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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{For |other uses of "chukar" |Chukar (disambiguation)}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Chukar partridge
| image = Chukarhuhn Weltvogelpark Walsrode 2010.jpg
| image_caption = Chukar at [[:en:Weltvogelpark Walsrode|Weltvogelpark Walsrode]], Germany
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2019 |title=''Alectoris chukar'' |amends=2018 |article-number=e.T22678691A155454429 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22678691A155454429.en |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref>
| genus = Alectoris
| species = chukar
| authority = ([[John Edward Gray|J. E. Gray]], 1830)
| range_map = AlectorisChristensen.svg
| range_map_caption = Rough distribution of chukar (green) and related partridges
| synonyms = *''Caccabis kakelik''
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = {{collapsible list|
*''A. c. chukar''
*''A. c. cypriotes''
*''A. c. dzungarica''
*''A. c. falki''
*''A. c. kleini''
*''A. c. koroviakovi''
*''A. c. kurdestanica''
*''A. c. pallescens''
*''A. c. pallida''
*''A. c. potanini''
*''A. c. pubescens''
*''A. c. sinaica''
*''A. c. subpallida''
*''A. c. werae''}}
}}

The '''chukar partridge''' ('''''Alectoris chukar'''''), or simply '''chukar''', is a [[Palearctic]] upland [[Upland game|gamebird]] in the [[pheasant]] family [[Phasianidae]]. It has been considered to form a [[superspecies complex]] along with the [[rock partridge]], [[Philby's partridge]] and [[Przevalski's partridge]] and treated in the past as conspecific particularly with the first. This [[partridge]] has well-marked black and white bars on the flanks and a black band running from the forehead across the eye down the head to form a necklace that encloses a white throat. Native to Asia, the species has been introduced into many other places and feral populations have established themselves in parts of North America, Malta and New Zealand. This bird can be found in parts of Middle East and temperate Asia.

==Description==
[[File:Chukar Partridge from Ladakh.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Chukar at [[Chang La]], [[Ladakh]], India.]]
[[File:Alectoris chukar hm.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Illustration from [[Allan Octavian Hume|Hume]] and Marshall's ''Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon'']]

The chukar is a rotund {{Convert|32|-|35|cm|abbr = on}} long partridge, with a light brown back, grey breast, and buff belly. The shades vary across the various populations. The face is white with a black [[gorget (birds)|gorget]]. It has [[Wikt:rufous|rufous]]-streaked flanks, red legs and coral red bill. Sexes are similar, the female slightly smaller in size and lacking the spur.<ref name="pcr">{{cite book |last=Rasmussen |first=Pamela C. |author-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen |title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide |last2=Anderton |first2=John C. |publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions |year=2005 |isbn=84-87334-66-0 |volume=2 |page=120}}</ref> The tail has 14 feathers, the third primary is the longest while the first is level with the fifth and sixth primaries.<ref name="fbi">{{cite book |author=Blanford |first=William Thomas |author-link=William Thomas Blanford |url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia04oaterich#page/131/mode/1up/ |title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 4 |publisher=Taylor and Francis, London |year=1898 |pages=131–132}}</ref>

It is very similar to the [[rock partridge]] (''Alectoris graeca'') with which it has been lumped in the past<ref name=watson>{{cite journal|author=Watson GE|title=Three sibling species of ''Alectoris'' Partridge|journal= Ibis| volume=104|issue=3| pages=353–367| year= 1962| doi= 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1962.tb08663.x}}</ref> but is browner on the back and has a yellowish tinge to the foreneck. The sharply defined gorget distinguishes this species from the [[red-legged partridge]] which has the black collar breaking into dark streaks near the breast. Their song is a noisy ''chuck-chuck-chukar-chukar'' from which the name is derived.<ref name=fbi2>{{cite book|author=Baker ECS |year=1928| title= Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 5 |edition=2nd|publisher=Taylor and Francis, London|pages=402–405|url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds5/BakerFBI5#page/n430/mode/1up/}}</ref> The [[Barbary partridge]] (''Alectoris barbara'') has a reddish-brown rather than black collar with a grey throat and face with a chestnut crown.<ref name=johnsgard/>

Other common names of this bird include '''chukker''' ('''chuker''' or '''chukor'''), '''Indian chukar''' and '''keklik'''.

