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{{EngvarB|date=May 2023}}
{{Short description|Ceremony marking the investiture of a monarch}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II on her Coronation Day.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The coronation of [[Elizabeth II]] ([[Coronation of Elizabeth II|1953]]) portrait by [[Cecil Beaton]]]]

[[File:Charles-vii-courronement- Panthéon III.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The coronation of [[Charles VII of France]] (1429), detail of the painting {{lang|fr|Jeanne d'Arc}} (1886–1890) by [[Jules Eugène Lenepveu]]]]

A '''coronation''' is the act of placement or bestowal of a [[coronation crown|crown]] upon a monarch's head. The term also generally refers not only to the physical crowning but to the ceremony wherein the act of crowning occurs, along with the presentation of other items of [[regalia]], marking the formal [[investiture]] of a monarch with regal power. Aside from the crowning, a coronation ceremony may comprise many other rituals such as the taking of special vows by the monarch, the investing and presentation of regalia to the monarch, and acts of homage by the new ruler's subjects and the performance of other ritual deeds of special significance to the particular nation. In certain Christian denominations, such as [[Lutheranism]] and [[Anglicanism]], coronation is a [[Rite (Christianity)|rite]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Lutheran Standard, Volume 7 |date=1967 |publisher=Augsburg Publishing House |pages=1967 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lockwood2023">{{cite web |last1=Lockwood |first1=Frank E. |title=Coronation a religious rite for Anglicans |url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2023/may/06/coronation-a-religious-rite-for-anglicans/ |publisher=[[Arkansas Democrat-Gazette]] |access-date=7 May 2023 |language=en |date=6 May 2023}}</ref> As such, Western-style coronations have often included [[anointing]] the monarch with [[holy anointing oil|holy oil]], or [[chrism]] as it is often called; the anointing ritual's religious significance follows examples found in the Bible. The monarch's consort may also be crowned, either simultaneously with the monarch or as a separate event.

Once a vital ritual among the world's monarchies, coronations have changed over time for a variety of socio-political and religious factors; most modern monarchies have dispensed with them altogether, preferring simpler ceremonies to mark a monarch's accession to the throne. In the past, concepts of royalty, coronation and deity were often inexorably linked. In some ancient cultures, rulers were considered to be divine or partially divine: the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] [[pharaoh]] was believed to be the son of [[Ra]], the sun god, while in Japan, the [[Emperor of Japan|emperor]] was believed to be a descendant of [[Amaterasu]], the sun goddess. [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] promulgated the practice of [[emperor worship]]; in [[Medieval Europe]], monarchs claimed to have a [[Divine Right of Kings|divine right]] to rule (analogous to the [[Mandate of Heaven]] in [[Dynasties in Chinese history|dynastic China]]). Coronations were once a direct visual expression of these alleged connections, but recent centuries have seen the lessening of such beliefs. The most recent coronation in Europe was [[Coronation of Charles III and Camilla|that of King Charles III and Queen Camilla]] in London in 2023.

Coronations are still observed in the United Kingdom, Tonga, and several Asian and African countries. In Europe, most monarchs are required to take a simple oath in the presence of the country's legislature. Besides a coronation, a monarch's accession may be marked in many ways: some nations may retain a religious dimension to their accession rituals while others have adopted simpler inauguration ceremonies, or even no ceremony at all. Some cultures use bathing or cleansing rites, the drinking of a sacred beverage, or other religious practices to achieve a comparable effect. Such acts symbolise the granting of divine favour to the monarch within the relevant spiritual-religious paradigm of the country.

''Coronation'' in common parlance today may also, in a broader sense, refer to any formal ceremony in relation to the [[Accession day|accession]] of a monarch, whether or not an actual crown is bestowed, such ceremonies may otherwise be referred to as investitures, inaugurations, or enthronements. The date of the act of ''accession'', however, usually precedes the date of the ceremony of ''coronation''. For example, the [[Coronation of Elizabeth II]] took place on 2 June 1953, almost sixteen months after [[Elizabeth II|her]] accession to the throne on 6 February 1952 on the death of her father [[George VI]].

[[File:Karel Leo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Portrait miniature|Miniature]] of [[Charlemagne]] crowned emperor by [[Pope Leo III]], from {{lang|fr|Chroniques de France ou de Saint Denis}}, vol. 1; France, second quarter of 14th century.]]

