Ajay Kumar at 17:49, 5 September 2023

2023-09-05T17:49:11Z

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{{short description|Historical name for various regions of Vietnam from the 17th to 20th centuries}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
[[File:IndoChina1867, Cochinchina.jpg|thumb|270px|''[[Đàng Trong]]'' or Cochinchina in 1867, including Lower Cochinchina]]

'''Cochinchina''' or '''Cochin-China'''<ref>{{cite journal |author=David Hunt |title=Village Culture and the Vietnamese Revolution |journal=Past & Present |volume=94 |issue=1 |date=February 1982 |pages=134 |doi=10.1093/past/94.1.131 }}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|tʃ|ɪ|n|ˈ|tʃ|aɪ|n|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|ˌ|k|ɒ|tʃ|-}}; {{lang-vi|Đàng Trong (17th century - 18th century), Việt Nam (1802-1831), Đại Nam (1831-1862), Nam Kỳ (1862-1945)}}; {{lang-fr|Cochinchine}}) is a historical [[exonym and endonym|exonym]] for part of [[Vietnam]], depending on the contexts. Sometimes it referred to the whole of Vietnam, but it was commonly used to refer to the region south of the [[Gianh River]].

In the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was divided between the [[Trịnh lords]] to the north and the [[Nguyễn lords]] to the south. The two domains bordered each other on the [[:vi:Sông Son|Son]]–Gianh River. The northern section was called [[Tonkin]] by Europeans, and the southern part, '''{{Lang|vi|[[Đàng Trong]]}}''', was called Cochinchina by most Europeans and '''Quinam''' by the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05x5UGA8MmAC&q=quinam&pg=PA91 |title=Nguyễn Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries |last=Li |first=Tana |date=1998 |publisher=SEAP Publications |isbn=9780877277224 |language=en }}</ref>

Lower Cochinchina ({{Lang|fr|Basse-Cochinchine}}), whose principal city is [[Saigon]], is the newest territory of the Vietnamese people in the movement of {{Lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} (Southward expansion). This region was also the first part of Vietnam to be colonized by the French. Inaugurated as the '''[[French Cochinchina]]''' in 1862, this colonial administrative unit reached its full extent from 1867 and was a constituent territory of [[French Indochina]] from 1887 until early 1945. So during the French colonial period, the label ''Cochinchina'' moved further south, and came to refer exclusively to the southernmost part of Vietnam.<ref>Wheeler, Charles (2009). "A Coastal Panorama of Cochinchina (Vietnam) and Champa in the ''Peregrinação''". In ''Fernão Mendes Pinto e a ''Peregrinação'': Viagens, Visoes, e Encontros''. p.176.</ref> Beside the French colony of Cochinchina, the two other parts of Vietnam at the time were the French protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] (Central Vietnam) and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]] (Northern Vietnam). [[South Vietnam]] (also called {{Lang|vi|Nam Việt}}) was reorganized from the [[State of Vietnam]] after the [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]] in 1954 by combining Lower Cochinchina with the southern part of Annam, the former protectorate.

==Background==
{{Further|History of Vietnam}}
The conquest of the south of present-day Vietnam was a long process of territorial acquisition by the Vietnamese. It is called ''[[Nam tiến]]'' ([[Chữ Hán]]: [[:wikt:南|南]][[:wikt:進|進]], English meaning "South[ern] Advance") by Vietnamese historians. Vietnam (then known as [[Đại Việt]]) greatly expanded its territory in 1470 under the great Emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]], at the expense of [[Champa]]. The next two hundred years was a time of territorial consolidation and civil war with only gradual expansion southwards.<ref name="Aung-ThwinHall2011">{{cite book|author1=Michael Arthur Aung-Thwin|author2=Kenneth R. Hall|title=New Perspectives on the History and Historiography of Southeast Asia: Continuing Explorations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvWrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|date=13 May 2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-81964-3|pages=158–}}</ref>

