Ajay Kumar at 18:06, 18 September 2023

2023-09-18T18:06:13Z

New page

{{Short description|Female spirit in South and South-East Asia}}
The '''Churel''', also spelled as Charail, '''Churreyl''', '''Chudail''', '''Chudel''', '''Chuṛail''', '''Cuḍail''' or '''Cuḍel''' ({{lang-hi|चुड़ैल}}, {{lang-ur|چڑیل}}) is a [[myth]]ical or [[legendary creature]] resembling a [[woman]], which may be a [[demon]]iacal [[revenant]] said to occur in [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]], particularly popular in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] and [[Pakistan]]. The churel is typically described as "the [[restless ghost|ghost]] of an unpurified living thing", but because she is often said to latch on to trees, she is also called a tree-spirit.<ref name="test">{{cite book|author=Crooke, William |author-link=William Crooke|title=An Introduction to the Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India|date=1894|url=https://archive.org/stream/introductiontopo00croorich#page/69/mode/1up|page=69|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> According to some legends, a woman who dies during childbirth or pregnancy or from suffering at the hands of her in-laws will come back as a [[revenant]] churel for revenge, particularly targeting the males in her family.

The churel is mostly described as extremely ugly and hideous but is able to [[shape-shift]] and disguise herself as a beautiful woman to lure men into the woods or mountains where she either kills them or sucks up their [[Vitality|life-force]] or [[virility]], turning them into old men. Their feet are believed to be turned the other way around, so the toes face the direction of their back.

There are many [[folk remedies]] and [[folkloric]] [[sayings]] that elaborate on how to get rid of [[revenant]] and [[ghostly]] churels, and a number measures that supposedly prevent churels from coming to life. The family of a woman who dies a traumatic, tragic, or unnatural death might perform special rituals fearing that the victimised woman might return as a churel. The corpses of suspected churels are also buried in a particular method and posture so as to prevent her from returning.

The churel is known as the [[Pichal Peri]] in the [[Punjab]] region of India and Pakistan, Petni/Shakchunni in the [[Bengal]] region, and [[Pontianak (folklore)|Pontianak]] in [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]]. The word "churel" is also often used colloquially or mistakenly for a [[witch]] in India and Pakistan.<ref name="Janet">{{cite book |last1=Chawla |first1=Janet |title=Child-bearing and Culture: Women Centered Revisioning of the Traditional Midwife : the Dai as a Ritual Practitioner |date=1994 |publisher=Indian Social Institute |oclc=30546821 |page=15 }}</ref> She has also remained prevalent in modern-day literature, cinema, television, and radio and many references to her activities and is still sighted in rural regions in South-East Asia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Haunted Tales: In Conversation with 'Dhaka Paranormal Society |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/86647/HAUNTED-TALES:-IN-CONVERSATION-WITH-%E2%80%98DHAKA-PARANORMAL-SOCIETY%E2%80%99/2015-10-29 |newspaper=Daily Sun |date=2015-10-29 |access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>

==Creation==
The Legend of Churel supposedly originated from [[Persia]] where they were described as being the spirits of women who died with "grossly unsatisfied desires".<ref name="DeCaroli">{{cite journal |last=DeCaroli |first=Robert |date=2000 |title=Reading Bhājā: A Non-Narrative Interpretation of the Vihāra 19 Reliefs |journal=East and West |volume=50 |issue=1/4 |page=271 |jstor=29757456}}</ref>