== History and development ==
[[File:Martorana RogerII2008.jpg|thumb|left|[[Roger II of Sicily]] receiving his crown directly from [[Jesus Christ]], mosaic from [[Martorana]], Palermo]]

The coronation ceremonies in medieval [[Christendom]], both [[Western Christianity|Western]] and [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern]], are influenced by the practice of the [[Roman Emperors]] as it developed during [[Late Antiquity]] and by [[Old Testament|Biblical]] accounts of kings being crowned and anointed.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Coronation |volume=7 |pages=185–187 |first=Thomas Macall |last=Fallow}}</ref> The European coronation ceremonies, perhaps best known in the form they have taken in Great Britain (the most recent of which occurred in 2023), descend from rites initially created in [[Byzantium]], [[Visigothic kingdom|Visigothic]] Spain, [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingian]] France and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and brought to their apogee during the [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] era.

In non-Christian states, coronation rites evolved from a variety of sources, often related to the religious beliefs of that particular nation. [[Buddhism]], for instance, influenced the coronation rituals of Thailand, Cambodia and Bhutan, while [[Hindu]] elements played a significant role in Nepalese rites. The ceremonies used in modern Egypt, Malaysia, Brunei and Iran were shaped by [[Islam]],{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} while Tonga's ritual combines ancient Polynesian influences with more modern [[Anglican]] ones.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

===Antiquity ===
[[File:An ancient coronation.jpg|thumb|An ancient coronation from the [[Indian subcontinent]]]]
{{main|Coronations in antiquity}}
{{further|Sacred king|Diadem|Tiara}}
Coronations, in one form or another, have existed since ancient times, [[Coronation of the pharaoh|like in Ancient Egypt]]. The [[Hebrew Bible]] testifies to particular rites associated with the conferring of kingship, the most detailed accounts of which are found in [[2 Kings]] 11:12<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Kings|11:12}}</ref> and [[2 Chronicles]] 23:11.<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Chronicles|23:11}}</ref>

The {{lang|la|corona radiata}}, the "[[radiant crown]]" known best on the [[Statue of Liberty]], and perhaps worn by the [[Helios]] that was the [[Colossus of Rhodes]], was worn by Roman emperors as part of the cult of [[Sol Invictus]], part of the [[Imperial cult (ancient Rome)|imperial cult]] as it developed during the 3rd century. The origin of the crown is thus religious, comparable to the significance of a [[halo (religious iconography)|halo]], marking the [[sacred king|sacral nature of kingship]], expressing that either the king is [[Imperial cult|himself divine]], or ruling by [[divine right of kings|divine right]].{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

The precursor to the [[crown (headgear)|crown]] was the browband called the [[diadem (personal wear)|diadem]], which had been worn by the [[Achaemenid]] rulers, was adopted by [[Constantine I]], and was worn by all subsequent rulers of the later Roman Empire.

Following the assumption of the diadem by Constantine, Roman and Byzantine emperors continued to wear it as the supreme symbol of their authority. Although no specific coronation ceremony was observed at first, one gradually evolved over the following century. Emperor [[Julian the Apostate]] was hoisted upon a shield and crowned with a gold necklace provided by one of his standard-bearers;<ref name="catholic2"/> he later wore a jewel-studded diadem. Later emperors were crowned and acclaimed in a similar manner, until the momentous decision was taken to permit the [[patriarch of Constantinople]] to physically place the crown on the emperor's head.

The first [[Coronation of the Byzantine emperor|imperial coronation]] was organised by [[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I]], who was crowned by Patriarch [[Anatolius of Constantinople]] in 457. This Christian coronation ritual was performed by almost all future emperors, and was later imitated by courts all over Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herrin |first=Judith |title=Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire |publisher=Penguin |year=2007 |isbn=978-0713999976 |pages=53–54}}</ref> This ritual included recitation of prayers by the Byzantine prelate over the crown, a further—and extremely vital—development in the liturgical {{lang|la|ordo}} of crowning. After this event, according to the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', "the ecclesiastical element in the coronation ceremonial rapidly develop[ed]".<ref name="catholic2"/>