In 1516, [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese traders]] sailing from [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]] landed in [[Da Nang]], Đại Việt,<ref name=Li>{{cite book| last=Li| first=Tana Li| title=Nguyễn Cochinchina: southern Vietnam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries| publisher=SEAP Publications| year=1998| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05x5UGA8MmAC&pg=PA72 | isbn=0-87727-722-2| page=72}}</ref> and established a presence there. They named the area "Cochin-China", borrowed the first part from the Japanese reading of [[Jiaozhi|Jiāozhǐ]] (交趾) as ''Kōchin'', ''Kuchi'' , ''Kochi'', ''Kuci'', or ''Koci'' (unrelated to Indian or Japanese cities of [[Kochi]]), which referred to all of [[Vietnam]], and which in turn derived from the Chinese ''[[Jiaozhi|Jiāozhǐ]]'', in [[Cantonese]] ''Kawci'', pronounced ''Giao Chỉ'' in Vietnam.<ref>Reid, Anthony. ''Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce. Vol 2: Expansion and Crisis''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. p211n.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Alijah |title=The Propagation of Islam in the Indonesian-Malay Archipelago |publisher=Malaysian Sociological Research Institute |year=2001 |isbn=9789839986624 |pages=316}}</ref> They appended the "China" specifier to distinguish the area from the [[Cochin|city]] and the [[Kingdom of Cochin|princely state of Cochin]] in India, their first headquarters in the [[Malabar Coast]].<ref name=Yule>{{cite book| last=Yule| first=Sir Henry Yule, A. C. Burnell, William Crooke | title=A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases: Hobson-Jobson| publisher=Routledge | year=1995| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA226 | isbn=0-7007-0321-7| page=34}}</ref><ref name="Li1998">{{cite book|author=Tana Li|title=Nguyễn Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05x5UGA8MmAC&pg=PA63|year=1998|publisher=SEAP Publications|isbn=978-0-87727-722-4|pages=63–}}</ref>

As a result of a civil war that started in 1520, the Emperor of China sent a commission to study the political status of Annam in 1536. As a consequence of the delivered report, he declared war against the [[Mạc dynasty]]. The nominal ruler of the Mạc died at the very time that the Chinese armies passed the frontiers of the kingdom in 1537, and his father, [[Mạc Đăng Dung]] (the real power in any case), hurried to submit to the Imperial will, and declared himself to be a vassal of China. The Chinese declared that both the [[Lê dynasty]] and the Mạc had a right to part of the lands and so they recognised the Lê rule in the southern part of Vietnam while at the same time recognising the Mạc rule in the northern part, which was called [[Tunquin]] (i.e. Tonkin). This was to be a feudatory state of China under the government of the Mạc.

However, this arrangement did not last long. In 1592, [[Trịnh Tùng]], leading the Royal (Trịnh) army, conquered nearly all of the Mạc territory and moved the Lê emperors back to the original capital of [[Hanoi]]. The Mạc only held on to a tiny part of north Vietnam until 1667, when [[Trịnh Tạc]] conquered the last Mạc lands.

== Cochinchina Kingdom of the Nguyễn lords (1600–1774) ==
{{Main|Đàng Trong}}
[[File:1771 Bonne Map of Tonkin and Cochinchina (Vietnam).jpg|right|thumb|250px|1771 Map of Tonkin and Cochinchina by [[Rigobert Bonne]] (1727–1794).]]
In 1600 after returning from Tonkin, lord [[Nguyễn Hoàng]] built his own government in the two southern provinces of Thuận Hóa and Quảng Nam, today in central Vietnam. In 1623, lord [[Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên]] established a trading community at [[Saigon]], then called Prey Nakor, with the consent of the king of Cambodia, [[Chey Chettha II]]. Over the next 50 years, Vietnamese control slowly expanded in this area but only gradually as the Nguyễn were fighting a protracted [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war with the Trịnh lords]] in the north.

With the end of the war with the Trịnh, the Nguyễn were able to devote more effort (and military force) to conquest of the south. First, the remaining Champa territories were taken; next, the areas around the [[Mekong]] river were placed under Vietnamese control. At least three wars were fought between the [[Nguyễn lords]] and the Cambodian kings in the period 1715 to 1770 with the Vietnamese gaining more territory with each war. The wars all involved the much more powerful [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Siamese]] kings who fought on behalf of their vassals, the Cambodians.

During the late 18th century emerged the [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn Rebellion]], coming out from the Nguyễn domain. In 1774, the Trịnh army captured the capital [[Phú Xuân]] of the Nguyễn realm, whose leaders then had to flee to Lower Cochinchina. The three brothers of Tây Sơn, former peasants, however, soon succeeded in conquering first the lands of the Nguyễn and then the lands of the Trịnh, briefly unifying Vietnam.