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Chukar Patridge 2.jpg|thumb|Chukar Patridge from United Arab Emirates]]
This [[partridge]] has its native range in Asia, including [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Oman]], [[Turkey]], [[Kurdistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[India]], along the inner ranges of the western [[Himalayas]] to [[Nepal]], as well as southeasternmost Europe in [[Bulgaria]] and [[Greece]].<ref name="iucn"/> Further west in southeastern Europe it is replaced by the [[rock partridge]], ''Alectoris graeca''. It barely ranges into Africa on the [[Sinai Peninsula]]. The habitat in the native range is rocky open hillsides with grass or scattered scrub or cultivation. In Israel and [[Jordan]] it is found at low altitudes, starting at {{Convert|400|m|abbr = on}} below sea level in the [[Dead Sea]] area, whereas in the more eastern areas it is mainly found at an altitude of {{Convert|2000|to|4000|m|ft|abbr = on}} except in Pakistan, where it occurs at {{Convert|600|m|abbr = on}}.<ref name=pcr/><ref name=whistler/> They are not found in areas of high humidity or rainfall.<ref name=baker_gbi/>

It has been [[introduced species|introduced]] widely as a game bird, and feral populations have become established in the United States ([[Rocky Mountains]], [[Great Basin]], [[Mojave Desert|high desert areas of California]]), [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[Argentina]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Hawaii]].<ref>Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21–493</ref> Initial introductions into the US were from the nominate populations collected from Afghanistan and Nepal.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Pyle RL, Pyle P|year=2009|title= The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status|publisher= B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A.|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/birds/rlp-monograph/pdfs/02-Galliformes-Procellariiformes/CHUK.pdf}}</ref> The birds are hunted across the dry, rocky [[Columbia Plateau|Columbia Basin]], especially in the vicinity of the [[Snake River]] in Washington and Oregon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tough hunting: The challenge of chukar hunting brings its own rewards|author=Luke Thompson|newspaper=Yakima Herald-Republic|location=Yakima, Washington|date=October 23, 2019|url=https://www.yakimaherald.com/sports/outdoors/tough-hunting-the-challenge-of-chukar-hunting-brings-its-own-rewards/article_791169ed-afc0-557a-a4b0-f993096b4995.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hunting chukar partridge|publisher=[[Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife]]|access-date=November 9, 2022|url=https://wdfw.wa.gov/hunting/requirements/upland-birds/chukar}}</ref> It has also been introduced to [[New South Wales]] in Australia but breeding populations have not persisted and are probably extinct.<ref>{{cite book|title=Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds|url=https://archive.org/details/systematicstaxon00chri|url-access=limited|vauthors=Christidis L, Boles WE|year=2008|publisher=CSIRO|page=[https://archive.org/details/systematicstaxon00chri/page/n70 60]|isbn=978-0-643-06511-6}}</ref> A small population exists on [[Robben Island]] in South Africa since it was introduced there in 1964.<ref>[http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/birds/phasianidae/alectoris_chukar.htm ''Alectoris chukar'' (Chukar partridge)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904170048/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/birds/phasianidae/alectoris_chukar.htm |date=2018-09-04 }}. Biodiversityexplorer.org. Retrieved 2011-11-28.</ref>

The chukar readily interbreeds with the [[red-legged partridge]] (''Alectoris rufa''), and the practice of breeding and releasing captive-bred hybrids has been banned in various countries including the [[United Kingdom]], as it is a threat to wild populations.<ref name="GWCT">{{cite web|url=http://www.gwct.org.uk/game/research/species/red-legged-partridge/|title=Red-legged partridge|access-date=2015-12-25|publisher=Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust}}</ref>

==Systematics and taxonomy==
[[File:Alectoris chukar 7 - Israel.jpg|thumb|''Alectoris chukar'']]

