https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Civil_law_common_lawCivil law common law - Revision history2026-07-31T15:07:36ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Civil_law_common_law&diff=386323&oldid=prevDito at 04:26, 2 June 20222022-06-02T04:26:43Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Body of law that relates to social behavior, rights and duties, and property of persons}}<br />
{{about-distinguish-text|non-criminal law under a common law legal system|the entirely separate [[Civil law (legal system)|legal system known as "civil law"]]}}<br />
{{otheruses|Civil law (disambiguation){{!}}Civil law}}<br />
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'''Civil law''' is a major branch of the [[law]].<ref name=Williams2>[[Glanville Williams]]. ''[[Learning the Law]]''. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. p. 2.</ref> In [[common law]] [[legal systems]] such as [[England and Wales]] and the [[law of the United States|United States]], the term refers to non-[[criminal law]].<ref name=Williams2/><ref>W J Stewart and Robert Burgess. ''Collins Dictionary of Law''. HarperCollins Publishers. 1996. {{ISBN|0 00 470009 0}}. Page 68. Definition 4 of "civil law".</ref> The law relating to [[civil wrong]]s and [[quasi-contract]]s is part of the civil law,<ref>Glanville Williams. ''Learning the Law''. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. pp. 2 and 9 and 10</ref> as is [[law of property]] (other than property-related crimes, such as [[theft]] or [[vandalism]]).<ref>Card, Richard. ''[[Card, Cross and Jones: Criminal Law]]''. Twelfth Edition. Butterworths. 1992. Paragraph 1.3 at page 1.</ref> Civil law may, like [[criminal law]], be divided into [[substantive law]] and [[civil procedure|procedural law]].<ref>Glanville Williams. ''Learning the Law''. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. p. 19.</ref> The [[rights]] and [[duties]] of [[persons]] ([[natural persons]] and [[legal persons]]) amongst themselves is the primary concern of civil law.<ref>Card, Richard. ''Card, Cross and Jones: Criminal Law''. Twelfth Edition. Butterworths. 1992. Paragraph 1.2 at page 1.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Civil law definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/civil-law |publisher=Collins |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref><br />
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It is often suggested that civil proceedings are taken for the purpose of obtaining compensation for injury, and may thus be distinguished from criminal proceedings, whose purpose is to inflict punishment. However, [[exemplary damages]] or [[punitive damages]] may be awarded in civil proceedings. It was also formerly possible for [[common informer]]s to sue for a penalty in civil proceedings.<ref>[[Owen Hood Phillips]]. ''[[A First Book of English Law]]''. Fourth Edition. Sweet & Maxwell. 1960. pp 208 & 209.</ref><br />
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Because some courts have both a civil and criminal jurisdiction, civil proceedings cannot be defined as those taken in civil courts.<ref>Owen Hood Phillips. ''A First Book of English Law''. Fourth Edition. Sweet & Maxwell. 1960. p 208.</ref> In the United States, the expression "civil courts" is used as a shorthand for "trial courts in civil cases".<ref>Baum, Lawrence. American Courts: Process and Policy. Seventh Edition. Cengage Learning. 2012. Chapter 7. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZUJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT139 p 139].</ref><br />
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In England and other common-law countries, the [[legal burden of proof|burden of proof]] in civil proceedings is, in general—with a number of exceptions such as committal proceedings for [[civil contempt]]—proof on a [[balance of probabilities]].<ref>Keane and McKeown. ''The Modern Law of Evidence''. Ninth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2012. {{ISBN|9780199698325}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TPr_O8PfX4C&pg=PA108 p 108].</ref> In civil cases in the law of the [[Maldives]], the burden of proof requires the [[plaintiff]] to convince the court of the plaintiff's entitlement to the relief sought. This means that the plaintiff must prove each element of the claim, or cause of action in order to recover.<ref>[[Husnu Al Suood]]. ''The Maldivian Legal System''. Maldives Law Institute. 2014. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FUHnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA214 p 214].</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Outline of civil law (common law)]]<br />
* [[Civil code]]<br />
* [[Administrative law]]<br />
* [[Federal law]]<br />
* [[Federal Rules of Civil Procedure]]<br />
* [[Law]]<br />
* [[Natural law]]<br />
* [[Legal treatise]]<br />
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==References==<br />
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[[Category:Civil law (common law)| ]]<br />
[[Category:Law by type]]</div>Dito