UpdateBot at 21:01, 1 November 2021

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Chungli Ao
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Nagaland]]
| ethnicity = [[Ao Naga]]
| speakers = 130,004
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mZVhbG7TtYC&q=mongsen+ao&pg=PR1|title=A Grammar of Mongsen Ao|last=Coupe|first=A. R.|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110198522|language=en}}</ref>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Ao languages]]
| fam3 = [[Ao language]]
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]]
| iso3 = none
| glotto = chon1286
| glottorefname = Chungli
}}
'''Chungli Ao''' is the prestige dialect of [[Ao languages|Ao]] and it is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language of northeast India. It is the most widely spoken of the [[Ao languages]] which also comprise [[Mongsen Ao]] and Changki. It is taught up to the tenth grade in schools of the [[Mokokchung district]]. It is also spoken by the [[Ao Naga|Ao Nagas]] of [[Nagaland]], a hill state in northeast India. Being the official language of religion, the dialect has a Bible translation and is used in church services as well as to make public announcements.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Coupe|first=Alexander|date=2011-10-01|title=On core case marking patterns in two Tibeto-Burman languages of Nagaland|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286988589|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|volume=34|pages=21–47}}</ref> A local Chungli newspaper is also published online.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tiryimyim.in/about-us/|title=English {{!}} Tir Yimyim|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> The number of speakers who reported Chungli Ao as their mother tongue are approximately 130,000 according to the 2011 census report of India. A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Central-Naga has been compiled by Daniel Bruhn<ref>[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/Bruhn_2014_A-Phonological-Reconstruction-of-Proto-Central-Naga.pdf] ''A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Central Naga''
</ref>

==History==
During the American Baptist Mission to Naga Hills, [[Edwin Winter Clark|Dr E.W. Clark]] first came in contact with the Molungkimong village that paved the way for a common Ao language. Chungli Ao is spoken in Molungkimong and Molungyimsen and other villages throughout Ao territory by roughly 50% of the Ao-speaking population. The speech of Molungkimong is the [[prestige dialect]] due to [[Baptist]] [[missionaries]]' influence. Most Ao can speak Chungli even if they are from Mongsen-speaking regions. Chungli is taught in schools. Various trans-Dikhu neighbouring dialects of Chungli Ao are spoken east of the [[Dikhu River]] in Yacham, Tengsa, and Longla. These are poorly documented; Yacham and Tengsa may be separate languages (van Driem 2001).

==Numbers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;"
|+ Number system<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/language/numbers/aonaga.htm|title=Numbers in Chungli Ao|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>
|-
! ×
! Numeral
! Cardinal number
! Ordinal number
|-
! 1
| 1 || ka || tamaba
|-
! 2
| 2 || ana || tanabuba
|-
! 3
| 3 || asem || asembuba
|-
! 4
| 4 || pezü ||
|-
! 5
| 5 || pungu ||
|-
! 6
| 6 || terok ||
|-
! 7
| 7 || tenet ||
|-
! 8
| 8 || ti ||
|-
! 9
| 9 || teku ||
|-
! 10
| 10 || ter ||
|-
! 11
| 11 || terka ||
|-
! 12
| 12 ||ter ana ||
|-
! 13
| 13 || ter asem ||
|-
! 14
| 14 || ter pezü ||
|-
! 15
| 15 || ter pongu ||
|-
! 16
| 16 || ter terok ||
|-
! 17
| 17 || ter tenet ||
|-
! 18
| 18 || ter ti ||
|-
! 19
| 19 || ter teku ||
|-
! 20
| 20 || metsü ||
|}

==Phonology==
Chungli Ao is a [[tone language|tonal language]]. There are three distinct tonal levels: low, mid and high. There is evidence to prove that low and mid as well as low and high are contrastive. Chungli also has two contour tones, which are high-low and low-mid, though they are quite rare.

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|+ Vowels<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Bruhn|first=Daniel|date=2009|title=The Tonal Classification of Chungli Ao Verbs|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/22c6c7d9|journal=UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report|language=en|volume=5|issue=5}}</ref>
|-
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| i || ɨ || u
|-
! Mid
| e || ə ||
|-
! Low
| || a ||
|}

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|+ Consonants<ref name=":1" />
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Bilabial
! Dental/ Alveolar
! Post- alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m || n || || || |ŋ ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
!voiceless
| p || t|| || || |k||ʔ
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|tʰ
|
|
|kʰ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Affricate
| || ts || tʃ || || || |
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
!voiceless
| || s || ʃ || || || |h
|-
!voiced
|
|z
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!lateral
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|-
!central
| w || ɹ || || j
|
|
|}

==Morphology==
1) Chungli ao is an [[agglutinative language]] where the verbs lack person and number marking. For example:

PREFIX – STEM -LEXICAL SUFFIX – DERIV. SUFFIX – INFLEC. SUFFIX
me- NEG -maʔ ‘completely’ -tsɨʔ BEN -tsɨ IRR
te- PROH -et ‘persistently’ -tep RECIP -əɹ PRES
etc. etc. etc.

This applies for both finite and non-finite forms of the verb.

2) The following table shows the case marking present in Chungli Ao.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;"
|+ Case marking
|-
! ×
! [[Grammatical agent|Agentive case]]
! [[Instrumental|Instrumental case]]
! [[Allative|Allative case]]
! [[Ablative|Ablative case]]
! [[Locative|Locative case]]
|-
| || i || i || i || nuŋi ||nuŋ
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chungli Ao Language}}
[[Category:Ao languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]

Chungli Ao language - Revision history

UpdateBot at 21:01, 1 November 2021