The chukar partridge is part of a confusing group of "red-legged partridges". Several plumage variations within the widespread distribution of the chukar partridge have been described and designated as subspecies. In the past the chukar group was included with the [[rock partridge]] (also known as the Greek partridge). The species from Turkey and farther east was subsequently separated from ''A. graeca'' of Greece and Bulgaria and western Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hartert |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Hartert |year=1925 |title=A new form of Chukar Partridge ''Alectoris graeca kleini'' subsp.nov. |url=https://archive.org/stream/novitateszoologi32lond#page/n163/mode/1up |journal=Novitates Zoologicae |volume=32 |page=137}}</ref><ref name=christensen>{{cite book|url=http://www.ndow.org/about/pubs/reports/1970_Chukar-Partridge_Bulletin.pdf|author=Christensen GC|year=1970|title=The Chukar Partridge. Biological Bulletin No. 4|publisher=Nevada Department of Wildlife|access-date=2010-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011090518/http://www.ndow.org/about/pubs/reports/1970_Chukar-Partridge_Bulletin.pdf|archive-date=2010-10-11}}</ref>

===Subspecies===
The chukar has 14 recognized [[subspecies]]:<ref>{{Cite web |title=DOI – IOC World Bird List |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/ioc-lists/crossref/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |publisher=www.worldbirdnames.org |doi=10.14344/ioc.ml.13.1}}</ref>

* ''A. c. chukar'' (nominate species) (J. E. Gray, 1830) - eastern [[Afghanistan]] to eastern [[Nepal]]
* ''A. c. cypriotes'' ([[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1917) - southeastern [[Bulgaria]] to southern [[Syria]], [[Crete]], [[Rhodes]] and [[Cyprus]]
* ''A. c. dzungarica'' (Sushkin, 1927) – northwestern [[Mongolia]] to [[Altai Mountains|Russian Altai]] and eastern [[Tibet]]
* ''A. c. falki'' ([[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1917) – north central [[Afghanistan]] to [[Pamir Mountains]] and western [[China]]
* ''A. c. kleini'' ([[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1925) – northern [[Greece]] through [[Bulgaria]] and north [[Turkey]] to the [[Caucasus]]
* ''A. c. koroviakovi'' ([[Nikolai Zarudny|Zarudny]], 1914) – eastern [[Iran]] to [[Pakistan]]
* ''A. c. kurdestanica'' ([[Richard Meinertzhagen|Meinertzhagen]], 1923) – [[Caucasus Mountains]] to [[Iran]]
* ''A. c. pallescens'' ([[Allan Octavian Hume|Hume]], 1873) – northeastern [[Afghanistan]] to [[Ladakh]] and western [[Tibet]]
* ''A. c. pallida'' ([[Allan Octavian Hume|Hume]], 1873) – northwestern [[China]]
* ''A. c. potanini'' (Sushkin, 1927) – western [[Mongolia]]
* ''A. c. pubescens'' ([[Robert Swinhoe|R. Swinhoe]], 1871) – inner [[Mongolia]] to northwestern [[Sichuan]] and eastern [[Qinghai]]
* ''A. c. sinaica'' ([[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1858) – northern [[Syrian Desert]] to [[Sinai Peninsula]]
* ''A. c. subpallida'' ([[Nikolai Zarudny|Zarudny]], 1914) – [[Kyzylkum Desert|Kyzyl Kum]] and [[Karakum Desert|Kara Kum]] Mountains ([[Tajikistan]])
* ''A. c. werae'' ([[Nikolai Zarudny|Zarudny]] and Loudon, 1904) – eastern [[Iraq]] and southwestern [[Iran]]

==Population and status==
[[File:AntelopeIsland Chukar.JPG|thumb|right|Chukar partridge (right) in the [[Antelope Island State Park]], [[Utah]], US]]

This species is relatively unaffected by hunting or loss of habitat. Its numbers are largely affected by weather patterns during the breeding season. The release of captive stock in some parts of southern Europe can threaten native populations of rock partridge and red-legged partridge with which they may hybridize.<ref name=Barilani/><ref name=Duarte/>

British sportsmen in India considered the chukar as good sport although they were not considered to be particularly good in flavour. Their fast flight and ability to fly some distance after being shot made recovery of the birds difficult without retriever dogs.<ref name="humegame" /> During cold winters, when the higher areas are covered in snow, people in [[Kashmir]] have been known to use a technique to tire the birds out to catch them.<ref name="Ludlow" />

