindus in this ceremony. The total number of Gauda converts was 7,815.<ref name="godbole">{{harvnb|Godbole|2010|pp=61–66}}</ref> The existing Hindu Gauda community refused to accept these neo-Hindus back into their fold because their Catholic ancestors had not maintained caste purity, and the neo-Hindus were now alienated by their former Catholic coreligionists.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|Mandal|1993|p=23}}</ref> These neo-Hindus developed into a separate endogamous community, and are now referred to as ''Nav-Hindu Gaudas'' (New Hindu Gaudas).<ref name="Gauda">{{harvnb|Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France)|Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e-0qpQGi0R4C&pg=PA458 458]}}</ref>

==Current status of Christianity==
According to the 1909 statistics in the Catholic Encyclopedia, the total Catholic population in Portuguese controlled Goa was 293,628 out of a total population of 365,291 (80.33%).<ref>{{cite book
|chapter=Archdiocese of Goa
|author=Ernest Hull
|title=Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 6
|date=1909
|publisher=Robert Appleton Company
|location=New York}}</ref> Since 20th century, the percentage of the Christian population of Goa has been facing continual decline although the number of Christians has increased. This is caused by a combination of constant emigration of Christian Goans from Goa to cosmopolitan Indian cities and foreign countries (e.g. Portugal, United Kingdom)<ref>{{cite book
|last=Saldhana
|first=Arun
|title=Psychedelic White: Goa Trance and the Viscosity of Race
|publisher=University of Minnesota Press
|date=2007
|isbn=978-0-8166-4994-5}}</ref> along with the mass immigration of non-Christians from the rest of India since the [[Annexation of Goa]] by India.<ref name="Rajesh Ghadge 2015">Rajesh Ghadge (2015). ''The story of Goan Migration.''</ref> (Ethnic [[Goans]] represent less than 50% of the state's residents.<ref>{{cite news
|first=Vivek
|last=Menezes
|title=Who belongs to Goa? This question resurfaces as the State battles the raging pandemic
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/who-belongs-to-goa-this-question-resurfaces-as-the-state-battles-the-raging-pandemic/article34554870.ece
|date=15 May 2021
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|access-date=2 July 2022
|archive-date=2 June 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213112/https://www.thehindu.com/society/who-belongs-to-goa-this-question-resurfaces-as-the-state-battles-the-raging-pandemic/article34554870.ece
|url-status=live
}}</ref>) Currently, Christians constitute 366,130 of the total population of 1,458,545 in Goa (25.10%) according to the 2011 census.<ref name="THReligion">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece|title=India's religions by numbers |date=29 March 2016 |publication-date=26 August 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110201326/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece |archive-date=10 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire
|author=Roger Crowley
|publisher=Faber and Faber
|location=London
|date=2015
}}
* {{cite book
|title=The Christianisation of the Goa Islands 1510-1567
|author=Anthony D’Costa
|publisher=Heras Institute
|location=Bombay
|date=1965
}}

==See also==

*[[Christianity in Goa]]
*[[Christianity in India]]
*[[Conspiracy of the Pintos]]
*[[Cuncolim Massacre]]
*[[Goa Inquisition]]
*[[Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein]]
*[[Violence against Christians in India]]

==Citations==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{Cite book
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|first2=Hannes
|last1=Borges
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|editor1-last=Borges
|editor1-first=Charles J.
|title=Goa and Portugal: history and development
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diISslZgIAkC
|publisher=Concept Publishing Company
|year=2000
|isbn=978-81-7022-867-7
|access-date=14 March 2012
}}
* {{cite book |last1=Boxer |first1=Charles Ralph |title=Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825 |date=1963 |publisher=Clarendon Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsRQAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Bragança Pereira
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|year=1920
|publisher=Oriente Portuguese
|location=[[Goa]]
}}.
*{{Cite book
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|last1=Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France)
|editor2-last=Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses
|editor1-last=Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France)
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-0qpQGi0R4C
|title=Lusophonies asiatiques, Asiatiques en lusophonies
|publisher=KARTHALA Editions
|year=2001
|isbn=978-2-84586-146-6
|access-date=3 November 2011
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=da Cunha
|first=José Gerson
|authorlink=José Gerson da Cunha
|year=1881
|title=The Konkani language and literature
|publisher=Asian Educational Services
}}.
*{{Cite book
|last=de Sousa
|first=Bernardo Elvino
|year=2011
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|publisher=Goa, 1556
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtf1eRE8FC8C
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|publisher=Concept Publishing Company
|isbn=978-81-7022-497-6
|access-date=3 April 2011
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=de Souza
|first=Teotonio R.
|authorlink=Teotonio R. de Souza
|year=1989
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruTu9oaUgUgC
|title=Essays in Goan history
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{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Christianization Of Goa}}
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:Christianity in Goa]]
[[Category:History of Christianity in India]]
[[Category:Christianization|Goa]]
[[Category:Religious conversion in India]]
[[Category:Social history of Goa]]
[[Category:16th-century Catholicism]]
[[Category:16th century in Portuguese India]]

Christianization of Goa - Revision history

imported>MarceloCoode04 at 14:36, 4 January 2026