In some European Celtic or Germanic countries{{clarify|date=April 2013}} prior to the adoption of Christianity, the ruler upon his election was raised on a [[shield]] and, while standing upon it, was borne on the shoulders of several chief men of the nation (or tribe) in a procession around his assembled subjects.<ref name="britannica1"/> This was usually performed three times.<ref name="britannica1"/> Following this, the king was given a [[spear]], and a diadem wrought of silk or [[linen]] (not to be confused with a [[crown (headgear)|crown]]) was bound around his forehead as a token of regal authority.<ref name="britannica1"/>

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Demetre I (Matskhvarishi).jpg|thumb|The coronation of King [[Demetrius I of Georgia]] by the [[angels]], 12th century.]]
[[File:Gangaikonda cholapuram Sculpture-2.jpg|thumb|The coronation of Emperor [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra I]] by [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]], 1014 CE. ]]
According to [[Adomnan of Iona]], the king of [[Dal Riata]], [[Áedán mac Gabráin]], came to the monastery at Iona in 574 to be crowned by [[St Columba]].<ref>Adomnan of Iona. The life of St Columba. Penguin Classics, 1995</ref> In Spain, the [[Visigothic kingdom|Visigothic]] king [[Sisenand]] was crowned in 631, and in 672, [[Wamba, Visigothic king|Wamba]] was the first occidental king to be anointed as well, by the archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo|Toledo]]. In [[Kingdom of England|England]], the Anglo-Saxon king [[Eardwulf of Northumbria]] was "consecrated and enthroned" in 796, and [[Æthelstan]] was crowned and anointed in 925. These practices were nevertheless irregularly used or occurred some considerable time after the rulers had become kings, until their regular adoption by the [[Carolingian dynasty]] in France. To legitimate his deposition of the last of the [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian kings]], [[Pepin the Short]] was twice crowned and anointed, at the beginning of his reign in 752, and for the first time by a pope in 754 in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]. The anointing served as a reminder of the baptism of [[Clovis I]] in [[Reims]] in 496, where the ceremony was finally transferred in 816. His son [[Charlemagne]], who was crowned emperor in Rome in 800, passed as well the ceremony to the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and this tradition acquired a newly constitutive function in England too, with the kings [[Harold Godwinson]] and [[William the Conqueror]] immediately crowned in [[Westminster Abbey]] in 1066.

The European coronation ceremonies of the Middle Ages were essentially a combination of the Christian rite of [[anointing]] with additional elements. Following Europe's conversion to Christianity, crowning ceremonies became more and more ornate, depending on the country in question, and their Christian elements—especially anointing—became the paramount concern.<ref name="britannica1"/><ref name="catholic2">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Coronation|last=Thurston|first=Herbert}}</ref> Crowns and [[sceptre]]s, used in coronations since ancient times, took on a Christian significance together with the [[Globus cruciger|orb]] as symbols of the purported divine order of things, with the monarch as the divinely ordained overlord and protector of his dominion. During the [[Middle Ages]], this rite was considered so vital in some European kingdoms that it was sometimes referred to as an "eighth [[sacrament]]".<ref name="catholic1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cheetah.net/~ccoulomb/coronations.html|title=Coronations in Catholic theology|last=Coulombe|first=Charles A|date=9 May 2005|publisher=Charles. A Coulombe|access-date=8 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905061158/http://www.cheetah.net/~ccoulomb/coronations.html|archive-date=5 September 2008}}</ref> The anointed ruler was viewed as a {{lang|la|mixta persona}}, part priest and part layman, but never wholly either.<ref name="britannica1"/> This notion persisted into the twentieth century in [[Imperial Russia]], where the [[Tsar]] was considered to be "wedded" to his subjects through the Orthodox coronation service.<ref name="oldenburg1">{{cite book|last=Oldenburg|first=Sergei S.|title=Last Tsar: Nicholas II, His Reign and His Russia|publisher=Academic International Press|location=Gulf Breeze, Florida|year=1975|volume=I|pages=59–60|isbn=0-686-83125-X}}</ref> [[Coronation stone]]s marked the site of some medieval ceremonies, though some alleged stones are later inventions.

