UpdateBot at 00:20, 10 June 2022

2022-06-10T00:20:20Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| namerathan = TM
| native_name = ಶ್ರೀ ಚಾಮರಾಜೇಂದ್ರ ಉದ್ಯಾನ
| native_name_lang = Kn
| other_name = Sri Chamarajendra Park
| nickname =
| settlement_type = neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Cubbon Park W.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bengaluru
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bengaluru, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|58|30|N|77|35|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Bengaluru Urban
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Bengaluru
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1870
| founder = Sir John Meade<ref name="horticulture.kar.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.horticulture.kar.nic.in/cubbon.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510092815/http://www.horticulture.kar.nic.in/cubbon.htm |archive-date=10 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| named_for = [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Maharaja Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Department of Horticulture, Government of Karnataka
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pin Code
| postal_code = 560001
| registration_plate =
| website = http://www.horticulture.kar.nic.in/cubbon.htm
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Cubbon Park OSM Map.png|thumb|right|250px|A Map of Cubbon Park made with [[OpenStreetMap]]]]

'''Cubbon Park''', officially known as '''''Sri Chamarajendra Park''''',<ref name="horticulture.kar.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.horticulture.kar.nic.in/cubbon.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510092815/http://www.horticulture.kar.nic.in/cubbon.htm |archive-date=10 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a landmark 'lung' area of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] city, located ({{coord|12.97|N|77.6|E|}}) within the heart of the city in the Central Administrative Area. Originally created in 1870 under Major General [[Richard Hieram Sankey|Richard Sankey]], then British Chief Engineer of [[Mysore State]], it covered an area of {{convert|100|acre|km2}}. Subsequent expansion has since taken place and the park's area is now reported to be {{convert|300|acre|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangalore Tourist Attractions|url=http://www.bengaloorutourism.com/tourist-attractions.php|access-date=6 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829130432/http://www.bengaloorutourism.com/tourist-attractions.php|archive-date=29 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has a rich recorded history of abundant flora and fauna plantations coupled with numerous impressive and aesthetically located buildings and statues of famous personages, in its precincts.<ref name="bgci.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.bgci.org/educationcongress/proceedings/Authors/Nareshwar%20Meena%20-%20AS.pdf |access-date=4 October 2008 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Urban green spaces: Lungs of the city and centres of biodiversity education</ref><ref>[http://www.bangalore-karnataka.com/travelinformation/cubbonpark.htm Cubbon Park]</ref>

This public park was first named as Meade’s Park after Sir John Meade, the acting Commissioner of Mysuru in 1870 and subsequently renamed as Cubbon Park after the longest-serving commissioner of the time, Sir [[Mark Cubbon]]. To commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Sri Krishnaraja Wodeyar’s rule in Mysore State, in 1927, the park was again renamed as Sri. Chamarajendra Park, in memory of the 19th-century ruler of the state Sri [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamarajendra Wodeyar]] (1868–94), during whose rule the park came into existence.<ref name="kar_nata">http://www.horticulture.kar.nic.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820184011/http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/ |date=20 August 2017 }} Gardens Cubbon Park</ref>

The landscaping in the park creatively integrates natural rock outcrops with thickets of trees, massive bamboos, with grassy expanse and flowerbeds and the monuments within its limits, regulated by the Horticulture Department of the [[Government of Karnataka]]. The predominantly green area of the park has many motorable roads, and the well-laid-out walking paths running through the park are frequented by early morning walkers and the naturalists who study plants in the tranquil [[natural environment]].<ref name="kar_nata" /> Tourists visiting this park in the city of Bengaluru have nicknamed the city itself as 'Garden City'.<ref>[http://www.bangaloreindia.org.uk/tourist-attractions/cubbon-park.html Cubbon Park]</ref>

The importance of the park to the city's environment is best stated by two urban architects who have won the national competition to design 'Freedom Park'.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==Access==
The park is accessible from [[M G Road, Bangalore|M.G. Road]], [[Kasturba Road|Kasturba road]], Hudson Circle and Ambedkar Veedhi (Road). The motorable roads which run through the park are allowed for light motor vehicles only. All locations of the park are accessible through walking paths.
The Park is open to the public at all times but the roads around the park are closed for traffic from 5:00 to 8:00 am every day to provide more safety and fresh environment for morning walkers and exercisers.<ref>[http://www.discoverbangalore.com/cubbon.htm The Cubbon Park]</ref>

==Botanical assets==
Indigenous and exotic botanical species found in the park are about 68 genera and 96 species with a total of around 6000 plants/trees. Indigenous species found in the park are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/cubbon.htm|title=The Cubbon Park|access-date=2008-10-12}}</ref>
[[artocarpus]], [[cassia fistula]], [[ficus]], [[polyalthia]]s etc., and exotic species such as [[araucaria]], [[bamboo]], [[castanospermum australe]], [[grevillea robusta]], [[millettia]], [[peltophorum]], [[schinus molle]], [[swietenia mahagoni]], [[tabebuia]]. sp etc.

