>Revirvlkodlaku at 05:11, 26 June 2021

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{{short description|overview of the climate of the Indian state}}{{climate chart|<center> [[Climate of Bihar]]</center>|31=83.1|24=32.5|25=276.0|26=24.8|27=32.3|28=216.9|29=21.4|30=31.6|32=15.2|22=324.8|33=29.0|34=6.4|35=10.3|36=24.9|37=6.0|float=right|source=<ref>{{cite periodical |title=Climate of Bihar |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Bihar.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |periodical=Climatological Summaries of States |number=18 |pages=60–65}}</ref>|23=25.4|21=32.7|9.3|10=12.0|23.5|11.5|11.4|26.3|9.9|15.9|32.1|11=21.3|20=25.4|12=36.6|13=23.8|14=24.0|15=37.0|16=56.4|17=25.7|18=35.6|19=164.6|width=200}}Located in eastern India, [[Bihar]] is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|twelfth-largest Indian state]], with an area of 94,163 km2 (36,357 mi2) and an average elevation of about 150 metres above mean sea level. The [[Landlocked state|landlocked]] state shares a boundary with [[Nepal]] to the north, the state of [[West Bengal]] to the east, [[Jharkhand]] to the south, and [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the west.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar {{!}} History, Map, Population, Government, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bihar|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Bihar lies in a subtropical temperate zone and its climatic type is [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Pradyuman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=399UDwAAQBAJ&q=he+%22Bihar%22+lies+completely+in+the+Subtropical+region+of+the+Temperate+Zone%2C+and+its+climatic+type+is+humid+subtropical.&pg=PT223|title=Bihar General Knowledge Digest|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5266-769-7|language=en}}</ref>

== Classification ==
According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], Bihar's climate mainly falls under subtropical monsoon, mild and dry winter, and hot summer ([[Köppen_climate_classification#Cwa:_Dry-winter_humid_subtropical_climate|Cwa]]), except for southeastern parts of the state, such as Jamui, Banka, Munger, Lakhisarai, Khagaria, Shekhpura, some parts of Bhagalpur, Saharsa, and Begusarai. The southeastern part of the state is located in an extreme that falls under tropical savanna, hot, and seasonally dry (usually winter) ([[Köppen climate classification#Aw: Tropical savanna climate with dry-winter characteristics|Aw]]).<ref>{{cite periodical |title=Climate of Bihar |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Bihar.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |periodical=Climatological Summaries of States |number=18 |page=41}}</ref>

==Seasons==
===Winter===
[[Winter|Cold weather]] commences early in November and comes to an end in the middle of March.<ref name="biharonline.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.biharonline.in/Profile/Geography/climate.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611182132/http://biharonline.in/Profile/geography/climate.asp |archive-date=2008-06-11 }}</ref> The climate in October and November is pleasant. The days are bright and warm. As soon as the sun sets, the temperature falls and the heat of the day yields to a sharp bracing cold. Cold waves, locally known as ''Sheet-lahar'', bring in the sharpness in winter and drastically drop the temperature in Bihar, disrupting lives of millions of poor people and also causing several deaths.<ref>[http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/369064/cold-wave-in-bihar/]</ref>{{fv|date=November 2020|reason=No mention of deaths; this is just a news story or two from one particular year, while this article attemps to describe a seasonal repeating phenomenon.}} The temperature in winter all over [[Bihar]] varies from 0–10 °C.<ref name="biharonline.in"/> On 7 January 2013, in early morning, the mercury dipped to a record low of -2 °C in [[Forbesganj]], 0 °C in [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]], 0.2 °C in [[Jehanabad]], 0.7 °C in [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]], -1 °C in [[Patna]] and [[Muzaffarpur]], as well as other cities. December and January are the coldest months in [[Bihar]].