As reported by the [[jurisconsult]] [[Tancred of Bologna|Tancredus]], initially only four monarchs were crowned and anointed, they were the Kings of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], [[Kingdom of France|France]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]]:

{{Verse translation|lang=la|Et sunt quidam coronando, et quidam non, tamen illi, qui coronatur, debent inungi: et tales habent privilegium ab antiquo, et de consuetudine. Alii modo non debent coronari, nec inungi sine istis: et si faciunt; ipsi abutuntur indebite.{{nbsp}}[...] Rex Hierosolymorum coronatur et inungitur; Rex Francorum Christianissimus coronatur et inungitur; Rex Anglorum coronatur et inungitur; Rex Siciliae coronatur et inungitur.|And some [kings] are crowned and some are not, among them, those who are crowned must be anointed: they have this privilege by ancient custom. The others, instead, must not be crowned or anointed: and if they do so unduly it is abuse.{{nbsp}}[...] The King of Jerusalem is crowned and anointed, the Most Christian King of France is crowned and anointed, the King of England is crowned and anointed; the King of Sicily is crowned and anointed.|<ref>Tancredus, ''De Regibus Catholicorum et Christianorum'' 6:18
(https://books.google.it/books?id=CTVgAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=%22De+Regibus+Catholicorum+et+Christianorum%22&source=bl&ots=k0cJhidGl5&sig=ACfU3U1AiFuFRM0-YNk9BBZxtg_SGarDRg&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS5NHom-b0AhUQ76QKHXH2C2wQ6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q&f=true {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216001541/https://books.google.it/books?id=CTVgAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=%22De+Regibus+Catholicorum+et+Christianorum%22&source=bl&ots=k0cJhidGl5&sig=ACfU3U1AiFuFRM0-YNk9BBZxtg_SGarDRg&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS5NHom-b0AhUQ76QKHXH2C2wQ6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q&f=true |date=16 December 2021 }})</ref>}}

Crowning ceremonies arose from a worldview in which monarchs were seen as ordained by God{{efn|Christian references include 1 Peter 2:13, 17<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Peter|2:13, 17}}</ref> and Romans 13:1–7.<ref>{{bibleverse|Romans|13:1–7}}</ref> Information on the Islamic viewpoint may be found at Islamic Monarchy, from the Science Encyclopedia website.}} to serve not merely as political or military leaders, nor as figureheads, but rather to occupy a vital ''spiritual'' place in their dominions as well.<ref name="catholic1" /> Coronations were created to reflect and enable these alleged connections; however, the belief systems that gave birth to them have been radically altered in recent centuries by secularism, egalitarianism and the rise of [[constitutionalism]] and democracy. During the [[Protestant Reformation]], the idea of [[Divine Right of Kings|divinely ordained]] monarchs began to be challenged.<ref>{{cite book |title=The English Reformation|last=Dickens|first=A.G.|year=1978|publisher=Fontana/Collins|location=London & Glasgow|page=399|isbn=0-8052-0177-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFN-AAAACAAJ&q=0805201777}}</ref><ref name="ponet1">{{cite book|last=Ponet|first=John|title=A Shorte Treatise of Politike Power|editor=Patrick S. Poole|publisher=Patrick S. Poole|orig-year=1556| year=1994|url=http://fly.hiwaay.net/~pspoole/Ponet1.HTM|access-date=25 September 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080531072801/http://fly.hiwaay.net/~pspoole/Ponet1.HTM |archive-date = 31 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Modern history===
[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Coronation of Napoleon (1805-1807).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[coronation of Napoleon]], in the [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Cathedral of Notre Dame]] on 2 December 1804, by [[Jacques-Louis David]]]]

The [[Age of Enlightenment]] and various revolutions of the last three centuries all helped to further this trend.<ref name="catholic1" /> Hence, many monarchies – especially in Europe – have dispensed with coronations altogether, or transformed them into simpler inauguration or benediction rites. A majority of contemporary European monarchies today have either long abandoned coronation ceremonies (e.g. Spain, last practised in 1494) or have never practised coronations (e.g. Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg). Of all European monarchies today, only the United Kingdom still retains [[Coronation of the British monarch|its coronation rite]].<ref name="catholic2" /> Other nations still crowning their rulers include Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, Lesotho, Swaziland, Thailand, and Tonga, as well as several subnational entities such as the [[Toro Kingdom]]. The [[Papacy]] retains the option of a coronation, but no pope has used it since 1963 after [[Pope John Paul I]] opted for a [[papal inauguration]] in 1978.<ref name="wister1">{{cite web|url=http://pirate.shu.edu/~wisterro/cdi/paul_vi.htm|title=The Coronation of Pope Paul VI|last=Wister|first=Fr. Robert J.|date=4 December 2002|access-date=25 September 2008}}</ref>