==Behaviour and ecology==
In the non-breeding season, chukar partridge are found in small coveys of 10 or more (up to 50) birds. In summer, chukars form pairs to breed. During this time, the cocks are very pugnacious in their calling and fighting.<ref name=whistler/><ref name=baker_gbi/><ref name=finn/><ref name=hbk/> During winter they descend into the valleys and feed in fields. They call frequently during the day and especially in the mornings and evenings. The call is loud and includes loud repeated ''chuck'' notes and sometimes duetting ''chuker'' notes. Several calls varying with context have been noted.<ref name=Stokes/> The most common call is a "rallying call" which when played back elicits a response from birds and has been used in surveys, although the method is not very reliable.<ref name=Williams/><ref name=Bohl/> When disturbed, it prefers to run rather than fly, but if necessary it flies a short distance often down a slope on rounded wings, calling immediately after alighting.<ref name=pcr/><ref name=humegame/><ref name=oates/> In Utah, birds were found to forage in an area of about {{Convert|2.6|km2|abbr = on}} and travel up to {{Convert|4.8|km|abbr = on}} to obtain water during the dry season. The home range was found to be even smaller in Idaho.<ref name=Walter/><ref name=Bump/><ref name=Phelps/>
The breeding season is summer. Males perform tidbitting displays, a form of [[courtship feeding]] where the male pecks at food and a female may visit to peck in response. The males may chase females with head lowered, wing lowered and neck fluffed. The male may also perform a high step stiff walk while making a special call. The female may then crouch in acceptance and the male mounts to copulate, while grasping the nape of the female. Males are monogamous.<ref name="christensen" /> The nest is a scantily lined ground scrape, though occasionally a compact pad is created with a depression in the centre. Generally, the nests are sheltered by ferns and small bushes, or placed in a dip or rocky hillside under an overhanging rock. About 7 to 14 eggs are laid.<ref name="baker_gbi" /><ref name="hbk" /><ref name="Hume" /> The eggs hatch in about 23–25 days. In captivity they can lay an egg each day during the breeding season if eggs are collected daily.<ref name="Woodard" /> Chicks join their parents in foraging and will soon join the chicks of other members of the covey.<ref name="johnsgard" />[[File:Chukar from Jebel Al Lawz, Saudi Arabia.jpg|left|thumb|Chukar from Jebel Al Lawz, Saudi Arabia]]As young chukars grow, and before flying for the first time, they utilize [[wing-assisted incline running]] as a transition to adult flight. This behaviour is found in several bird species, but has been extensively studied in chukar chicks, as a model to explain the [[origin of avian flight|evolution of avian flight]].<ref name="TobalskeDial2007">{{cite journal |author1=Tobalske, B. W. |author2=Dial, K. P. |year=2007 |title=Aerodynamics of wing-assisted incline running in birds |journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=210 |pages=1742–1751|doi=10.1242/jeb.001701 |pmid=17488937 |issue=Pt 10|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Dialetal2006>{{cite journal|last1=Dial|first1=K. P.|last2=Randall|first2=R. J.|last3=Dial|first3=T. R. |title=What Use Is Half a Wing in the Ecology and Evolution of Birds? |journal=BioScience |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=437–445 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0437:WUIHAW]2.0.CO;2|year=2006|url=http://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=biosci_pubs|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Dial2003WAIR">{{cite journal |author=Dial, K.P. |year=2003 |title=Wing-Assisted Incline Running and the Evolution of Flight |journal=Science |volume=299 |issue=5605 |pages=402–404 |doi=10.1126/science.1078237 |url=http://dbs.umt.edu/flightlab/pdf/WAIR.SCIENCE.pdf | pmid=12532020 |bibcode = 2003Sci...299..402D |s2cid=40712093 }}</ref><ref name="BundleDial2003MechanicsOfWAIR">{{cite journal |year=2003 |title=Mechanics of wing-assisted incline running (WAIR) |journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=206 |pages=4553–4564 |url=http://dbs.umt.edu/flightlab/pdf/bundle%20and%20dial%20JEB%202003.pdf |author1=Bundle, M.W. |author2=Dial, K.P. |doi=10.1242/jeb.00673 | pmid=14610039 |issue=Pt 24 |s2cid=6323207 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:FarahChukar.png|thumb|upright|150px|A chukar in a 17th-century Persian encyclopedia]]

