Ajay Kumar at 20:21, 30 August 2023

2023-08-30T20:21:59Z

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{{short description|Family of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image= Cisticola exilis.jpg
| image_caption = [[Golden-headed cisticola]] (''Cisticola exilis'')
| taxon = Cisticolidae
| authority = [[Carl Jakob Sundevall|Sundevall]], 1872
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = Many: see text
}}

The family '''Cisticolidae''' is a group of about 160 [[warbler]]s, small [[passerine]] [[bird]]s found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They were formerly included within the [[Old World warbler]] family [[Sylviidae]].

This family probably originated in [[Africa]], which has the majority of species, but there are representatives of the family across tropical [[Asia]] into [[Australasia]], and one species, the [[zitting cisticola]], breeds in [[Europe]].

These are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub. They are often difficult to see and many species are similar in appearance, so the song is often the best identification guide. These are insectivorous birds which nest low in vegetation.

==Taxonomy==
The family was introduced (as Cisticolinae) by the Swedish zoologist [[Carl Jakob Sundevall]] in 1872.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Sundevall | first=Carl Jakob | author-link=Carl Jakob Sundevall | year=1872 | title=Methodi naturalis avium disponendarum tentamen. Försök till fogelklassens naturenliga uppställnung | language=la, sv | place=Stockholm | publisher=Samson & Wallin | page=6 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52164421 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= Number 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=152, 261 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}</ref>

Many taxonomists place the [[red-winged prinia]] and the [[red-fronted prinia]] in the genus ''[[Prinia]]'' rather than in their own [[monotypic]] genera.<ref name=hbwrw>{{cite web | last1=Ryan | first1=P. | last2=Dean | first2=R. | year=2017 | title=Red-winged Prinia (''Prinia erythroptera'') | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=http://www.hbw.com/node/58601 | access-date=27 August 2017 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=hbwrf>{{cite web | last1=Ryan | first1=P. | last2=Dean | first2=R. | year=2017 | title=Red-fronted Prinia (''Prinia rufifrons'') | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=http://www.hbw.com/node/58704 | access-date=27 August 2017 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Support for their placement in ''Prinia'' is provided by a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the Cisticolidae published in 2013 that found that both species were closely related to the [[prinia]]s.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Olsson | first1=U. | last2=Irestedt | first2=M. | last3=Sangster | first3=G. | last4=Ericson | first4=P.G.P. | last5=Alström | first5=P. | year=2013 | title=Systematic revision of the avian family Cisticolidae based on a multi-locus phylogeny of all genera | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=66 | issue=3 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.004 | pmid=23159891 | pages=790–9 }}</ref>