===Summer===
[[Summer|Hot weather]] arrives in March and lasts until the middle of June. The highest temperature is often registered in May. Like the rest of [[North India|northern India]], Bihar also experiences dust storms, thunderstorms, and dust-raising winds during the hot season. Dust storms with a velocity of 48–64 km/hour are most frequent in May, followed by April and June. The hot winds (loo) of the Bihar plains blow during April and May, with an average velocity of 8–16 km/hour. The hot wind greatly affects human comfort during this season.

===Rain (monsoon)===
[[File:India annual rainfall map en.svg|thumb|right|variation in rainfall across India]]
Monsoon season in Bihar is usually unpredictable and erratic.
It begins in mid-June and continues until the end of September.<ref name="gov.bih.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/profile/climate.htm |title=Soil and Climate of Bihar |access-date=2011-09-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928224117/http://gov.bih.nic.in/profile/climate.htm |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref>

=== Autumn (post-monsoon) ===
An important feature of the retreating monsoon season in Bihar is the invasion of tropical [[cyclone]]s originating in the [[Bay of Bengal]] at about 12° N [[latitude]]. Bihar is also influenced by typhoons originating in the South China Sea. The maximum frequency of the tropical cyclones occurs in September–
–November,<ref name="gov.bih.nic.in"/> especially during the [[asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] called [[hathiya]]. These cyclones are essential for the maturing of rice paddies and are required for the moistening of the soil for the cultivation of [[rabi crop|rabi]] crops.

==Statistics==
===Temperature===
{| class="toc" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=2 width=500px style="float:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; padding:0.5e text-align:left; clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:85%"
|+ <big>'''Average temperatures in various cities of Bihar (°C)'''</big><ref name="BBC_Weather_normals">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002240 |title=Country Guide: India |work=[[BBC Weather]] |access-date=2007-03-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525125046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002240 |archive-date=2005-05-25 }}</ref><ref name="WB_normals">{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com |title=Weatherbase |access-date=2007-03-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322212850/http://www.weatherbase.com/ |archive-date=2007-03-22 }}</ref><ref name="WU_normals">{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com |title=Wunderground |work=Weather Underground |access-date=2007-03-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321122739/http://www.wunderground.com/ |archive-date=2007-03-21 }}</ref><ref name="WC_normals">{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com |title=Weather.com |work=[[The Weather Channel (United States)|The Weather Channel]] |access-date=2007-03-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323015551/http://www.weather.com/ |archive-date=2007-03-23 }}</ref>
|- align=center style="background:#e9e9e9;"
| colspan=1 abbr="" | '''—'''
! colspan=2 abbr="winter" | Winter (Jan – Feb)
! colspan=3 abbr="summer" | Summer (Mar – May)
! colspan=4 abbr="monsoon" | Monsoon (Jun – Sep)
! colspan=3 abbr="post-monsoon" | Post-monsoon (Oct – Dec)
! colspan=1 abbr="year-round" | Year-round
|- align=center
! City
! abbr="January" | Jan
! abbr="February" | Feb
! abbr="March" | Mar
! abbr="April" | April
! may
! abbr="June" | June
! abbr="July" | Jul
! abbr="August" | Aug
! abbr="September" | Sep
! abbr="October" | Oct
! abbr="November" | Nov
! abbr="December" | Dec
! abbr="Average" | Avg
|- align="center" bgcolor="#eeeeee"
![[Patna]]
|16 || 19 || 25 || 30 || 31 || 31 || 29 || 29 || 28 || 26 || 22 || 17 || 26
|- align="center"
![[Arrah]]
|16 || 18 || 24 || 30 || 31 || 30 || 29 || 28 || 29 || 26 || 21 || 17 || 25
|- align="center" bgcolor="#eeeeee"
![[Darbhanga]]
|16 || 18 || 23 || 28 || 29 || 29 || 29 || 28 || 28 || 26 || 21 || 17 || 25
|}