In South-East Asia, the Churel is the ghost of a woman who either died during childbirth, while she was pregnant, or during the prescribed "period of impurity". The period of impurity is a common [[superstition]] in India where a woman is said to be impure during her period and the twelve days after she has given birth.<ref name="Lorenz">{{cite journal |last=Leshnik |first=Lorenz S. |date=1967 |title=Archaeological Interpretation of Burials in the Light of Central Indian Ethnography |journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=23–32 |jstor=25841079}}</ref><ref name="Buckland2009">{{cite book|author=Raymond Buckland|title=The Weiser Field Guide to Ghosts: Apparitions, Spirits, Spectral Lights and Other Hauntings of History and Legend|year=2009|publisher=Weiser Books|isbn=978-1-57863-451-4|page=33}}</ref><ref name="Lehman">{{cite journal |last=Lehman |first=F. K. |date=2006 |title=Burmans, others, and the community of spirits |journal=Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=127–132 |jstor=40860835}}</ref><ref name="Fane">{{cite journal |last=Fane |first=Hannah |date=1975 |title=The Female Element in Indian Culture |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=51–112 |jstor=1177740|doi=10.2307/1177740 }}</ref> According to some sources, in India, if a woman dies an unnatural death or during childbirth, especially during [[Diwali]], she will become a Churel.<ref name="Bane" /><ref name="Coote Monier" />

The [[Korwa people|Korwas]] of [[Mirzapur]] say that if a woman dies in a lying room (the place where women give birth) she becomes a Churel. The [[Patari]]s and [[Majhwar]]s say that if a girl dies during pregnancy or when she is unclean she becomes a Churel and appears in the form of a pretty little girl in white clothes and seduces men away to the mountains; the only way to free those captured is to sacrifice a goat. The Bhuiyars say that if a girl dies before she is twenty days old, she becomes a Churel.<ref name="test" />

In [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], though nobody has ever seen this, some people believe that if a man dies on a bed and after his death if no proper donation of some items relating to his bed is done,, his soul becomes a [[Bhoot (ghost)|''Bhoot'']] (ghost), and a woman becomes a Churel.<ref name="Crooke DEATH">{{cite journal |last=Crooke |first=William |date=1909 |title=Death; Death Rites; Methods of Disposal of the Dead among the Dravidian and Other Non-Aryan Tribes of India |journal=Anthropos |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=457–476 |jstor=40442412}}</ref> The [[Kharwar]]s think that when the soul leaves the body, it becomes air but if it comes in contact with a person, the soul becomes troublesome.<ref name="Pioneer">Pioneer Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bcZCAQAAMAAJ&dq=churel&pg=PA69 North Indian Notes and Queries], Volume 1. 1891.</ref> In western India especially [[Gujarat]], any woman who dies an unnatural death is believed to turn into a Churel, also known as {{transl|bn|jakihn}}, {{transl|bn|jakhai}}, {{transl|bn|mukai}}, {{transl|bn|nagulai}} and {{transl|bn|alvantin}}.<ref name="melton"/><ref name="WLHildburgh">{{Cite journal | last = Hildburgh | first = W. L. | author-link=Walter Leo Hildburgh|title = 103. Note on a Magical Curative Practice in Use at Benares | journal = Man | volume = 17 | page = 158 | date = October 1917 | jstor = 2788048 | doi = 10.2307/2788048 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/2488277 }}</ref> Originally, it was believed that only a low-[[caste]] woman turns to a churel.<ref name="Buckland2009"/>

In West Bengal and Bangladesh, ''Petni/Shakchunni'' are formed when a woman dies unmarried or if she has unfulfilled desires.<ref name="bengali culture">[[Ghosts in Bengali culture]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2017}}

==Appearance==
The true form of a Churel is described as extremely ugly with saggy breasts, a black tongue, and thick rough lips although sometimes she is reported to have no mouth at all. She may have a pot belly, claw-like hands, and scruffy, long pubic-like hair. They are also described to have pig faces with large fangs or human-like faces with sharp tusks and long, wild hair.<ref name="Bane">{{cite book|author=Bane, Theresa|title=Encyclopedia of Vampire Mythology|year=2010|publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-4452-6|pages=47–8|chapter = Churel}}</ref><ref name="melton">{{Cite book | last = Melton| first = J. Gordon| title = The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead | publisher = Visible Ink Press | year = 1999 | page = 372}}</ref><ref name="book1">{{Cite book | last = Cheung | first = Theresa | title = The Element Encyclopedia of the Psychic World | publisher = Harper Element | year = 2006 | page = 112 | isbn = 978-0-00-721148-7}}</ref><ref name="Curran2005">{{cite book|author=Bob Curran|title=Vampires: A Field Guide To The Creatures That Stalk The Night|year=2005|publisher=Career Press|isbn=978-1-56414-807-0|pages=138–9}}</ref> She is sometimes described as having a fair front and a black back, but she invariably has her feet turned backward.<ref name="test" /><ref name="Bartels">{{cite book |last1=Ploss |first1=Hermann Heinrich |last2=Bartels |first2=Max |last3=Bartels |first3=Paul |year=1935 |title=Woman: An Historical Gynæcological and Anthropological Compendium |url=https://archive.org/details/b20442117M003/page/408/mode/1up?q=Churel |volume=3 |location=London |publisher=William Heinemann |page=408}}</ref>