;Cochinchina Empire of the Nguyễn (1802–1862)
{{Further|Nguyễn dynasty}}
Final unification of Vietnam came under [[Nguyễn Phúc Ánh]], a tenacious member of the Nguyễn noble family who fought for 25 years against the Tây Sơn and ultimately conquered the entire country in 1802. He ruled all of Vietnam under the name Gia Long. His son [[Minh Mạng]] reigned from 14 February 1820 until 20 January 1841 what was known to the British as Cochin China and to the Americans as hyphenated Cochin-China. In hopes of negotiating commercial treaties, the British in 1822 sent [[East India Company]] agent [[John Crawfurd#Diplomat|John Crawfurd]],<ref name="Crawfurd">{{cite book |last= Crawfurd |first= John |author-link= John Crawfurd |title= Journal of an Embassy from the Governor-general of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sAUPAAAAYAAJ |volume=1 |date= 21 August 2006 |orig-year= 1830 |publisher= H. Colburn and R. Bentley |location= London |oclc= 03452414|no-pp=y
|access-date= 2 February 2012|edition= 2nd}}</ref> and the Americans in 1833 sent [[Edmund Roberts (diplomat)|diplomatist Edmund Roberts]],<ref name="Roberts">{{cite book |last= Roberts |first= Edmund |author-link= Edmund Roberts (diplomat) |title= Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4 |year= 1837 |url= https://archive.org/details/embassytoeaster00unkngoog |publication-date= 12 October 2007 |orig-year= First published in 1837 |publisher=Harper & brothers |page=[https://archive.org/details/embassytoeaster00unkngoog/page/n316 310] pages |no-pp=y |access-date= 25 April 2012 |edition= Digital}}</ref> who returned in 1836.<ref name="Rusch">{{cite book |last= Ruschenberger |first= William Samuel Waithman |title= A Voyage Round the World: Including an Embassy to Muscat and Siam in 1835, 1836 and 1837. |url= https://archive.org/details/avoyageroundwor00ruscgoog |date= 24 July 2007 |orig-year= First published in 1837 |publisher= Harper & brothers |oclc= 12492287 |access-date= 25 April 2012 }}</ref> Neither envoy was fully cognizant of conditions within the country, and neither succeeded.

Gia Long's successors (see the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] for details) repelled the Siamese from Cambodia and even annexed [[Phnom Penh]] and surrounding territory in the [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34)|war between 1831 and 1834]], but were forced to relinquish these conquests in the [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–45)|war between 1841 and 1845]].

[[File:Atlas de l'Indochine dressé (...)Indochine française bpt6k11001779 79.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Map of French Indochina.]]

== Colonial Cochinchina: 1862–1945==
{{main|French Cochinchina}}

=== French conquest ===
For a series of complex reasons, the [[Second French Empire]] of [[Napoleon III]], with the help of [[Restoration (Spain)|Spanish]] troops arriving from the [[Spanish East Indies]], attacked [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] (Tourane) of [[Nguyễn dynasty|Nguyen Dynasty Vietnam]] in September 1858. Unable to occupy Đà Nẵng, the alliance moved to [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in the South. On 17 February 1859, they [[Siege of Saigon#Capture of Saigon, 17 February 1859|captured]] [[Saigon]]. Later on, the French defeated the Nguyễn army at the [[Battle of Ky Hoa]] in 1861. The [[Nguyễn dynasty|Vietnamese government]] was forced to cede the three southern Vietnamese provinces of [[Biên Hòa Province|Biên Hòa]], [[Gia Định Province|Gia Định]] and [[Định Tường Province|Định Tường]] to France in June 1862 [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|Treaty of Saigon]].<ref>Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hémery, ''Indochine : la colonisation ambiguë 1858-1954'', La Découverte, 2004, p. 34-35</ref>{{See also|Cochinchina campaign}}
In 1867, French Admiral Pierre de la Grandière forced the Vietnamese to surrender three additional provinces, [[An Giang Province|Châu Đốc]], [[Hà Tiên Province|Hà Tiên]] and [[Vĩnh Long Province|Vĩnh Long]]. With these three additions all of southern Vietnam and the Mekong Delta fell under French control.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Llewellyn, Jennifer |author2=Jim Southey |author3=Steve Thompson |title=Conquest and Colonisation of Vietnam |url=https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/conquest-and-colonisation-of-vietnam/ |website=Alpha History |access-date=4 August 2019 |date=2018}}</ref>