==List of genera==
The family contains 168 species divided into 26 genera:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=August 2022 | title=Grassbirds, Donacobius, tetrakas, cisticolas, allies | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/grassbirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=30 August 2022 }}</ref> For more detail, see [[List of Cisticolidae species]].
* ''[[Neomixis]]'', jeries (3 species) (genus is [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] to all other Cisticolidae)<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Nguembock | first1=B. |last2=Fjeldså | first2=J. | last3= Tillier | first3=A. | last4=Pasquet | first4=E. | year=2007 | title=A phylogeny for the Cisticolidae (Aves: Passeriformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data, and a re-interpretation of an {{sic|nolink=yes}} unique nest-building specialization | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=42 |issue=1 | pages=272–286 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.07.008 | pmid=16949311}}</ref>
* ''[[Cisticola]]'', cisticolas (53 species)
* ''[[Incana]]'' – monotypic, Socotra warbler (''Incana incanus'')
* ''[[Prinia]]'', prinias (30 species)
* ''[[Schistolais]]'' (2 species)
* ''[[Phragmacia]]'' – monotypic, Namaqua warbler (''Phragmacia substriata'')
* ''[[Oreophilais]]'' – monotypic, Roberts's warbler (''Oreophilais robertsi'')
[[File:Rufous-eared Warbler.jpg|thumb|right|270px|[[Rufous-eared warbler]], ''Malcorus pectoralis'']]
* ''[[Micromacronus]]'' (2 species)
* ''[[Urolais]]'' – monotypic, green longtail (''Urolais epichlora'')
* ''[[Oreolais]]'', (2 species) – moved here from ''Apalis''<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Nguembock | first1=B. | last2=Fjeldså | first2=J. | last3=Couloux | first3=A.| last4=Cruaud | first4=C. | last5=Pasquet | first5=E. | year=2008 | title=Polyphyly of the genus ''Apalis'' and a new generic name for the species ''pulchra'' and ''ruwenzorii'' | journal=Ibis | volume=150 | issue=4 | pages=756–765 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00852.x }}</ref>
* ''[[Drymocichla]]'' – monotypic, red-winged grey warbler (''Drymocichla incana'')
* ''[[Spiloptila]]'' – monotypic, cricket warbler (''Spiloptila clamans'')
* ''[[Phyllolais]]'' – monotypic, buff-bellied warbler (''Phyllolais pulchella'')
* ''[[Apalis]]'', apalises (25 species)
* ''[[Malcorus]]'' – monotypic, rufous-eared warbler (''Malcorus pectoralis'')
* ''[[Hypergerus]]'' – monotypic, oriole warbler (''Hypergerus atriceps'')
* ''[[Eminia (bird)|Eminia]]'' – monotypic, grey-capped warbler (''Eminia lepida'')
* ''[[Camaroptera]]'' (5 species)
* ''[[Calamonastes]]'' (4 species)
* ''[[Euryptila]]'' – monotypic, cinnamon-breasted warbler (''Euryptila subcinnamomea'')
* ''[[Bathmocercus]]'', rufous warblers (2 species)
* ''[[Scepomycter]]'' (2 species) - sometimes merged into ''Bathmocercus''
* ''[[Orthotomus]]'', tailorbirds (13 species)
* ''[[Artisornis]]'' (2 species)
* ''[[Poliolais]]'' – monotypic, white-tailed warbler (''Poliolais lopezi'')
* ''[[Eremomela]]'' (11 species)<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 18619860 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.029 | volume=48 | title=Phylogenetic relationships within Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes): a review and a new molecular phylogeny based on three nuclear intron markers | date=September 2008 | journal=Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. | pages=858–76 | last1 = Johansson | first1 = US | last2 = Fjeldså | first2 = J | last3 = Bowie | first3 = RC}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal | last1 = Alström | first1 = P. | last2 = Ericson | first2 = P.G.P. | last3 = Olsson | first3 = U. | last4 = Sundberg | first4 = P. | year = 2006 | title = Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 38 | pages = 381–397 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015 | pmid = 16054402 }}
*Cibois, A., Slikas, B., Schulenberg, T. S., & Pasquet, E. (2001). An endemic radiation of Malagasy songbirds is revealed by [[mitochondrial DNA]] sequence data. ''[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]]'' 55 (6): 1198–1206. <small>[[Digital Object Identifier|DOI]]:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2</small> [https://web.archive.org/web/20060521183015/http://www.molecularevolution.org/resources/references/files/cibois_et_al_2001.pdf PDF]
*Ryan, Peter (2006). Family Cisticolidae (Cisticolas and allies). Pp. 378–492 in del Hoyo J., Elliott A. & Christie D.A. (2006) ''Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 11. Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers'' Lynx Edicions, Barcelona {{ISBN|978-84-96553-06-4}}
*Urban, E.K.; Fry, C.H. & Keith, S. (1997) ''[[The Birds of Africa]]'', vol. 5. Academic Press, London. {{ISBN|0-12-137305-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/cisticolas-allies-cisticolidae Cisticolidae videos] on the Internet Bird Collection

{{Taxonbar|from=Q550595}}

[[Category:Cisticolidae| ]]
[[Category:Bird families]]

Cisticolidae - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 20:21, 30 August 2023