A Churel may also be a shape-shifter. She can assume the form of a beautiful young woman, carrying a lantern with her head covered to charm any man she comes upon.<ref name="test" /><ref name="Bane" /><ref name="melton" /><ref name="book1" /><ref name="Curran2005" /> The [[Patari]] and Majhwar think that she appears as a young girl in white clothes.<ref name="test" /><ref name="Bartels" />

According to the poem ''Lalla Radha and The Churel'', she takes the form of a lovely woman with alluring eyes but her appearance is marred by her backward turned feet.<ref name="Lalla">{{cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Laurence |title=LALLA RADHA AND THE CHUREL |journal=Fortnightly Review |volume=74 |issue=443 |date=November 1903 |pages=874–876 |id={{ProQuest|2443980}} }}</ref>

The ''Petni/Shakchunni'' of West Bengal and Bangladesh wears traditional bangles made of shell (a sign of married women) and red and white [[sari]].<ref name="bengali culture" />

==Activities==
[[File:Dakini Fatakeshto Arnab Dutta 2010.JPG|thumb|Within Hindu belief, Churels may become [[dakini]]s and serve the goddess [[Kali]].]]

Churels are most often reported in and around graveyards, cemeteries, tombs, and abandoned battlefields, thresholds of houses, crossroads, toilets and squalid places.<ref name="book1" /><ref name="Curran2005" /><ref name="Tayyaba Churel">{{cite book|author=Rajaram Narayan Saletore|title=Indian Witchcraft|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETz3_bv8t0cC&pg=PA121|access-date=2012-10-22|year=1981|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02480-9|pages=121–2}}</ref> If the Churel was one who died due to ill-treatment by family members, she avenges her early death by going for the males of her family, starting with the youngest. She would drain him of blood until he is shriveled up into an old man and then go for the next male. When all the males in her family are done, she moves on to other people. Any person who has seen a Churel can also be attacked by a deadly disease and those who answer to her night calls can end up dead.<ref name="test" /><ref name="Janet" /><ref name="Bane" /><ref name="Pioneer" /><ref name="Bartels" /><ref name="Lalla" /><ref name="Crooke diwali">{{cite journal |last=Crooke |first=W. |date=1923 |title=The Dīvālī, the Lamp Festival of the Hindus |journal=Folklore |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=267–292 |jstor=1256550 |doi=10.1080/0015587x.1923.9719262 }}</ref>

In the poem ''Lalla Radha and the Churel'', a priest warns the protagonist to not go near the Peepul trees because that is where the Churel lives and she might take him away and kill him. He still went to the Peepul tree and she called out to him in a sweet tone and seduced him until he went to her. Blinded by his desire, he did not notice that while he lay with her, his body seemed to get frailer until he died in a state of ecstasy.<ref name="Lalla" /> In ''The Female Element in Indian Culture'', it says, "The Churel runs after and seeks to possess every man whom she meets, for, it is said, her carnal appetite remains unsatisfied in life". She also possesses girls during dances, causing a trance.<ref name="Fane" /> According to Persian legend, when travelers saw the tracks of a Churel in the dirt they would try to flee by heading in the opposite direction, but her reversed feet would inevitably lead them right into her grasp.<ref name="DeCaroli" /> The Patari and Majhwar think that she appears to take her victims to the mountains and the only way they can be freed is if a goat is sacrificed.<ref name="test" /><ref name="Bartels" />