=== French colony ===
In 1871 all the territories ceded to the French in southern Vietnam were incorporated as colony of Cochinchina, with Admiral [[Marie Jules Dupré|Dupré]] as its first governor. As a result, the name "Cochinchina" came to refer exclusively to the southern third of Vietnam. (In Catholic ecclesiastical contexts Cochinchina still related to the older meaning of ''Đàng Trong'' until 1924 when the three [[apostolic vicariate|Apostolic Vicariates]] of Northern, Eastern, and Western Cochinchina were renamed to Apostolic Vicariates of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Huế|Huế]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Qui Nhơn|Qui Nhơn]], and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ho Chi Minh City|Saïgon).]]

In 1887, the colony became a confederal member of the [[French Indochina|Union of French Indochina]]. Unlike the protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] (central Vietnam) and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]] (northern Vietnam), Cochinchina was ruled directly by the French, both ''de jure'' and ''de facto'', and was represented by a deputy in the [[French national assembly|National Assembly]] in Paris. Within Indochina, Cochinchina was the territory with the greatest European presence. At its height, in 1940, it was estimated at 16,550 people, the vast majority living in Saigon.<ref>Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hémery (2001), ''Indochine : la colonisation ambiguë 1858-1954, La Découverte'', 2001, p. 178. ({{ISBN|978-2-7071-3412-7}})</ref>

The French authorities dispossessed Vietnamese landowners and peasants to ensure European control of the expansion of rice and rubber production.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cleary |first1=Mark |title=Land codes and the state in French Cochinchina c. 1900–1940 |journal=Journal of Historical Geography |date=July 2003 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=356–375 |doi=10.1006/jhge.2002.0465 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305748802904652}}</ref> As they expanded in response to the increased rubber demand after the [[World War I|First World War]], the European plantations recruited, as indentured labour, workers from "the overcrowded villages of the [[Red River Delta]] in [[Tonkin]] and the coastal lowlands of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murray|title='White Gold' or 'White Blood'?|page=50}}</ref> These migrants brought south the influence of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] of Nguyen Ai Quoc ([[Ho Chi Minh]]),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|title=Violence and Colonial Order|page=145}}</ref> and of other underground nationalist parties (the ''Tan Viet'' and ''[[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng]]''—VNQDD).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Van |first1=Ngo |title=In the Crossfire: Adventures of a Vietnamese Revolutionary |date=2010 |publisher=AK Press |location=Oakland CA |isbn=9781849350136 |page=51}}</ref> At the same time, the local peasantry were driven into debt servitude, and into plantation labour, by land and [[poll taxes]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Marr|title=Vietnamese Tradition on Trial|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Murray|title='White Gold' or 'White Blood'?|page=51}}</ref> Such conditions contributed to the [[1916 Cochinchina uprising]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Marr|first=David G.|title=Vietnamese anticolonialism, 1885–1925|publisher=University of California|year=1970|isbn=0-520-01813-3|location=Berkeley, California}} pp. 230-231</ref> and to widespread agrarian and labor unrest in 1930-32.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Van|first1=Ngo|title=In the Crossfire: Adventures of a Vietnamese Revolutionary|date=2010|publisher=AK Press|isbn=9781849350136|location=Oakland CA|pages=54–55}}</ref>

In 1936 the formation in France of the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front]] government led by [[Leon Blum]] was accompanied by promises of colonial reform. Failure to deliver helped generate further unrest culminating in the summer of 1937 in general dock and transport strikes.<ref>Daniel Hemery ''Revolutionnaires Vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine''. François Maspero, Paris. 1975, Appendix 24.</ref><ref>Van (2010), p. 16</ref> The left anti-colonial forces split between the Moscow-oriented [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] and their [[Trotskyism in Vietnam|Trotskyist left opposition]] and, following the French declaration of war against Germany in September 1939 was suppressed.<ref>Manfred McDowell, "Sky without Light: a Vietnamese Tragedy," New Politics, Vol XIII, No. 3, 2011, p. 1341 https://newpol.org/review/sky-without-light-vietnamese-tragedy/ (accessed 10 October 2019).</ref> Under the slogan "Land to the Tillers, Freedom for the workers and independence for Vietnam",<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Labor Unions in South Vietnam|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=2|issue=2|pages=70–82|last=Tyson|first=James L.|date=1974|jstor=30171359|doi=10.1080/00927678.1974.10587653}}</ref> in November 1940 the Communist Party in Cochinchina instigated a widespread [[1940 Cochinchina uprising|insurrection]]. Fighting in the Mekong Delta continued until the end of the year.<ref>Chonchirdsim, Sud (November 1997). "The Indochinese Communist Party and the Nam Ky Uprising in Cochin China November December 1940". ''South East Asia Research''. 5 (3): 269–293. doi:10.1177/0967828X9700500304. JSTOR 23746947.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/231/2310402001.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825055403/http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/231/2310402001.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2004|title=Inequality and Insurgency in Vietnam: A re-analysis|last=Paige|first=Jeffery M.|date=1970|website=cambridge.org|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref>