=== Canonical coronation ===
A [[canonical coronation]] (Latin: {{lang|la|coronatio canonica}}) is a pious institutional act of the Pope, on behalf of a [[Catholic devotions|devotion]]. This tradition still stands {{as of|2015|lc=y}}; in 2014 Pope Francis crowned [[Our Lady of Immaculate Conception]] of [[Juquila]]. Since 1989, the act has been carried out through the authorised decree by the [[Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments]].

== Coronations and monarchical power ==
In most kingdoms, a monarch succeeding hereditarily does not have to undergo a coronation to ascend the throne or exercise the prerogatives of their office. King [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom]], for example, did not reign long enough to be crowned before he [[abdicate]]d, yet he was unquestionably the King of the United Kingdom and [[Emperor of India]] during his brief [[reign]]. This is because in Britain, the law stipulates that in the moment one monarch dies, the new one assumes automatically and immediately the throne; thus, there is no [[interregnum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/RoyalEventsandCeremonies/Accession/Accession.aspx |title=Accession |work=Ceremony and Symbol |author=Royal Household |access-date=27 December 2011}}</ref>

France likewise followed automatic succession, though by tradition the new king ascended the throne when the coffin of the previous monarch descended into the vault at [[Saint Denis Basilica]], and the [[Duke]] of [[Uzès]] proclaimed {{lang|la|"[[The King is dead. Long live the King|Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi]]!"}} ("The King is dead, long live the King!").<ref name="bak1">{{cite book|last=Giesey|first=Ralph E.|title=Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual|editor=Bak, János M|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=1990|chapter=Inaugural Aspects of French Royal Ceremonials|url=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft367nb2f3&brand=ucpress|access-date=25 September 2008}}</ref> In Hungary, on the other hand, no ruler was regarded as being truly legitimate until he was physically crowned with [[Holy Crown of Hungary|St. Stephen's Crown]] performed by the archbishop of Esztergom in Székesfehérvár Cathedral (during the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s invasion of Hungary in Pozsony, then Budapest),<ref name="Yonge1">{{cite book|last=Yonge|first=Charlotte|title=A Book of Golden Deeds Of all Times and all Lands|publisher=Blackie and Son|location=London, Glasgow and Bombay|year=1867|chapter=The Crown of St. Stephen|url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/yonge/deeds/crown.html|access-date=21 August 2008}}</ref><ref name="review1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ce-review.org/00/1/nemes1.html|title=Central Europe Review — Hungary: The Holy Crown|last=Nemes|first=Paul|date=10 January 2000|access-date=26 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511145632/http://www.ce-review.org/00/1/nemes1.html|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|An account of this service, written by Count Miklos Banffy, a witness, may be read at ''The Last Habsburg Coronation: Budapest, 1916''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.websitetoolbox.com/tool/post/royalcello/vpost?id=2646769&trail=15 |title=''The Last Habsburg Coronation: Budapest, 1916'' |access-date=15 September 2008 |archive-date=11 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111094956/http://www.websitetoolbox.com/tool/post/royalcello/vpost?id=2646769&trail=15 |url-status=live }}</ref> From [http://www.royaltymonarchy.com/ Theodore's Royalty and Monarchy Website].}} while monarchs of Albania were not allowed to succeed or exercise any of their prerogatives until swearing a formal constitutional oath before their nation's parliament. The same still applies in Belgium.<ref name="belgiumconstitution">{{cite web |url=http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/grondwetEN.pdf |title=The Constitution (Belgium), Article 91 |access-date=25 September 2008 |publisher=Parliament of Belgium |archive-date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329134847/http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/grondwetEN.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following their election, the kings of Poland were permitted to perform a variety of political acts prior to their coronation, but were not allowed to exercise any of their judicial powers prior to being crowned.<ref name="bak2">{{cite book|last=Gieysztor|first=Aleksander|author-link=Aleksander Gieysztor|title=Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual|editor=Bak, János M|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=1990|chapter=Gesture in the Coronation Ceremonies of Medieval Poland|url=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft367nb2f3&brand=ucpress|access-date=25 September 2008}}</ref>