Chukar will take a wide variety of seeds and some [[insect]]s as food. It also ingests grit.<ref name=oates /> In Kashmir, the seeds of a species of ''[[Eragrostis]]'' was particularly dominant in their diet<ref name=Oakleaf/> while those in the US favoured ''[[Bromus tectorum]]''.<ref name=johnsgard/> Birds feeding on succulent vegetation make up for their water needs but visit open water in summer.<ref name=Degen/>

Chukar roost on rocky slopes or under shrubs. In the winter, birds in the US selected protected niches or caves. A group may roost in a tight circle with their heads pointed outwards to conserve heat and keep a look out for predators.<ref name=johnsgard/>

Chukar are sometimes preyed on by [[golden eagle]]s.<ref name="bbb">{{cite journal |author=Ticehurst |first=Claud B. |author-link=Claud B. Ticehurst |year=1927 |title=The Birds of British Baluchistan. Part 3 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47859292 |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=64–97}}</ref>

Birds in captivity can die from ''[[Mycoplasma]]'' infection and outbreaks of other diseases such as [[erysipelas]].<ref name=Lateef/><ref name=Pettit/><ref name=Dubey/>

==In culture==
The name is [[onomatopoeic]] and mentions of ''chakor'' in Sanskrit, from northern Indian date back to the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'' (c. 250–500 AD).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dowson |first=John |author-link=John Dowson |url=https://archive.org/stream/aclassicaldicti00dowsgoog#page/n91/mode/1up/ |title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and Literature |publisher=Trübner & Co. |year=1879 |series=Trübner's Oriental Series VI |place=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldicti00dowsgoog/page/n90/mode/1up 65]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Pargiter |first=Frederick Eden |author-link=F. E. Pargiter |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022991974#page/n73/mode/1up/ |title=The Markandeya Purana. Translated with Notes |publisher=The Asiatic Society |year=1904 |place=Calcutta |page=28}}</ref> In [[North India]]n and [[Pakistani]] culture, as well as in [[Hindu mythology]], the chukar (referred as Chakor) sometimes symbolizes intense, and often unrequited, love.<ref name="temple1884" /><ref name="jasb1881">{{cite journal| journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=55 | year=1881 |title=Translation of the Songs of Harkh Na'Th| publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |page=121| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crwIAAAAQAAJ | quote=When I beheld thy face mournful, lady, I wandered restlessly o'er the world, Thy face is like the moon, and my heart like the chakor }}</ref> It is said to be in love with the [[moon]] and gazes at it constantly.<ref name="balfour1871">{{Cite book |author=Balfour |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Balfour |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmoIAAAAQAAJ |title=Cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial, industrial and scientific: products of the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures |publisher=Scottish & Adelphi Presses |year=1871 |quote=The birds are said by the natives to be enamoured of the moon and, at full moon, to eat fire}}</ref> Because of their pugnacious behaviour during the breeding season they are kept in some areas as fighting birds.<ref name=baker_gbi/><ref name=finn/>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="175px">
File:Alectoris chukar MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.6.11.jpg|Eggs
File:Chukar chick-HVC parking lot HNP (9285063049).jpg|Juvenile
File:Datia State CoA.png|Chukar in Indian heraldry
File:Alectoris chukar (AM LB4107-2).jpg|Taxidermy
File:Chukar partridge near Haleakala summit Maui.jpg|Near [[Haleakala]] summit, [[Maui]]
</gallery>

==References==

{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=baker_gbi>{{cite journal|author=Stuart Baker EC|year=1922|url=https://archive.org/details/gamebirdsofindia01bake| title= The game birds of India, Burma and Ceylon, part 31|journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=28|issue=2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gamebirdsofindia01bake/page/306 306]–312}}</ref>