==Southern Resistance War and incorporation into South Vietnam, 1945-1955 ==
Cochinchina was occupied by Japan during World War II (1941–45). After the Japanese surrender in August 1945, the Communist-front Viet Minh had declared a provisional government (a Southern Administrative Committee) in Saigon. In Saigon, the violence of a French restoration, assisted by British and surrendered Japanese troops, triggered a [[August Revolution|general uprising on September 23]].<ref>Van (2010), pp. 116-139</ref> In the course of what became known as the [[War in Vietnam (1945-46)|Southern Resistance War]] (Nam Bộ kháng chiến)<ref>[http://www.saigon-gpdaily.com.vn/Culture_Art/2011/9/96752/ Concert to mark 66th anniversary of the Southern Resistance War] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219121130/http://www.saigon-gpdaily.com.vn/Culture_Art/2011/9/96752/ |date=2011-12-19 }}</ref> the Viet Minh defeated rival resistance forces but, by the end of 1945, had been pushed out of Saigon and major urban centres into the countryside.<ref>Duiker, Wiliam J. (1981), ''The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam'', Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 113-116.</ref>

After 1945, the status of Cochinchina was a subject of discord between France and [[Ho Chi Minh]]'s [[Viet Minh]]. In 1946, the French proclaimed Cochinchina an "autonomous republic", which was one of the causes of the [[First Indochina War]]. In 1948, Cochinchina was renamed as the ''Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam''. It was merged the next year with the [[Provisional Central Government of Vietnam]], and the [[State of Vietnam]], with former emperor [[Bảo Đại]] as head of state, was then officially established.<ref name="Franchini">Philippe Franchini, ''Les Guerres d'Indochine'', vol. I, Pygmalion - Gérard Watelet, Paris, 1988, pp. 399-406</ref>

After the [[First Indochina War]] and temporary partition of Vietnam [[Geneva Accord (1954)|agreed at Geneva]], with French and American patronage Cochinchina was merged in 1955 with Annam south of the 17th parallel to form the Republic of Vietnam, "[[South Vietnam]]", under the presidency of [[Ngo Dinh Diem]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=Jessica|title=Cauldron of resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s southern Vietnam|publisher=Ithaca: Cornell University Press|year=2013|pages=}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:NamKy1829.jpg|Cochinchina in 1829 under Nguyễn Dynasty
File:NamKy1832-1841.jpg|Cochinchina in 1832-1841
File:NamKy1863.jpg|The six provinces of Lower Cochinchina in 1863
File:Cochinchine-map-03.jpg|Cochinchina in 1876
File:NamKy1878.jpg|Cochinchina in 1878
File:Cochinchine 1882.jpg|Cochinchina in 1882
File:NamKy1906.png|Cochinchina in 1906
File:Atlas colonial français Colonies Protectorats (...)Pollacchi Paul bpt6k1100182m (1).jpg|Cochinchina in 1929
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Tonkin]]
* [[Southern Vietnam]]
* [[South Vietnam]]
* [[Mekong Delta]]
* [[Kampuchea Krom]]
* [[Names of Vietnam]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Gutzlaff |first1=Charles |author1-link=Karl Gützlaff |title=Geography of the Cochin-Chinese Empire |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London]] |date=1849 |volume=19 |pages=85–143|doi=10.2307/1798088 |jstor=1798088 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Tana |title=Nguyen Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries |date=1998 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, NY}}

{{Commons category-inline|Cochinchina}}
{{coord missing|Vietnam}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Geography of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Former countries in Vietnamese history]]
[[Category:History of South Vietnam]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]

Cochinchina - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 17:49, 5 September 2023