In the Holy Roman Empire an individual became [[King of the Romans]], thus gained governance of the Empire unless he was elected during his predecessor's lifetime, upon his acceptance of the election capitulation, not his coronation. However, prior to [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] he could not style himself "Emperor" until his coronation by the Pope, resulting in many individuals being "Kings of the Romans" or "Kings of Germany", but not "Emperor". Maximilian received Papal permission to call himself "Elected Emperor of the Romans" when he was unable to travel for his coronation. His successors likewise adopted the title with the last Emperor crowned by the Pope being Maxmilian's grandson Charles V.

== Coronation of heirs apparent ==
[[File:Couronnement de Philippe Auguste.jpg|thumb|Coronation of [[Philip II of France|Philip]], son of King [[Louis VII of France]], as junior king]]

The custom of crowning heirs apparent also originates from the Roman Empire. Many emperors chose to elevate their children directly to ''[[Augustus (title)|augustus]]'' (emperor) instead of leaving them as ''[[Caesar (title)|caesar]]'' (heir apparent). These co-emperors did not exercise real power and are often excluded from the numbering of emperors, as their proclamations only served to settle the succession. The first known coronation of a co-emperor occurred in 367, when [[Valentinian I]] crowned his eight-year-old son [[Gratian]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brightman |first=F. E. |date=April 1901 |title=Byzantine Imperial Coronations |journal=The Journal of Theological Studies |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=359–392 |doi=10.1093/jts/os-II.7.359 |jstor=23949289}}</ref> After the reign of [[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I]], heirs apparent —nominal co-rulers titled ''augustus'' and later ''[[basileus]]''— were also crowned by the [[Patriarch of Constantinople]], as in the case of his six-year-old son [[Leo II (emperor)|Leo II]] in 473.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boak |first=A. E. R. |year=1919 |title=Imperial Coronation Ceremonies of the Fifth and Sixth Centuries |journal=Harvard Studies in Classical Philology |volume=30 |pages=37–47 |doi=10.2307/310612 |jstor=310612}}</ref>

During the [[Middle Ages]], the [[House of Capet|Capetian]] [[List of French monarchs|Kings of France]] chose to have their [[heir apparent|heirs apparent]] crowned during their own lifetime to avoid succession disputes.<ref name="Bartlett">{{cite book
|last=Bartlett
|first=Robert
|title=England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|location=US
|year=2003
|isbn=0-19-925101-0}}</ref><ref name="Staunton">{{cite book
|last=Staunton
|first=Michael
|title=The Lives of Thomas Becket
|publisher=Manchester University Press
|year=2001|isbn=0-7190-5455-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97F23Rt1P8sC&q=The+lives+of+Thomas+Becket|access-date=23 June 2009}}</ref> This practice was later adopted by [[House of Plantagenet|Angevin]] [[List of English monarchs|Kings of England]], [[List of Hungarian monarchs|Kings of Hungary]] and other European monarchs. From the moment of their coronation, the heirs were regarded as junior kings ({{lang|la|rex iunior}}), but they exercised little power and historically were not included in the numbering of monarchs if they predeceased their fathers. The nobility disliked this custom, as it reduced their chances to benefit from a possible succession dispute.<ref name="Sedlar">{{cite book
|last=Sedlar
|first=Jean W.
|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500
|publisher=University of Washington Press
|location=US
|year=1994
|isbn=0-295-97290-4}}</ref>

The last heir apparent to the French throne to be crowned during his father's lifetime was the future [[Philip II of France|Philip II]]. The only crowned heir apparent to the English throne was [[Henry the Young King]], who was first crowned alone and then with his wife, [[Margaret of France (1158–1197)|Margaret of France]]. [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]] attempted to have his son [[Eustace IV of Boulogne]] crowned in his lifetime but faced serious papal opposition as the Church did not want to be seen as intervening in [[the Anarchy]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Edmund |title=King Stephen |date=2010 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |pages=369–371}}</ref> The practice was eventually abandoned by all kingdoms that had adopted it, as the rules of primogeniture became stronger. The last coronation of an heir apparent, with the exception of [[Investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales|that of the Prince of Wales]] in 1969, was the coronation of the future Emperor [[Ferdinand I of Austria]] as junior King of Hungary in 1830.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite book
|last=Taylor
|first=Alan John Percivale
|title=The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809–1918
|publisher=University of Chicago Press
|location=US
|year=1976
|edition=Paperback
|isbn=0-226-79145-9
|url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=1105447
|access-date=23 June 2009
|archive-date=12 September 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912015225/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=1105447
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

