https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Convention_of_CalcuttaConvention of Calcutta - Revision history2026-07-30T20:47:10ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Convention_of_Calcutta&diff=196408&oldid=prev>Citation bot at 16:18, 28 July 20212021-07-28T16:18:27Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>The '''Convention of Calcutta'''<ref>{{citation |title=Legal Aspects of the Sino-Indian Border Dispute |first=L. C. |last=Green |journal=The China Quarterly |date=July–September 1960 |volume=3 |number=3 |pages=42–58 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000026230 |jstor=763286}}</ref> ({{zh|t=中英藏印條約}}) or '''Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1890'''{{sfnp|Norbu, China's Tibet Policy|2001|p=169}}<br />
was a [[treaty]] between [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]] relating to [[Tibet]] and the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]. It was signed by Viceroy of India [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Lansdowne]] and the Chinese [[Amban]] in Tibet, Sheng Tai, on 17{{nbsp}}March 1890 in [[Calcutta]], India.{{sfnp|Younghusband, India and Tibet|1910|page=51}}<br />
<br />
The Convention recognized a [[British protectorate]] over Sikkim and demarcated the Sikkim–Tibet border. China is said to have negotiated the treaty without consulting Tibet, and the Tibetans refused to recognize it.{{sfnp|Norbu, China's Tibet Policy|2001|p=169}} China's inability to deliver on the treaty eventually necessitated a [[British expedition to Tibet]] in 1904, setting in motion a long chain of developments in the history of Tibet. Modern international law jurists state that the convention exposed the Chinese 'impotence' in Tibet.{{sfnp|International Commission of Jurists|1959|p=77}}<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The British imperative in North East India was to open the markets of Tibet and by extension China to their manufactured textiles, tobacco, grain, tools and tea.<ref name=Arora>{{cite book|title=Commodities of Empire: Working Paper No.9|first1=Vibha|last1=Arora|chapter=Routing the Commodities of Empire through Sikkim (1817-1906)|journal=Commodities of Empire Working Paper|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/ferguson-centre/commodities-of-empire/working-papers/WP09.pdf|publisher=[[Open University]]|issn=1756-0098|year=2008|pages=4–5}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Provisions==<br />
Under Article 1, the boundary of Sikkim and Tibet was defined as the crest of the mountain range separating the waters flowing into the [[Teesta River]] in Sikkim and its tributaries from the waters flowing into the Tibetan Mochu River and northwards into other rivers of Tibet. The line commenced at Mount [[Gipmochi]] on the [[Bhutan]] frontier, and followed the above watershed to the point where it met [[Nepal]]i territory.<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
A protocol was added to the original convention in December 1893. "Regulations Regarding Trade, Communications, and Pasturage to Be Appended to the Sikkim-Tibet Convention of 1890" allowed for the establishment of a British trading post in [[Yatung]], Tibet as well as laid down regulations concerning pasturage and communication.<ref>{{cite book|first1=H. G.|last1=Joshi|title=Sikkim: Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7gIVNzkN2YC|year=2004|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-932-4|page=89}}</ref>{{sfnp|Younghusband, India and Tibet|1910|page=440}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{citation |title=The Question of Tibet and the Rule of Law |publisher=International Commission of Jurists |location=Geneva |date=1959 |url=http://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1959/01/Tibet-rule-of-law-report-1959-eng.pdf |ref={{sfnref|International Commission of Jurists|1959}}}} <br />
* {{cite book|first=Francis|last=Younghusband|author-link=Francis Younghusband|title=India and Tibet: a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiatibethistor00younrich|year=1910|publisher=John Murray|location=London|ref={{sfnref|Younghusband, India and Tibet|1910}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Norbu |first=Dawa |title=China's Tibet Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGqyIgOlUCIC&pg=PA169 |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-79793-4 |ref={{sfnref|Norbu, China's Tibet Policy|2001}}}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Wikisource|Convention of Calcutta|Text of the Convention of Calcutta}}<br />
<br />
* {{Cite web|url=http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/pdf/1894/TS0011.pdf|title=Convention between Great Britain and China relating to Sikkim and Tibet|website=UK Treaties Online|date=1890-03-17|access-date=2017-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709135501/http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/pdf/1894/TS0011.pdf|archive-date=2017-07-09|url-status=dead}}<br />
* {{wikisource-inline|Convention of Calcutta|Convention Between Great Britain and China Concerning Sikkim and Tibet}}<br />
* {{Cite web|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84|title=中英藏印條約 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆|website=zh.wikisource.org|language=zh|access-date=2017-08-15}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)]]<br />
[[Category:Treaties of the Qing dynasty]]<br />
[[Category:Treaties of Sikkim]]</div>>Citation bot