The Churel sometimes singles out unmarried boys in their teens for their attention, then visits them at night to make love to them. If she does not leave the boy alone, he will become progressively weak until he dies in order to join her.<ref name="VictorBarnouw"/> She is also said to be always on the watch to attack other young mothers.<ref name="Coote Monier">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Monier |last2=Coote |first2=Henry Charles |date=1880 |title=Indian Mother-Worship |journal=The Folk-Lore Record |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=117–123 |jstor=1252374 |doi=10.1080/17441994.1880.10602582 }}</ref>

In the guise of the enchantress, this ''femme fatale'' hunts for young men on highways and seduces the lone traveller to accompany her.<ref name="Bane"/><ref name="Curran2005"/> Sometimes, she imprisons him in her lair in the graveyard, sucking his blood a little at a time.<ref name="Bane"/> Sometimes, she is described as feeding on his semen.<ref name="Curran2005"/> Legend says that a churel will hold a young man captive until he is elderly, or else uses him sexually until he withers, dies, and joins the spirit.<ref name="VictorBarnouw">{{cite journal |last1=Barnouw |first1=Victor |title=Some Eastern Nepalese Customs: The Early Years |journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |date=October 1956 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=257–271 |jstor=3629084 |doi=10.1086/soutjanth.12.3.3629084 |s2cid=75371463 }}</ref> Another tale narrates that a young man who is seduced by the churel and eats the food given to him, returns at dawn to the village, turned into an aged man.<ref name="melton"/>

This demon also has associations with the various accounts of the Mother Goddess as well as the [[Rakshasi]].<ref name="test" /> Within Hindu belief, Churels may turn into [[dakinis]] and serve the goddess [[Kali]], joining the goddess in her routine of feasting on human flesh and blood.<ref name="melton" />

==Prevention and remedies==
The best way to avoid a Churel is to prevent her creation. This means that people have to take good care of pregnant women.<ref name="MaberryKramer2009">{{cite book|author1=Jonathan Maberry|author2=Da Kramer|title=THEY BITE!: Endless Cravings of Supernatural Predators|year=2008|publisher=Citadel Press|isbn=978-0-8065-2820-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/theybiteendlessc00mabe/page/67 67]|chapter=They Thirst: Vampres|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/theybiteendlessc00mabe|author1-link=Jonathan Maberry|url=https://archive.org/details/theybiteendlessc00mabe/page/67}}</ref> However, if a woman dies, the creation of a Churel can be still prevented and precautionary measures exist and are taken if a woman becomes one. In [[Tamil culture]] human priests gather and collectively propitiate her with offerings.<ref name="Strickland">{{cite journal |last=Strickland |first=Lily |date=1929 |title=Aboriginal and Animistic Influences in Indian Music |journal=The Musical Quarterly |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=371–387 |jstor=738327 |doi=10.1093/mq/xv.3.371 }}</ref> In some villages, a Stonehenge-like structure is used to ward off the Churel.<ref name="Bane" />

In some places in India, the corpse may be carried out of the house from the side door, rather than the front door so that the deceased does not find her way back in the house.<ref name="melton" /> If a woman dies during childbirth or during her [[menstrual cycle]], her "corpse is anointed with [[panchagavya|five different products of the cow]] and special texts are recited."<ref name="test" /> In the Hilly regions, the place where a pregnant woman died is carefully scraped and the earth removed. The spot is then sown with mustard (sarson), which is also sprinkled along the road traversed by the corpse on its way to the burial ground. The reason behind this is that the mustard blossoms in the world of the dead, and the sweet smell pleases the spirit and keeps her content, so that she does not long to revisit her earthly home; secondly, the Churel rises from her grave at nightfall and seeks to return to her friends but when she sees the minute grains of the mustard scattered abroad and stoops to pick it up, and while she is engaged, the sun rises and she is unable to visit her home. This story also tells us that the Churel usually only comes out during the night.<ref name="WLHildburgh"/>

Some sources say she can only be stopped by a [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]] (someone who gets rid of evil spirits) after a goat has been sacrificed.<ref name="Bartels" /> In one story, a boy described his visits from the Churel. Medicine men (men who were in charge of concocting herbal medicines and reciting incantations to get rid of evil) were called in and they helped get rid of the Churel which led to the survival of the boy.<ref name="VictorBarnouw" />