Amongst the ornamental and flowering exotic trees lining the roads in the park are the [[Grevillea robusta]] (silver oak)—the first oaks introduced to Bangalore from [[Australia]]<ref name = "kar_nata"/>—and the [[delonix]] or the [[gulmohar]] tree (bright red flowers with long petals) along the Cubbon road in the park, which is a widely cultivated [[tropical]] ornamental tree around the world.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jun192005/finearts1332232005617.asp The wandering Gulmohar tree] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520222141/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jun192005/finearts1332232005617.asp |date=20 May 2011 }}</ref>

=== Avenues ===
The avenue of araucarias along with [[Canna (plant)|canna]] beds on either sides of the road from the Central Public Library to Hudson circle, avenue of Swieteninas in the Northern side of the park, the Java [[ficus|fig]] avenue along the road leading to the Government Museum, polyalthia avenue along the road from [[Statue of Queen Victoria, Bangalore|Queen Victoria’s statue]] to [[Statue of King Edward VII, Bangalore|King Edward VII's statue]] and the [[chestnut]] tree avenue from the Chamarajendra statue to Siddalingaiah circle are testimony to the botanical richness of the park. Other attractions at the Park are the Ringwood circle, lotus pond and bamboo grove nook.<ref name = "kar_nata"/>

==Historical buildings and monuments integral to the park==
The formal gardens, from the central hall of the original [[Attara Kacheri]] (means 18 government offices) now the [[Karnataka High Court]], extends along the ceal promenade developed symmetrically with avenues, to the Museum building. Another impressive artistic structure is Iyer Hall, which houses the Central Library with a rose garden as a frontage. It is undisputedly the largest public library in the state as evidenced by the college students thronging to read here, and has the world's most extensive collection of Braille books. Other buildings located within or at the periphery of the park are 1) the Indira Priyadarshini Children’s Library, 2) the Venkatappa Art Gallery, 3) the Aquarium (stated to be the second largest in India), 4) the YMCA, 5) Yuvanika — the State Youth Centre, 6) Century Club, 7) Press Club, 8) Jawahar Bal Bhavan, 9) Tennis Pavilion, 10) the Cheshire Dyer Memorial Hall and 11) the Ottawa Chatter.<ref name = "kar_nata"/>

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
File:St_Marks_Church_From_Cubbon_Park_Bangalore.jpg|[[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St Mark's Church]], From Cubbon Park, Bengaluru
File:St. Mark's Church and Band Stand, Bangalore (1870). 'Views in Bangalore', of the Vibart Collection, by Albert Thomas.jpg|[[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's Church]] and Band Stand, Bangalore (1870). 'Views in Bangalore', of the Vibart Collection, by Albert Thomas<ref name=Marks-1870>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Albert|title='Views in Bangalore', of the Vibart Collection|date=1870|url=http://arjunpuriinqatar.blogspot.com.au/2011/11/rare-photographs-of-bangalore-part-i.html|access-date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330071204/http://arjunpuriinqatar.blogspot.com.au/2011/11/rare-photographs-of-bangalore-part-i.html|archive-date=30 March 2018}} [http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/PhotoShowDescs.asp?CollID=462 Alt URL]</ref>
File:Inauguration_of_the_statue_of_Sir_Mark_Cubbon.jpg|Inauguration of the statue of [[Mark Cubbon|Sir Mark Cubbon]], Bengaluru India. Illustrated London News, 5 May 1866<ref name=Illustrated-1866>{{cite journal|title=The Inauguration of the Statue of Sir Mark Cubbon|journal=The Illustrated London News|date=5 May 1866|issue=1369|page=450|location=London, England}}</ref>
File:Cubbon Park, Bangalore (1890). Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'.jpg|Cubbon Park, Bengaluru (1890). Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'<ref name=Curzon>{{cite book|title=Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'|date=1890|url=http://arjunpuriinqatar.blogspot.com.au/2011/11/rare-photographs-of-bangalore-part-i.html|access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref>
</gallery>

A bandstand, in an octagonal shape made with cast-iron, was built in the early part of the 1900s. Before India’s Independence, the British Royal Air Force used to play western band music at the band stand every Saturday evening.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080605132112/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/02/stories/2008060257160300.htm Band stands in parks]</ref>
An attraction for children is the well planned children's amusement park as part of Jawahar Bal Bhavan, which has the toy train, Puttani Express that runs (0.75 miles or 1.2 km) within the Park, the Doll museum and a boating facility. A 20-million-year-old fossilized tree — a gift from the Geological Survey of India, is also reported at the park.<ref name=coun_ind>http://www.horizonsunlimited.com/country/india/bangalore About Bangalore</ref>