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File:Mounted Band of The Scots Greys, Coronation Parade, 1937 by Harry Greville Wood Irwin.jpg|''Mounted Band of The Scots Greys, Coronation Parade, 1937'' by Harry Greville Wood Irwin. Painted in 1937, depicting the Coronation of [[George VI|King George VI of the United Kingdom]].
File:Pepin le Bref.jpg|Coronation of [[Pepin the Short]]
File:Lvisrdce korunovace 1189.jpg|[[Richard I of England]] crowned king.
File:JanBrienne.jpg|Coronation of [[Maria of Montferrat]] and [[John of Brienne]], [[King of Jerusalem]] and [[Latin Emperor of Constantinople]]
File:Bela4 korunovace.jpg| The coronation of [[Béla IV]] [[King of Hungary]]
File:Coelestin V.jpg|Coronation of Pope [[Celestine V]].
File:Kraków Coronation of Casimir I the Restorer.jpg|Coronation of [[Casimir I the Restorer]]
File:Preussen 1701 Königsberg.jpg|[[Frederick I of Prussia]], being anointed by two Protestant bishops after his coronation at [[Königsberg]] in 1701.
Coronamiento Iturbide.JPG|Coronation painting of [[Agustin de Iturbide|Agustin I of Mexico]] in the [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]] in 1822
File:Coroaçao pedro I 001.jpg|Coronation ceremony of Emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil]] in the [[Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro|Imperial Chapel]] in 1822
File:SerovV MiropomazanNikolAlek.jpg| Anointing of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] during his coronation in 1896.
File:The Anointing of Queen Alexandra at the Coronation of Edward VII.JPG|The anointing of [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen Alexandra]] at the coronation of [[Edward VII]]
File:Abraham Bloemaert - Coronation Scene - 1993.1 - Indianapolis Museum of Art.jpg|Coronation Scene by Dutch painter [[Abraham Bloemaert]]
File:The Coronation of Shah Suleyman, presided over by Sheikholeslam of Isfahan-1666.jpg|Coronation of [[Suleiman of Persia]], the eighth [[Safavid]] [[shah]] (king) of Iran, in 1666
File:Waving from Buckingham Palace Balcony (52877352018).jpg|[[Charles III|King Charles III]] and [[Queen Camilla]] in London immediately after their coronation on 6 May 2023
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Monarchy}}
* [[Accession day]]
* [[Coronations in Africa]]
* [[Coronations in the Americas]]
* [[Coronations in Asia]]
* [[Coronations in Europe]]
* [[Coronations in Oceania]]
* [[Coronation of the British monarch]]
* [[Coronation of the Virgin]]
* [[Coronation anthem]]
* [[Inauguration]]
* [[Anointing]]
* [[Enthronement]]

{{Clear}}

== Bibliography ==

''Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual''. ed. Janos M. Bak. University of California Press 1990. {{ISBN|978-0520066779}}.

{{in lang|de}} [[Bernhard A. Macek]]: ''Die Kroenung Josephs II. in Frankfurt am Main. Logistisches Meisterwerk, zeremonielle Glanzleistung und Kulturgueter fuer die Ewigkeit''. Peter Lang 2010. {{ISBN|978-3-631-60849-4}}.

Zupka, Dušan: ''Power of rituals and rituals of power: Religious and secular rituals in the political culture of medieval Kingdom of Hungary''. IN: Historiography in Motion. Bratislava – Banská Bystrica, 2010, pp. 29–42. {{ISBN|978-80-89388-31-8}}.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}

* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Coronation}}
{{Crowns}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Coronation| ]]
[[Category:Monarchy]]
[[Category:Royalty]]

Coronation - Revision history

Bharatwiki Socrates at 02:40, 26 November 2023