===Burial techniques for prevention===
The forming of a Churel is prevented by burying the corpse of any woman who is likely to become one, instead of the usual [[Hindu]] [[cremation]]. Rites and rituals of her burial should be performed with utmost care.<ref name="melton" /><ref name="MaberryKramer2009" /> The woman should be remembered in songs and prayers.<ref name="Buckland2009" />

Many methods, which differ according to different regions, exist to stop a woman from turning into a Churel. One way is to bury the body and fill the grave with thorns and pile heavy stones on top to stop the evil spirit from getting out. If a woman dies during pregnancy, her body is cut open to take the child out and both mother and child are buried in the same grave.<ref name="test" />
The Majhwar of Mizapur bury their corpses with thorns and pile heavy stones on top to stop Churels from getting out. In the hilly regions of India, the dead woman is anointed with five products of a cow and texts are recited. Her coffin is then burned and then either buried or thrown in the river. Other techniques include nailing the four fingers and toes and roping together all the thumbs and big toes with iron rings and planting mustard in the soil in which she died.<ref name="Bartels" />

According to the [[Oraon people|Oraon]], the most evil Churels have their eyes sewn up with thorns and their hands and legs are broken. They are then laid down in the grave with their faces downwards while a spirit doctor follows the body all the way to the graveyard scattering mustard seeds all over the place and reciting prayers. The [[Gonds]] of Southern [[Mandla]] protect themselves from Churels "by tying down the corpse of a woman who dies in childbed with the child surviving". The Bhumias, who are highly suspicious of [[witchcraft]], rest the women with their faces down to stop them from returning as Churels, while men are laid to rest on their backs.<ref name="Lorenz" />

==Stories==
Among the authors who have written stories about the Churel are [[Rudyard Kipling]], [[Humayun Ahmed]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Satyajit Ray]], and [[Sukumar Ray]].<ref name="Digby">{{cite journal |last=Digby |first=Simon |date=2009 |title=Kipling's Indian Magic |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=58–67 |jstor=23006472}}</ref> The Churel also figures into children's literature (such as ''[[Thakurmar Jhuli]] [Bengali children literature]'') and television series.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ঠাকুরমার ঝুলি |title=Thakumar Jhuli |url=https://arts.bdnews24.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/thakurmar-jhuli.pdf |work=bdnews24.com |language=bn |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307081931/http://arts.bdnews24.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/thakurmar-jhuli.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the Indian Bengali horror film ''Putuler Protishod'' (1998), a girl who is murdered by her in-laws returns as a Churel to exact revenge.

Netflix original film ''[[Bulbbul]]'' (2020) is a retelling of this legend which gives a fictional origin of Churel. But without depicting her as an antagonist, this film takes a more feminist approach by narrating the story in a different perspective.

Bhoot FM, a live radio program aired by Bangladeshi radio channel [[Radio Foorti]] 88.0 FM was famous for sharing allegedly true paranormal stories. In that show, people from all over the country often called in to share their own stories of supernatural creatures and there have been several accounts of Churels

==See also==
* ''[[Chudail No. 1]]''
* [[Bhoot (ghost)]]
* [[Banjhakri and Banjhakrini]]
* [[Banshee]]
* [[Daayan]]
* [[Madam Koi Koi]]
* [[Siren (mythology)]]
* [[Pichal Peri]]
* [[List of ghosts]]
* [[List of superstitions in India]]
* [[Superstition in India]]
* [[Ghosts in Bengali culture]]
* [[Pontianak (folklore)]]
* [[witchcraft|Witch]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Superstitions}}

[[Category:Superstitions of India]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Pakistani folklore]]
[[Category:Demons in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Ghosts]]
[[Category:Vampires]]
[[Category:Asian witchcraft]]
[[Category:Pig-faced women]]
[[Category:Female legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Indian legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Pakistani legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Revenants]]

Churel - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 18:06, 18 September 2023