Memorials in the form of marble statues in honour of [[Statue of Queen Victoria, Bangalore|Queen Victoria (installed in 1906)]], [[Statue of King Edward VII, Bangalore|King Edward VII (installed in 1919)]], Major General Sir Mark Cubbon, Sri Chamarajendra Wodeyar (installed in 1927) and Sir K. Sheshadri Iyer (installed (in 1913) are seen located in front of the historical buildings within the park.<ref name = "kar_nata"/>

=== Attara Kacheri ===
[[File:High Court of Karnataka, Bangalore MMK.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Originally Attarakacheri now the [[Karnataka High Court|High Court]] of [[Karnataka]] in Bangalore at the entrance to Cubbon Park]]
[[Attara Kacheri]], built in 1864 A.D during British rule, is a stone structure in an intense red hue, a two storied building with [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] columns in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] Style of architecture and is located at the entrance to the Park. The Public offices (Secretariat of the Government of Karnataka) were located here from 1868 AD to 1956 AD, which were later moved to the Vidhana Soudha, opposite to it. The building now accommodates the [[Karnataka High Court]]. In the Central Hall a portrait of Sir Mark Cubbon decorates the ceiling. An equestrian statue of Cubbon by Baron Marochetti is located at the back of the building.<ref>[http://www.bangalore-karnataka.com/travelinformation/attarakacheri.htm Attara Kacheri]</ref><ref name = "high_court">http://www.bangaloreindia.org.uk/tourist-attractions/attara-kacheri.html Attara Kacheri (High Court)</ref>

=== Museum ===
The [[Government Museum, Bangalore|State Archeological Museum]], one of the oldest in [[India]], built in 1876 by Colonel Sankey, located within the Park, is similar in design to the Attara Kacheri in its architectural style and hue. While the original collection in the museum belonged to [[Benjamin L. Rice]] of the [[Mysore]] [[Gazetteer]], antiquities from [[Mohenjodaro]] period are on display in the [[Museum]]. Exhibits in the Museum include specimens of [[Vijaynagara]] and [[Halebid]] [[architecture]], ancient coins and stone inscriptions as old as 5000 years.<ref name = "high_court"/><ref>[http://bangalore.clickindia.com/travel/cubbonpark.html Cubbon Park] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919050424/http://bangalore.clickindia.com/travel/cubbonpark.html |date=19 September 2008 }}</ref>

===Seshadri Iyer memorial hall===
Seshadri Iyer Memorial Hall, built in 1915 in a classic European style with [[Tuscan order|Tuscan]] and [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] columns, in honour of Sir K.Seshadri Iyer who was [[Dewan]] of [[Mysore State]] from 1883 to 1901, is an impressive red building with gables. It houses the [[Seshadri Memorial library]].<ref name = "high_court"/> The memorial building is ensconced in the middle of the park, framed by the greenery of the park and fronted by the rose garden.<ref name=coun_ind/> The Library has an area of 300 km {{sup|2}} and functions as the Apex of the Karnataka Public Libraries system, which is governed by State Library Authority. In the year 2000, the Library was awarded the Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation Award for the best state central library in India in recognition of its outstanding contribution to meritorious services rendered in the spread of knowledge and gearing up of library movement in the city of Bengaluru in particular and in the state of Karnataka in general. The library has presently a collection of 2.65 lakh books and also a Braille section.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Library Cubbon Park.jpg|Seshadri Iyer Memorial Library in Cubbon Park (Front)
File:Bangalore City Central Library.jpg|Seshadri Iyer Memorial Library in Cubbon Park (Back)
</gallery>

==Preservation Act, 1979==
The Preservation Act, 1979 passed by the Government of Karnataka to preserve the uniqueness of the park is under the provision of Karnataka Government Park (Preservation) Act, 1975,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.esgindia.org/campaigns/cubbonpark/docs/Annexures%20to%20IA.htm
|title=Archived copy
|access-date=2008-10-04
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113121211/http://www.esgindia.org/campaigns/cubbonpark/docs/Annexures%20to%20IA.htm
|archive-date=13 November 2008
}}
The Karnataka Government Parks (Preservation) Act, 1975</ref> which states:
<blockquote>
''Accordingly, it is directed that neither any land should be granted to nor any further constructions be permitted whether temporary or permanent by any organization or individuals in the Cubbon Park and [[Lal Bagh|Lalbagh]] areas except the constructions taken up by the Horticulture Department in furtherance of the objectives of the department.''
</blockquote>