<ref name=Barilani>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2007.01.014|url=http://biodiversity-group.huji.ac.il/publication_files/Barliani_et_al_Biological_conservation_2007.pdf|title=Hybridisation with introduced chukars (''Alectoris chukar'') threatens the gene pool integrity of native rock (''A. graeca'') and red-legged (''A. rufa'') partridge populations|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=137|year=2007|pages=57–69|first=Marina|last=Barilani|author2=Ariane Bernard-Laurent|author3=Nadia Mucci|author4=Cristiano Tabarroni|author5=Salit Kark|author6=Jose Antonio Perez Garrido|author7=Ettore Randi|issue=1 |bibcode=2007BCons.137...57B |access-date=2010-07-20|archive-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721133614/http://biodiversity-group.huji.ac.il/publication_files/Barliani_et_al_Biological_conservation_2007.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name=Bohl>{{cite journal|doi= 10.2307/3797253|title= Experiments in Locating Wild Chukar Partridges by Use of Recorded Calls|author=Bohl, Wayne H. |journal= The Journal of Wildlife Management| volume=20|issue=1| year=1956|pages=83–85|jstor=3797253|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name=Bump>{{cite book|author=Bump G |year=1951|title= The chukor partridge (''Alectoris graeca'') in the Middle East with observations on its adaptability to conditions in the southwestern United States |series=Preliminary Species Account Number 1 |publisher= US Fish and Wildlife Service}}</ref>

<ref name=Degen>{{cite journal| title=Must desert Chukars (''Alectoris chukar sinaica'') drink water? Water influx and body mass changes in response to dietary water content|vauthors=Degen AA, Pinshow B, Shaw PJ |journal=The Auk|volume=101|issue=1|pages=47–52| url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v101n01/p0047-p0052.pdf|year=1984|doi=10.1093/auk/101.1.47 }}</ref>

<ref name=Duarte>{{cite journal|journal=Game and Wildlife Science| volume=21| issue=1|year= 2004 |pages= 55–61|title= Field inbreeding of released farm-reared Red-legged Partridges (''Alectoris rufa'') with wild ones|vauthors=Duarte J, Vargas JM|url=http://www.biogea-consultores.com/articulos/17.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name=Dubey>{{cite journal |title=Experimental toxoplasmosis in chukar partridges (''Alectoris graeca'') |vauthors=Dubey JP, Goodwin AM, Ruff MD, Shen SK, Kwok OC, Wizlkins GL, Thulliez P |doi=10.1080/03079459508419051|journal = Avian Pathology |pmid=18645768| volume=24| issue=1 |year=1995 |pages=95–107}}</ref>

<ref name=finn>{{cite book|author = Finn, Frank |year=1915 |title= Indian Sporting Birds|publisher= Francis Edwards, London|pages= 236–237|url= https://archive.org/stream/indiansportingbi00finn#page/236/mode/1up/}}</ref>

<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|vauthors=Ali S, Ripley SD|year=1980| title= Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 2|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press| pages=17–20|isbn=0-19-562063-1}}</ref>

<ref name=johnsgard>{{cite book|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=bioscigrouse| author=Johnsgard PA|title= Grouse and Quails of North America|year=1973|pages=489–501|publisher=University of Nebraska, Lincoln}}</ref>

<ref name=Hume>{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/stream/nestseggsofindia03humerich#page/431/mode/1up/ |author=Hume AO |year=1890|title= The nests and eggs of Indian Birds. Volume 3 |edition=2nd|publisher=R H Porter, London| pages=431–433}}</ref>

<ref name=humegame>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/GameBirdsOfIndia2/HumeGameBirds2#page/n43/mode/1up/|pages=33–43|vauthors=Hume AO, Marshall CH|year=1880| title= The Game birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon|publisher= Self published}}</ref>

<ref name=Lateef>{{cite journal| journal=The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences |volume=16|issue=1–2| year= 2006|title=Outbreak of respiratory syndrome in Chukar Partridge (''Alectoris chukar'')|vauthors=Lateef M, Rauf U, Sajid MA |url= http://thejaps.org.pk/docs/16_1-2_2006/Lateef-et-al-PaperII.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name=Ludlow>{{cite journal| author=Ludlow, Frank |year=1934 | title= Catching of Chikor [''Alectoris graeca chukar'' (Gray)] in Kashmir| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume=37| issue=1| page=222|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48185498}}</ref>

<ref name=Oakleaf>{{cite journal| doi= 10.2307/3799623| title= Fall Food Items Utilized by Chukars in Kashmir, India|vauthors=Oakleaf RJ, Robertson JH| journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management |volume=35| issue= 2 |year=1971| pages=395–397| jstor=3799623}}</ref>