===Precipitation===
{| class="toc" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=2 width=500px style="float:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; padding:0.5e text-align:left; clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:85%"
|+ <big>'''Average precipitation in various cities of Bihar (mm)'''</big><ref name="BBC_Weather_normals"/><ref name="WB_normals"/><ref name="WU_normals"/><ref name="WC_normals"/>
|- align=center style="background:#e9e9e9;"
| colspan=1 abbr="" | '''—'''
! colspan=2 abbr="winter" | Winter (Jan – Feb)
! colspan=3 abbr="summer" | Summer (Mar – May)
! colspan=4 abbr="monsoon" | Monsoon (Jun – Sep)
! colspan=3 abbr="post-monsoon" | Post-monsoon (Oct – Dec)
! colspan=1 abbr="year-round" | Year-round
|- align=center
! City
! abbr="January" | Jan
! abbr="February" | Feb
! abbr="March" | Mar
! abbr="April" | Apr
! May
! abbr="June" | Jun
! abbr="July" | Jul
! abbr="August" | Aug
! abbr="September" | Sep
! abbr="October" | Oct
! abbr="November" | Nov
! abbr="December" | Dec
! abbr="Average" | Total
|- align="center" bgcolor="#eeeeee"
![[Patna]]
||10 || --- || 10 || --- || 40 || 120 || 220 || 260 || 170 || 70 || 10 || --- || 990
|- align="center"
![[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
|20 || 19 || 12 || 7 || 21 || 137 || 314 || 328 || 206 || 53 || 10 || 4 || 1130
|- align="center" bgcolor="#eeeeee"
![[Arrah]]
|10 || 10 || 10 || --- || 30 || 180 || 290 || 330 || 210 || 50 || --- || --- || 1180
|- align="center"
![[Darbhanga]]
|10 || 10 || 10 || 10 || 60 || 190 || 300 || 340 || 230 || 50 || --- || --- || 1260
|}

==Disasters==
===Floods===
[[File:Flooded Bihar.JPG|thumb|200px|A view of the [[2008 Bihar flood]]]]
{{main|Floods in Bihar}}
{{See also|2008 Bihar flood|2007 Bihar flood}}
{{Cquote|<center>The total number of human deaths is '''5,874''' and '''19,044'''animal deaths due to flooding in [[Bihar]] between '''1979 and 2006'''<ref>[http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/ Disaster Management in Bihar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023031614/http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/ |date=2008-10-23 }}</ref><ref>[http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/Statitics/Statistics.htm Disaster Management in Bihar - Statistics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019015932/http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/Statitics/Statistics.htm |date=2008-10-19 }}</ref></center>
}}
Bihar is India's most flood-prone state, with 76% of the population in northern Bihar living under the recurring threat of flood devastation.<ref name="fmis">[http://fmis.bih.nic.in/history.html Flood Management Information System – History of Flood in Bihar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419085617/http://fmis.bih.nic.in/history.html |date=2010-04-19 }}</ref> According to some historical data, 16.5% of the total flood-affected area in India is located in Bihar, while 22.1% of the flood-affected [[census of India|population in India]] lives in Bihar.<ref>[http://www.indiawaterportal.org/bihar/?cat=5 India Water Portal – Bihar Floods 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201071221/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/bihar/?cat=5 |date=2009-02-01 }}</ref> About {{convert|68800|km2|sqmi}} out of a total geographical area of {{convert|94160|km2|sqmi}}, comprising 73.06% of the state, is flood-affected. Floods in Bihar are a recurring disaster which on an annual basis destroys thousands of human lives, apart from livestock and assets worth millions.<ref name="fmis"/>

==See also==
* [[1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake]]
* [[Bengal famine of 1770]]
* [[Bihar famine of 1873–74]]
* [[Climate of India]]
* [[Climatic regions of India]]
* [[Geography of Bihar]]
* [[Golghar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Climate of India]]
[[Category:Bihar]]

Climate of Bihar - Revision history

>Revirvlkodlaku at 05:11, 26 June 2021