Sandeepanchal at 21:00, 10 January 2023

2023-01-10T21:00:52Z

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{{Short description|Practice of judging the merits and faults of something}}
'''Criticism''' is the construction of a judgement about the negative or positive qualities of someone or something. Criticism can range from impromptu comments to a written detailed response.<ref name="Cambridge">{{cite web |title=Criticism|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/criticism |publisher=Cambridge Dictionary}} | ''the act of giving your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone or the act of saying that something or someone is bad''</ref> Criticism falls into several overlapping types including "theoretical, practical, impressionistic, affective, prescriptive, or descriptive".<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |title=Criticism|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095648600|publisher=Oxford Dictionary}} | ''"The reasoned discussion of literary works, an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures, in varying proportions: the defence of literature against moralists and censors, classification of a work according to its genre, interpretation of its meaning, analysis of its structure and style, judgement of its worth by comparison with other works, estimation of its likely effect on readers, and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and understood."''</ref>

Criticism may also refer to an expression of disapproval of someone or something.<ref name="Cambridge"/> When criticism of this nature is constructive it can make an individual aware of gaps in their understanding and it can provide distinct routes for improvement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fong|first1=Carlton J.|last2=Warner|first2=Jayce R.|last3=Williams|first3=Kyle M.|last4=Schallert|first4=Diane L.|last5=Chen|first5=Ling-Hui|last6=Williamson|first6=Zachary H.|last7=Lin|first7=Shengjie|title=Deconstructing constructive criticism: The nature of academic emotions associated with constructive, positive, and negative feedback|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019|journal=Learning and Individual Differences|volume=49|pages=393–399|doi=10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019|issn=1041-6080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Winstone|first1=Naomi E.|last2=Nash|first2=Robert A.|last3=Parker|first3=Michael|last4=Rowntree|first4=James|title=Supporting Learners' Agentic Engagement With Feedback: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy of Recipience Processes|journal=Educational Psychologist|language=en|volume=52|issue=1|pages=17–37|doi=10.1080/00461520.2016.1207538|issn=0046-1520|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shute|first=Valerie J.|title=Focus on Formative Feedback|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0034654307313795|journal=Review of Educational Research|volume=78|pages=153–189|language=en|doi=10.3102/0034654307313795|hdl=20.500.12749/2996|s2cid=145188268|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Research supports the notion that using feedback and constructive criticism in the learning process is very influential.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kluger|first1=Avraham N.|last2=DeNisi|first2=Angelo|title=The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=119|issue=2|pages=254–284|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254|issn=1939-1455}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Power of Feedback|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315813875|doi=10.4324/9781315813875|isbn=9781315813875}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Gavin T.L.|last2=Harris|first2=Lois R.|last3=Harnett|first3=Jennifer|title=Teacher beliefs about feedback within an assessment for learning environment: Endorsement of improved learning over student well-being|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003|journal=Teaching and Teacher Education|volume=28|issue=7|pages=968–978|doi=10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003|issn=0742-051X}}</ref>

'''Critique''' vs. '''criticism''': In French, German, or Italian, no distinction is drawn between '[[critique]]' and 'criticism'. The two words both translate as ''critique'', ''Kritik'', and ''critica'', respectively.<ref name="Vattimo90p57">[[Gianni Vattimo]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=i7QOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA57 ''Postmodern criticism: postmodern critique''] in David Wood (1990) ''Writing the future'', pp. 57–58</ref> In the English language, philosopher [[Gianni Vattimo]] suggests that ''criticism'' is used more frequently to denote [[literary criticism]] or [[art criticism]] while ''critique'' refers to more general and profound writing as [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]'s ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]''.<ref name="Vattimo90p57"/> Another distinction that is sometimes made is that ''critique'' is never personalized nor ''[[ad hominem]]''<ref name="Vattimo90p57"/> and is presented in a way that encourages rebuttal or expansion of the ideas expressed. Nonetheless, the distinctions are subtle and ambiguous at best.<ref name="Vattimo90p57"/>


The term "''brickbat''" is sometimes used to mean "an unfavourable criticism, unkind remark or sharp put-down". The term originated in the 17th century, derived from the practice of throwing bricks as projectiles at a person who was disapproved of.<ref>{{cite web | title=Shashi Tharoor's Word Of The Week: Brickbat|first=Shashi |last=Tharoor | website=Hindustan Times | date=7 February 2020 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/shashi-tharoor-s-word-of-the-week-brickbat/story-1y8pKf15BvfAvyvXSbDPkO.html |author-link=Shashi Tharoor| access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Etymology">{{cite web |title=brickbat |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/brickbat |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>

In some contexts, such as ''[[literary criticism]]'' and ''[[art criticism]]'', the word ''criticism'' is used as a neutral word that is synonymous with ''evaluation.'' <ref>{{cite web|url=https://brians.wsu.edu/2016/05/31/criticism/|title=Common Errors in English Usage: criticism}}</ref>

== Criticism in academia ==

Critical Studies and [[Critical Theory]] programs teach the [[critique|method of critique]], also known as “criticism”. Both theory and studies programs often sample new works in addition to the classical texts.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Program in Critical Theory |url=https://criticaltheory.berkeley.edu/ |website=Critical Theory - UC Berkeley |publisher=UC Berkeley |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> UC Berkeley, CUNY, and Northwestern University offer programs in Critical Theory, while a number of other colleges and universities offer programs or sole courses in Critical Studies, Critical Theory, and sub-disciplines. Sub-disciplines include Critical Race Studies, Critical Asian Studies, Critical Black Studies, and Critical Disability Studies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Critical Race Studies |url=https://law.ucla.edu/academics/centers/critical-race-studies |website=UCLA Law |publisher=UCLA |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> The term “critical” can be found in course titles concerning a variety of topics, as the term refers to a method or approach to course materials.

Some claim “critical” studies have a particular focus in their perspective or opinion,<ref>{{cite web |title=Critical Legal Theory |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/critical_legal_theory |website=Legal Information Institue |publisher=Cornell Law School |access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref> confusing the method of critique with individual critiques. The recent appearance of “critical” studies and theory further compounds the conflation of particular authors with the new method and discipline. Additionally, the method and disciplines are distinguished from [[analysis]] or traditional objectivist or hard sciences by their allowances for subjectivity in the perspective of the author.

== Criticism of criticism ==
Journalist and writer [[H. L. Mencken]] argued that "criticism is little more than a branch of [[homiletics]]. They judge a work of art, not by its clarity and sincerity, not by the force and charm of its ideas, not by the technical virtuosity of the artist, not by his originality and artistic courage, but simply and solely by his orthodoxy."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Criticism of Criticism of Criticism |url=http://bactra.org/Mencken/criticism-of-criticism-of-criticism/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=bactra.org}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=14em}}
* [[Critique]]
* [[Literary criticism]]
* [[Art criticism]]
* [[Film criticism]]
* [[Theatre criticism]]
* [[Criticism of religion]]
* [[Criticism of science]]
* [[Self-criticism]]
* [[Social criticism]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Criticism |volume= 7 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse| pages = 468–470 |short = 1}}

{{Criticism}}
{{Critical theory}}
{{Litcrit}}
{{Arts criticism navigation}}
{{Criticism of religion}}

[[Category:Criticism| ]]
[[Category:Philosophical methodology]]
[[Category:Literary concepts]]

Criticism - Revision history

Sandeepanchal at 21:00, 10 January 2023