<ref name=oates>{{cite book|author=Oates EW |year=1898| title= A manual of the Game birds of India. Part 1|publisher= A J Combridge, Bombay|pages=179–183|url=https://archive.org/stream/manualofgamebird01oate#page/179/mode/2up}}</ref>

<ref name=Phelps>{{cite book|author=Phelps JE|year=1955|title=The adaptability of the Turkish Chukar partridge (''Alectoris graeca'' Meisner) in central Utah|publisher=Unpublished MS Thesis, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah, USA|url=http://www.cnr.usu.edu/quinney/index.cfm?collections&theses-dissertations&publication=12274|access-date=2010-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802172453/http://www.cnr.usu.edu/quinney/index.cfm?collections&theses-dissertations&publication=12274|archive-date=2010-08-02}}</ref>

<ref name=Pettit>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases|volume=12|year=1976|title=''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae'' infection in Chukar Partridge (''Alectoris graeca'')|vauthors=Pettit JR, Gough AW, Truscott RB |pages=254–255|url=http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/12/2/254.pdf|pmid=933318|issue=2|doi=10.7589/0090-3558-12.2.254|s2cid=45830799}}</ref>

<ref name=Stokes>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1365525|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v063n02/p0111-p0127.pdf| title=Voice and Social Behavior of the Chukar Partridge |author=Stokes, Allen W|pages=111–127|year=1961|journal=The Condor|volume=63|issue=2|jstor=1365525}}</ref>

<ref name="temple1884">{{cite book| title=The legends of the Panjâb. Volume 2 | author=Temple, Richard Carnac | year=1884 | publisher=Education Society's Press, Bombay | url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924070625847#page/n283|page= 257}}</ref>

<ref name=Walter>{{cite journal|author=Walter, Hanspeter|title=Natural history and ecology of the Chukar (''Alectoris chukar'') in the northern Great Basin|url=http://www.gbbo.org/gbbarticles/2002%20-%20Walter%20-%20Natural%20history%20and%20ecology%20of%20the%20Chukar%20%28Alectoris%20chukar%29%20in%20the%20northern%20Great%20Basin.pdf|journal=Great Basin Birds|volume=5|issue=1|year=2002|pages=28–37|access-date=2010-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517183610/http://www.gbbo.org/gbbarticles/2002%20-%20Walter%20-%20Natural%20history%20and%20ecology%20of%20the%20Chukar%20%28Alectoris%20chukar%29%20in%20the%20northern%20Great%20Basin.pdf|archive-date=2011-05-17}}</ref>

<ref name=whistler>{{cite book|author=Whistler, Hugh|year=1949|title=Popular Handbook of Indian Birds. Edition 4|pages=428–430|publisher=Gurney and Jackson, London|url=https://archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n478/mode/2up}}</ref>

<ref name=Williams>{{cite journal|doi= 10.2307/1365378|url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/105981|title= Factors Affecting the Incidence of Rally Calling in the Chukar Partridge|vauthors=Williams HW, Stokes AW|journal=The Condor|volume= 67|issue= 1|year= 1965|pages=31–43|jstor=1365378|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

<ref name=Woodard>{{cite web|title=Raising Chukar Partridges|publisher=Cooperative Extension Division of Agricultural Sciences, University of California. Leaflet 21321e|year=1982|author=Woodard AE|url=http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/21321e.pdf|access-date=2010-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020144613/http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/21321e.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-20}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Alectoris chukar|Chukar Partridge}}
{{Wikispecies|Alectoris chukar}}
* {{ITIS | id=175908 | taxon=''Alectoris chukar'' | access-date=24 February 2009 }}
* [https://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i2882id.html Chukar – ''Alectoris chukar''] – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061220052615/http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?recnum=BD0163 eNature.com – Chukar]
* {{InternetBirdCollection|chukar-alectoris-chukar|Chukar}}
* {{VIREO|chukar|Chukar}}

{{National symbols of Pakistan}}
{{Taxonbar |from=Q194043}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Alectoris]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1830]]
[[Category:Birds of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Birds of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Birds of West Asia]]
[[Category:Fauna of Iraq]]
[[Category:Game birds]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]

Chukar partridge - Revision history

Vivekparulekar at 14:36, 12 February 2026