== Awareness campaign ==
The Centre for Environment Education (CEE), India, in the year 2006, embarked on a project to develop a brochure on the park and involve the youth in several activities to help them to explore the park and through it, learn more about the wider environment. The brochure brought out as a joint effort of CEE and the Department of Horticulture.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==Honoring Mark Cubbon==
After being largely ignored since [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence]] in 1947, a large number of people have slowly started to acknowledge the pioneering work done by [[Mark Cubbon]] and other British administrators. On 23 August 2013, the statue of Mark Cubbon was garlanded for the first time since 1947, by Advocate S Umesh of the Cubbon Park Walkers’ Association. The occasion was to mark the 238th birth anniversary of Sir Mark Cubbon. Special permission was obtained from the [[Karnataka High Court]], and Police protection was provided. The group credited Mark for being one of the chief architects of Bengaluru and Mysuru. The move was however opposed by [[Vatal Nagaraj]], infamous for vandalizing the Cenotaph Memorial near the [[Hudson Memorial Church, Bangalore|Hudson Memorial Church]]. However, the association defended their move of honoring Mark Cubbon, as his contribution to Bengaluru was undeniable. Cubbon Park was renamed as Sri Chamarajendra Park way back in 1927, but the name was never popular, and people continued to call it Cubbon Park. Further, according to historians, it would be foolish to erase history, by trying to remove all symbols of British rule, and mere symbolism cannot lead to development.<ref name=garland>{{cite news|title=Cubbon garlanded in hush-hush ceremony in front of High Court|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/bangalore/cover-story/Cubbon-garlanded-in-hush-hush-ceremony-in-front-of-High-Court/articleshow/22088724.cms|access-date=5 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=24 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=Samyuktha-Garland>{{cite web|last1=Harshitha|first1=Samyuktha|title=What is in a statue|url=http://ramubangalore.blogspot.com.au/2013/08/what-is-in-statue.html|website=Suttha Muttha|access-date=5 February 2015|date=26 August 2013}}</ref>

On 28 June 2020, the [[equestrian statue of Mark Cubbon]] was moved to the park grounds from the premises of [[Karnataka High Court]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper= Bangalore Mirror|title=Case of controversial statue comes to an end|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/case-of-controversial-statue-comes-to-an-end/articleshow/76698242.cms|date=June 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-29|title=Sir Mark Cubbon statue moved into park premises|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/sir-mark-cubbon-statue-moved-into-park-premises-854894.html|access-date=2020-06-29|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Cubbon Park View W.jpg|Cubbon Park
File:K.Sheshadri Iyer Statue, Cubbon Park, Bangalore.JPG|Statue of Sir K.Sheshadri Iyer
File:Cubbon Park - Bamboo green..JPG|Bamboos and other trees in Cubbon Park
File:Cubbon Park Avenues.JPG|Avenues and road within the Park
File:Moulmein rosewood.jpg|Peguensis/ovalifolia or [[Moulmein Rosewood]] tree
File:Pongamia pinnata (1).jpg|Pongam or Honge (Pongamia pinnata) planted as avenue trees
File:Cassia javanica flowers.jpg|The Java Pink Cassia or [[Cassia javanica]]
File:Tree in new leaves I IMG 6222.jpg|Spanish Mahogany tree found in Cubbon Park
File:Grevillea robusta flowering 05.jpg|Grevillea robusta (silver oak)
File:Flowers delhi.jpg|Gulmohar tree
File:Cubbon Park Road.jpg|Cubbon Park Road
File:Queen Victoria Statue At cubbon Park 5-31-2008 4-23-07 PM.JPG|[[Statue of Queen Victoria, Bangalore|Statue of Queen Victoria]], near Cubbon Park
File:Delonix regia flower.JPG|Delonix or ornamental Gulmohar flower seen in profusion in the Cubbon Park
File:State Central Library, Bangalore.jpg|State Central Library or Sheshadri memorial Hall.
</gallery>

== Location in context ==
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Bengaluru'''
|Northwest = Vikasa Soudha
|North = [[Vidhana Soudha]]/Dr Ambedkar Road
|Northeast = [[Karnataka High Court]]
|West = Palace Road
|Centre = Cubbon Park
|East = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]]/Queen's Road
|Southwest = Reserve Bank of India
|South = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]/Kasturba Road
|Southeast = Vittal Mallya Road
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170820184011/http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/ the Cubbon Park]
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/133634/he-sure-did-make-mark.html Deccan Herald : "He sure did make a mark!" ] on Cubbon Park history
* [https://www.gamifyi.com/BLR/Cubbon-gamiFYI-d Cubbon GamiFYI'd : "Play treasure hunt using mobile"] on Events in Cubbon Park

{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:History of Bangalore]]
[[Category:Parks in Bangalore]]
[[Category:1870 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1870]]

Cubbon Park - Revision history

UpdateBot at 00:20, 10 June 2022